WEBVTT

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Glossary of Terms Scientific and Evolutionary

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Terms 1. Abiogenesis The theory that life arose

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from non -living matter without any intelligent

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direction. 2. Evolution The process by which

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different species develop and diversify from

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earlier forms through natural selection. 3. Natural

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Selection The process where organisms better

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adapted to their environment tend to survive

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and reproduce. 4. Mutation a change in the DNA

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sequence that may lead to new traits in an organism.

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5. Fossil record, the collection of fossils that

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documents the history of life on Earth. 6. Transitional

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fossil, a fossil that shows traits of both ancestral

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and derived species, supposedly demonstrating

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evolutionary change. 7. Random mutations, changes

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in DNA that occur without a specific purpose

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or direction. 8. Macroevolution, large -scale

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evolutionary changes that result in the formation

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of new species. 9. Microevolution, small -scale

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evolutionary changes within a species. 10. Genetic

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code, the system of nucleotide sequences in DNA

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that contains the instructions for building and

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maintaining an organism. eleven irreducible complexity

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the argument that some biological systems are

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too complex to have evolved incrementally twelve

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the bacterial flagellum a complex cellular structure

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often used as an example of irreducible complexity

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thirteen punctuated equilibrium a theory suggesting

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that evolutionary change occurs in rapid bursts

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not gradually fourteen multiverse theory The

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speculative idea that multiple universes exist,

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each with different physical laws. 15. The fine

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-tuning argument. The argument that the universe's

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physical constants are precisely set to allow

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life. 16. Genetic information paradox. The idea

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that information requires an intelligent source

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and cannot arise randomly. 17. Survival of the

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fittest. The concept that organisms with advantageous

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traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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18. Spontaneous generation. The outdated idea

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that life can arise from non -living matter,

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e .g. maggots from rotting meat. 19. Vestigial

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structures. Body parts that are considered evolutionary

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leftovers with little or no function. 20. Hominid

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evolution. The study of human evolution from

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ape -like ancestors. 21. RNA World Hypothesis.

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The theory that early life used RNA instead of

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DNA for genetic storage and enzymatic activity.

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Philosophical and logical terms. 22. Materialism.

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The belief that only physical matter exists,

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and everything, including thought and morality,

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arises from material interactions. 23. Determinism.

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The idea that all events, including human actions,

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are determined by preceding causes. 24. The law

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of identity, a fundamental logical principle

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stating that something is what it is. A is A.

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25. The law of non -contradiction, a principle

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stating that something cannot be both true and

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false at the same time in the same way. 26. The

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law of the excluded middle, a principle stating

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that something is either true or false with no

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middle ground. 27. Epistemology, the study of

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knowledge, including how we know what we know.

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28. Self -refuting argument, an argument that

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contradicts itself, e .g., there is no absolute

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truth, is an absolute statement. 29. Begging

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the question, circular reasoning. a logical fallacy

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where the conclusion is assumed in the premise

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thirty reductionism the idea that complex systems

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can be explained entirely by their simpler components

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thirty one the problem of induction the philosophical

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issue of justifying the assumption that future

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observations will be like past ones thirty two

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the evolutionary argument against naturalism

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Alvin Plantinga's argument that if human cognition

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evolved purely for survival, we have no reason

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to trust our reasoning as true. 33. Cognitive

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dissonance. The mental discomfort of holding

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conflicting beliefs. 34. Objective versus subjective

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morality. The debate over whether moral values

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exist independently or are defined by individuals

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shams society. 35. Social contract theory. The

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belief that morality is based on agreements within

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society rather than objective truths. 36. Moral

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relativism. The belief that morality is subjective

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and varies by culture or individual belief. 37.

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Unfalsifiable hypothesis. A claim that cannot

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be tested or disproven, making it non -scientific.

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Theological and metaphysical terms. 38. Theism

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versus atheism. The belief in God versus the

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belief that no deity exists. 39. Biblical creationism.

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The belief that God created the universe and

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life as described in Genesis. 40. The uniformity

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of nature. The assumption that the laws of nature

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remain consistent over time. 41. Teleology. The

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study of purpose and design in nature. 42. Presuppositional

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apologetics. A method of defending Christianity

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that argues all reasoning must start with belief

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in God. 43. Irreducible complexity. The claim

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that some biological structures are too complex

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to have evolved incrementally. 44. The anthropic

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principle. The argument that the universe's physical

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laws appear fine -tuned for human existence.

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45. Transcendental argument for God. Tag. The

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argument that logic, morality, and science depend

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on God's existence. Miscellaneous terms. 46.

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Artificial intelligence, AI, and DNA comparison.

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The analogy comparing DNA's complexity to human

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programming. 47. Information theory. The scientific

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study of how information is transmitted and stored.

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48. Algorithmic complexity. The difficulty of

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randomly generating ordered... meaningful information

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49. probability and large numbers the argument

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that just because something is statistically

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possible doesn't mean it will happen 50. grant

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money in scientific research the critique that

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many scientific theories are shaped by financial

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incentives