WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:06.320 Hello. In The Crown of Aragon, 639 years ago, 00:00:06.679 --> 00:00:14.359 it was February 20th, 1387. My name is Jonathan 00:00:14.359 --> 00:00:17.780 Seyfried. I'm a PhD candidate in history at the 00:00:17.780 --> 00:00:21.699 University of New Mexico. And this is The Historian's 00:00:21.699 --> 00:00:25.760 Notebook, a podcast about how history gets made. 00:00:26.620 --> 00:00:30.559 Season one is titled Molt Cara Companyona. We're 00:00:30.559 --> 00:00:33.299 looking at a document from each day of the first 00:00:33.299 --> 00:00:37.179 year of the reign of King Joan of Aragon and 00:00:37.179 --> 00:00:41.740 Queen Violant de Bar. Let's begin today's document. 00:01:05.959 --> 00:01:11.060 We find today's document in the same register 00:01:11.060 --> 00:01:17.900 as yesterday. It's one attributed to Joan. It's 00:01:17.900 --> 00:01:21.200 actually on the same folio that we were looking 00:01:21.200 --> 00:01:25.519 at yesterday. The letter, or I should say document, 00:01:26.280 --> 00:01:33.439 right below the one for the safe conduct of Jacob 00:01:33.439 --> 00:01:40.060 de Bar. the troubadour. Below that document the 00:01:40.060 --> 00:01:44.939 next one has a really gorgeous heading. I don't 00:01:44.939 --> 00:01:49.719 know what inspired the scribe to just like go 00:01:49.719 --> 00:01:56.140 all out with this header. It is in thick ink 00:01:56.140 --> 00:02:02.219 and it's just got larger letters than usual and 00:02:02.219 --> 00:02:07.730 I think it's just a example of how really gorgeous 00:02:07.730 --> 00:02:12.629 this handwriting can be. And it's in Latin, the 00:02:12.629 --> 00:02:16.550 heading, but the document itself is in Catalan. 00:02:17.349 --> 00:02:30.340 The heading is That is something that I can easily 00:02:30.340 --> 00:02:36.199 understand. It's for some merchants of Perpignan. 00:02:36.900 --> 00:02:43.939 So this document is issued by Joan. It's for 00:02:43.939 --> 00:02:48.680 a group of merchants, so this is definitely plural. 00:02:49.219 --> 00:02:52.960 The endings of each of the words in that phrase 00:02:52.960 --> 00:02:56.699 indicate that it's plural. But then... Really, 00:02:56.699 --> 00:03:01.139 there's only one person mentioned maybe the captain 00:03:01.139 --> 00:03:06.080 of the ship I'm not sure because sometimes the 00:03:06.080 --> 00:03:12.960 person who was getting documentation for a Navigational 00:03:12.960 --> 00:03:17.020 adventure a merchant shipment was not necessarily 00:03:17.020 --> 00:03:22.240 the captain but could be the financier of the 00:03:22.240 --> 00:03:29.289 of the journey the trade journey. So the person 00:03:29.289 --> 00:03:34.770 that's named in this letter is Guillem Ramon. 00:03:34.990 --> 00:03:39.409 Guillem Ramon of Perpignan. And then the letter 00:03:39.409 --> 00:03:43.849 itself mentions that there's other merchants 00:03:43.849 --> 00:03:50.409 involved, but they're just referred to as omens 00:03:50.409 --> 00:03:55.680 mercaderens, or uh something can't quite figure 00:03:55.680 --> 00:03:59.620 out the ending of the mercader part of that phrase 00:03:59.620 --> 00:04:04.460 but you know the merchant men the the merchants 00:04:04.460 --> 00:04:10.740 organizers or the merchants the people who themselves 00:04:10.740 --> 00:04:14.580 are are the sailors possibly are included here 00:04:14.580 --> 00:04:17.139 i i would actually lean towards thinking that 00:04:17.139 --> 00:04:21.720 the intention here is for the leadership the 00:04:21.769 --> 00:04:30.370 the people who were in that captain role or otherwise 00:04:30.370 --> 00:04:35.389 the those responsible for for the overall success 00:04:35.389 --> 00:04:43.550 of this voyage the the date of course is February 00:04:43.550 --> 00:04:47.750 20th and I mention that again because it was 00:04:47.750 --> 00:04:53.750 just a couple days ago that we looked at a letter 00:04:53.750 --> 00:04:57.990 from Violant to her father and then another 00:04:57.990 --> 00:05:02.470 similar one to her brother in which Violant 00:05:02.470 --> 00:05:07.350 uses the word malaltia de febre well the phrase 00:05:07.350 --> 00:05:12.850 a illness of fever and then very anxiously, I 00:05:12.850 --> 00:05:18.829 think, tells her father and brother to not believe 00:05:18.829 --> 00:05:23.670 any information that they receive through the 00:05:23.670 --> 00:05:28.589 rumor mill that Joan is in ill health. She 00:05:28.589 --> 00:05:32.949 says that he's recovered, that all the doctors 00:05:32.949 --> 00:05:38.990 say that he has left peril. that he's no longer 00:05:38.990 --> 00:05:45.629 in this deaths door kind of state. I mention 00:05:45.629 --> 00:05:49.910 all this because the letter that we're looking 00:05:49.910 --> 00:05:52.709 at today and again gosh I use the word I'm so 00:05:52.709 --> 00:05:55.189 used to using the word letter but it's it's not 00:05:55.189 --> 00:05:58.110 really a letter it's more of a of a document 00:05:58.110 --> 00:06:02.850 because Joan is not like writing to Guillaume 00:06:02.850 --> 00:06:06.360 Ramon. as like a correspondent, he's issuing 00:06:06.360 --> 00:06:09.699 him a government document. So this government 00:06:09.699 --> 00:06:14.600 document is basically just saying that they're 00:06:14.600 --> 00:06:17.740 going to have some kind of business associated 00:06:17.740 --> 00:06:23.120 with France or or some kind of interaction with 00:06:23.120 --> 00:06:29.220 French goods or interactions with with French 00:06:29.600 --> 00:06:32.079 members of their crew and that they need to make 00:06:32.079 --> 00:06:38.819 sure to protect all of the French things that 00:06:38.819 --> 00:06:42.300 they have just as, you know, vigorously as they 00:06:42.300 --> 00:06:47.439 would protect the stuff that's their own. I'm 00:06:47.439 --> 00:06:51.379 not quite sure why this is necessary to specify. 00:06:52.500 --> 00:06:58.160 My feeling is that if you're a Captain on a merchant 00:06:58.160 --> 00:07:00.600 vessel that if you get into trouble you're gonna 00:07:00.600 --> 00:07:03.899 try to save all the goods But maybe if you were 00:07:03.899 --> 00:07:07.120 encountered by pirates or something you might 00:07:07.120 --> 00:07:11.279 have in mind a kind of hierarchy for what you 00:07:11.279 --> 00:07:15.139 would hand over to them as a ransom or as kind 00:07:15.139 --> 00:07:21.110 of a toll to kind of fulfill the extortionary 00:07:21.110 --> 00:07:24.790 situation there and you might say well the stuff 00:07:24.790 --> 00:07:29.550 from france it's uh of less importance so all 00:07:29.550 --> 00:07:32.410 right that's the content of the letter but remember 00:07:32.410 --> 00:07:36.649 i brought up the situation of joan's illness 00:07:36.649 --> 00:07:42.230 and his recovery that violant had just mentioned 00:07:42.230 --> 00:07:48.189 two days before why am i doing that It's because 00:07:48.189 --> 00:07:53.410 there is this line at the end of the letter that 00:07:53.410 --> 00:08:00.230 I was just really surprised to read. I'll read 00:08:00.230 --> 00:08:05.110 it out in the Catalan and then I'll translate 00:08:05.110 --> 00:08:09.670 it as best I can into English. Here's the Catalan. 00:08:09.750 --> 00:08:12.430 It's the last line of the letter before the dating 00:08:12.430 --> 00:08:20.089 clause. Oh gosh, I already am running into trouble 00:08:20.089 --> 00:08:22.250 here. Oh yeah, okay, sorry. Okay, let me start 00:08:22.250 --> 00:08:50.230 again. And then, let's see. Did you hear the 00:08:50.230 --> 00:08:57.850 word accident in there? Yeah. So I was completely 00:08:57.850 --> 00:09:04.210 surprised to see this line mentioning misfortune 00:09:04.210 --> 00:09:08.470 in the first person, first person plural. What 00:09:08.470 --> 00:09:13.129 this line translates to, roughly, is that... 00:09:13.129 --> 00:09:18.500 Okay, I'll just kind of say it. you have this 00:09:18.500 --> 00:09:25.840 written letter as if I had signed it with my 00:09:25.840 --> 00:09:36.120 own hand because of a misfortune to my person 00:09:36.120 --> 00:09:46.259 I did not sign it or it does not have my signature. 00:09:48.440 --> 00:09:59.000 This sentence just has so much meaning to unpack. 00:09:59.980 --> 00:10:07.600 It has put the lens of disability studies firmly 00:10:07.600 --> 00:10:14.919 into our process here because Joan is not able 00:10:14.919 --> 00:10:23.419 to sign the document himself. I have on my agenda 00:10:23.419 --> 00:10:28.679 for reading up on the context of this whole situation 00:10:28.679 --> 00:10:32.549 of Joan's illness and sickliness. I have on 00:10:32.549 --> 00:10:37.929 my agenda to get way more familiar with disability 00:10:37.929 --> 00:10:42.009 studies and the effect of disability studies 00:10:42.009 --> 00:10:47.750 on historical methodology, the way that academic 00:10:47.750 --> 00:10:52.149 historians approach working with evidence from 00:10:52.149 --> 00:10:56.230 the past that has been impacted by the insights 00:10:56.230 --> 00:11:01.940 of disability studies. And I haven't gotten as 00:11:01.940 --> 00:11:05.580 far into understanding disability studies as 00:11:05.580 --> 00:11:09.600 I would like. And so that was one of my main 00:11:09.600 --> 00:11:15.000 missions for this year. As I'm looking at these 00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:20.000 documents, I wanted to, as I went through this 00:11:20.000 --> 00:11:23.500 year, get more familiar with disability studies. 00:11:23.820 --> 00:11:27.720 I currently have a surface level understanding 00:11:28.159 --> 00:11:34.019 of the critique of disability studies. The scholarship 00:11:34.019 --> 00:11:37.379 on disability studies really got going over the 00:11:37.379 --> 00:11:42.019 last 40 years. There's certainly been critiques 00:11:42.019 --> 00:11:46.039 of the way that there are assumptions of able 00:11:46.039 --> 00:11:49.360 bodiedness in our society and in the histories 00:11:49.360 --> 00:11:53.320 that we write that were published and well known 00:11:53.320 --> 00:11:58.659 way earlier than the last 40 years. But in terms 00:11:58.659 --> 00:12:02.720 of an academic discipline, disability studies 00:12:02.720 --> 00:12:08.080 really became established as one of the core 00:12:08.080 --> 00:12:13.039 methodologies in historical and in the work of 00:12:13.039 --> 00:12:16.720 history in the historical discipline really starting 00:12:16.720 --> 00:12:23.059 in the 1980s and the 1990s and the major approach 00:12:23.059 --> 00:12:27.639 of disability studies is that disability is socially 00:12:27.639 --> 00:12:33.480 constructed now that means that what counts as 00:12:33.480 --> 00:12:38.299 a disability What counts as somebody having some 00:12:38.299 --> 00:12:43.700 kind of disability is not determined in the way 00:12:43.700 --> 00:12:47.279 that we might stereotypically think of it as 00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:49.940 having something that's happened to your body 00:12:49.940 --> 00:12:54.899 that makes it so you can't do things. That is 00:12:54.899 --> 00:12:58.899 a very simplistic way of thinking about disability 00:12:58.899 --> 00:13:03.960 and it puts the entire character of disability 00:13:03.960 --> 00:13:08.480 on an individual whose body is affected by something. 00:13:09.279 --> 00:13:13.159 The insight of disability studies is to really 00:13:13.159 --> 00:13:16.799 challenge that and to observe that what's going 00:13:16.799 --> 00:13:20.919 on among the group of human beings in a society 00:13:20.919 --> 00:13:26.639 is producing this status of disability. And my 00:13:26.639 --> 00:13:29.779 favorite analogy that I have heard about this 00:13:29.779 --> 00:13:34.889 is about eyesight. So before corrective lenses, 00:13:35.769 --> 00:13:43.110 somebody whose eyesight was not at 20 -20 vision 00:13:43.110 --> 00:13:47.190 or maybe far away from 20 -20 vision, they would 00:13:47.190 --> 00:13:50.990 have absolutely been disabled. They wouldn't 00:13:50.990 --> 00:13:54.909 have been able to function in society with the 00:13:54.909 --> 00:14:00.470 same ease as somebody who had near 20 -20 vision. 00:14:01.289 --> 00:14:06.149 And so they would have counted as disabled, absolutely, 00:14:06.309 --> 00:14:08.110 because their functioning in the surrounding 00:14:08.110 --> 00:14:13.570 society would have been limited. With corrective 00:14:13.570 --> 00:14:20.909 lenses, though, eyesight became actually very, 00:14:20.909 --> 00:14:23.669 very different so that you can wear glasses and 00:14:23.669 --> 00:14:28.009 then later contact lenses and function in society 00:14:28.009 --> 00:14:33.759 as if you were someone with 20 -20 vision. Now, 00:14:33.779 --> 00:14:35.940 of course, that doesn't include every single 00:14:35.940 --> 00:14:40.799 person whose eyesight is not 20 -20, but it really 00:14:40.799 --> 00:14:46.000 changed the way that people thought about able 00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:50.100 -bodiedness when it came to eyesight. And today, 00:14:50.379 --> 00:14:54.940 somebody who wears glasses is not considered 00:14:54.940 --> 00:14:59.539 disabled. Whereas in the time that we're talking 00:14:59.539 --> 00:15:02.659 about with the documents in this podcast this 00:15:02.659 --> 00:15:07.519 season, absolutely somebody who would require 00:15:07.519 --> 00:15:13.460 a strong prescription for corrective lenses in 00:15:13.460 --> 00:15:16.960 our time, they would have been severely limited 00:15:16.960 --> 00:15:20.720 in their activities and they would have been 00:15:20.720 --> 00:15:27.240 in a category of not able bodied. So what's happening 00:15:27.240 --> 00:15:30.240 in the surrounding society and the technology 00:15:30.240 --> 00:15:33.580 that it uses and the activities that it deems 00:15:33.580 --> 00:15:39.120 fundamental to moving around in that society? 00:15:39.340 --> 00:15:42.539 That's what sets the parameters. That's what 00:15:42.539 --> 00:15:47.480 sets the boundaries of disability versus able 00:15:47.480 --> 00:15:54.720 bodiedness. So when historians take that insight 00:15:54.720 --> 00:15:59.659 and apply it to their study of the past, certain 00:15:59.659 --> 00:16:05.059 things become more noteworthy. So in this document, 00:16:05.940 --> 00:16:09.519 we're going to read against the grain because 00:16:09.519 --> 00:16:14.700 the document itself is not about ability or disability. 00:16:14.919 --> 00:16:20.480 The document is about granting some authorizations 00:16:20.480 --> 00:16:25.330 to this the group of merchants and telling them 00:16:25.330 --> 00:16:30.129 to be careful about the stuff from France. That's 00:16:30.129 --> 00:16:32.269 what this document is about. We're going to actually 00:16:32.269 --> 00:16:35.909 read against the grain of this document and focus 00:16:35.909 --> 00:16:41.710 in on this last sentence about Joan not being 00:16:41.710 --> 00:16:48.850 able to sign the document himself. Look at how 00:16:48.850 --> 00:16:55.509 when you have a person placed in a position of 00:16:55.509 --> 00:17:00.450 such importance in the society. The apparatus 00:17:00.450 --> 00:17:08.369 that gets invoked to overcome or overlook their 00:17:08.369 --> 00:17:13.210 disability and the way that it is legitimated. 00:17:13.970 --> 00:17:19.150 So it's operating at a couple of different levels. 00:17:19.630 --> 00:17:26.099 First of all, He has scribes. Other people regularly 00:17:26.099 --> 00:17:32.519 are writing for him. That is not typical of the 00:17:32.519 --> 00:17:36.099 literate classes, even among the elite. Most 00:17:36.099 --> 00:17:39.720 of the elite who could read and write, they would 00:17:39.720 --> 00:17:42.900 be writing themselves in their own hand. It was 00:17:42.900 --> 00:17:47.920 only the super elite who regularly had scribes 00:17:47.920 --> 00:17:54.359 writing for them. So, in this situation, we have 00:17:54.359 --> 00:17:58.759 Joan's disability, in a sense, covered up. 00:17:59.059 --> 00:18:02.279 Because look at all the documents that we have 00:18:02.279 --> 00:18:09.680 been reviewing that we were attributing to Joan. 00:18:10.400 --> 00:18:15.039 Well, for how long has he not been able to write 00:18:15.039 --> 00:18:21.839 himself physically? Has it been since he started 00:18:21.839 --> 00:18:27.480 out his journey to Barcelona from Girona? Unlike 00:18:27.480 --> 00:18:32.819 what January 3rd? Has he not been able to write? 00:18:33.940 --> 00:18:40.359 Has his writing hand or arm been immobile this 00:18:40.359 --> 00:18:45.559 whole time? And look at how the apparatus of 00:18:45.559 --> 00:18:53.779 the state. has moved to obscure that and instead 00:18:53.779 --> 00:18:59.940 present Joanne as fully abled and how all of 00:18:59.940 --> 00:19:04.779 our assumptions would have led us to continue 00:19:04.779 --> 00:19:09.900 thinking of Joan as able -bodied when it came 00:19:09.900 --> 00:19:16.720 to his duty to sign documents until we see this 00:19:16.720 --> 00:19:24.980 line. No one has written about Joan using the 00:19:24.980 --> 00:19:27.900 lens in their writing, their historical writing 00:19:27.900 --> 00:19:31.759 about him, using the lens of disability studies, 00:19:31.779 --> 00:19:36.380 and I'm really excited to bring that into the 00:19:36.380 --> 00:19:45.490 historiography. So why did Joan feel that he 00:19:45.490 --> 00:19:50.730 had to have this line added now to this letter? 00:19:51.750 --> 00:19:56.609 Is it because the monarch's actual signature 00:19:56.609 --> 00:20:03.650 was so customary for documents like these? Which 00:20:03.650 --> 00:20:10.990 would be presumably taken overseas and shown 00:20:10.990 --> 00:20:14.720 to people far and wide? Was it an expectation 00:20:14.720 --> 00:20:21.000 to be able to see a recognizable and legitimate 00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:26.380 looking signature from the king? Was that something 00:20:26.380 --> 00:20:32.220 that was so customary that its absence required 00:20:32.220 --> 00:20:38.119 explanation as we see here? I guess? I mean, 00:20:38.119 --> 00:20:42.119 it seems to me rather strange that all the other 00:20:42.119 --> 00:20:45.400 documents that we've seen didn't require this. 00:20:46.019 --> 00:20:49.059 But, you know, this is the first document that 00:20:49.059 --> 00:20:56.200 really seems to be intended to be carried a vast 00:20:56.200 --> 00:21:01.599 distance, like more vast than to France, like 00:21:01.599 --> 00:21:05.420 the document above. And it's also involved in 00:21:05.420 --> 00:21:10.809 this very international context of the trade 00:21:10.809 --> 00:21:17.289 shipping routes and all of the kinds of contexts 00:21:17.289 --> 00:21:23.890 and situations that one would encounter as they're 00:21:23.890 --> 00:21:27.589 going on a boat along the Mediterranean. And 00:21:27.589 --> 00:21:30.529 I say along the Mediterranean because to use 00:21:30.529 --> 00:21:34.710 the word across as a misnomer, the ships were 00:21:34.710 --> 00:21:39.069 not going as the crow flies from one port to 00:21:39.069 --> 00:21:42.269 another in the Mediterranean. If you wanted to 00:21:42.269 --> 00:21:44.549 go to the Levant you would you would mostly be 00:21:44.549 --> 00:21:48.430 hugging the coastline because it was safer than 00:21:48.430 --> 00:21:51.109 going out into the middle of the open sea. So 00:21:51.109 --> 00:21:54.099 but that That then brings you into contact with 00:21:54.099 --> 00:21:57.640 just all these other vessels and all these encounters. 00:21:58.140 --> 00:22:01.200 So all of these encounters, maybe that's what 00:22:01.200 --> 00:22:04.380 would require the monarch's signature versus 00:22:04.380 --> 00:22:09.019 the journey of Jacob de Bar the troubadour going 00:22:09.019 --> 00:22:14.619 over land to wherever he's going in France. I 00:22:14.619 --> 00:22:17.599 don't I just don't know. But that's my guess. 00:22:18.960 --> 00:22:23.849 And the addition of this line has really made 00:22:23.849 --> 00:22:26.970 it much more urgent for me to get up to speed 00:22:26.970 --> 00:22:30.130 with disability studies. So I'm just going to 00:22:30.130 --> 00:22:37.910 mention two works of edited essays that I think 00:22:37.910 --> 00:22:41.150 are going to be very foundational for understanding 00:22:41.150 --> 00:22:45.980 the role of disability studies in historical 00:22:45.980 --> 00:22:50.440 methodology right now. The first is a collection 00:22:50.440 --> 00:22:57.079 by Recunbir, Kudlick, and Nielsen. It's the 00:22:57.079 --> 00:23:01.599 Oxford Handbook of Disability History. And then 00:23:01.599 --> 00:23:04.440 the other one that I'm going to be looking at 00:23:04.440 --> 00:23:10.400 is Barclay and Hunt-Kennedy as editors. The title 00:23:10.400 --> 00:23:14.480 is Cripping the Archive, Disability, History, 00:23:14.880 --> 00:23:18.259 and Power. So I'm going to be looking at those 00:23:18.259 --> 00:23:22.500 collections starting this week, and I'm going 00:23:22.500 --> 00:23:26.119 to be really trying to incorporate those insights 00:23:26.119 --> 00:23:30.089 much much more thoroughly than I have done so 00:23:30.089 --> 00:23:32.630 far. I've alluded to some of this when I've talked 00:23:32.630 --> 00:23:35.769 about Joan's illness, but it's time to make 00:23:35.769 --> 00:23:41.710 this really central. I just am really, wow. Okay, 00:23:42.170 --> 00:23:44.549 one last thing. We're really over time here, 00:23:44.549 --> 00:23:47.170 but one last thing to mention is that there's 00:23:47.170 --> 00:23:50.089 some reason that a lot of this letter has been 00:23:50.089 --> 00:23:55.440 duplicated in what's further down on this same 00:23:55.440 --> 00:23:58.660 folio and i can't honestly can't quite figure 00:23:58.660 --> 00:24:03.859 out why it was necessary to write this a second 00:24:03.859 --> 00:24:07.740 time and let me just see yeah i can't i just 00:24:07.740 --> 00:24:13.119 it doesn't have a separate addressee listed at 00:24:13.119 --> 00:24:15.380 the bottom of the letter which is actually on 00:24:15.380 --> 00:24:24.079 the next folio 32r so i am perplexed by the addition 00:24:24.079 --> 00:24:29.299 of another round of this same letter that by 00:24:29.299 --> 00:24:32.539 the way also includes the same line at the end 00:24:32.539 --> 00:24:35.579 about Joan not being able to sign the letter 00:24:35.579 --> 00:24:41.539 because of an accident to his person uh misfortune 00:24:41.539 --> 00:24:50.359 to his person okay so really just an awesome 00:24:50.359 --> 00:24:53.730 discovery one of the most important discoveries 00:24:53.730 --> 00:24:59.609 in the podcast so far I think is discussed today 00:24:59.609 --> 00:25:08.470 and I am really kind of have my attention focused 00:25:08.470 --> 00:25:12.509 on whether we have other references to Joan's 00:25:12.509 --> 00:25:18.170 body coming up in other documents but I just 00:25:18.380 --> 00:25:24.180 I'm still just feeling really... I... yeah, I'm 00:25:24.180 --> 00:25:26.579 just still really surprised that this was added 00:25:26.579 --> 00:25:29.740 into this letter. Ah, this document. Well, he 00:25:29.740 --> 00:25:31.859 refers it to the letter. That's one of the reasons 00:25:31.859 --> 00:25:37.180 I keep doing that. He says, a questa letra. Okay, 00:25:37.680 --> 00:25:41.420 thanks for listening to this episode of the Historian's 00:25:41.420 --> 00:25:46.720 Notebook, season one, Molt Cara Companyona. If 00:25:46.720 --> 00:25:50.059 you are leaving, with more questions than you 00:25:50.059 --> 00:25:54.000 arrived with, I have done my job, because remember, 00:25:54.420 --> 00:25:58.880 the motto of the Historian's Notebook is dissatisfaction 00:25:58.880 --> 00:26:02.460 guaranteed. Visit the website to see an image 00:26:02.460 --> 00:26:06.819 of today's document, additional show notes, and 00:26:06.819 --> 00:26:11.279 a bunch of bibliographic citations for foundational 00:26:11.279 --> 00:26:17.990 and recent works in disability history. And Listen 00:26:17.990 --> 00:26:21.710 again tomorrow to hear about the next day in 00:26:21.710 --> 00:26:25.990 the first year of the reign of King Joan of Aragon 00:26:25.990 --> 00:26:31.069 and Queen Violant de Bar. In the meantime, take 00:26:31.069 --> 00:26:31.450 care.