WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:04.919 Imagine standing. right at the base of a towering 00:00:04.919 --> 00:00:07.580 60 -foot earthwork pyramid. Oh, yeah. I mean, 00:00:07.580 --> 00:00:10.439 it's this massive geometrically perfect structure, 00:00:10.820 --> 00:00:13.179 and it was built centuries before Columbus ever 00:00:13.179 --> 00:00:15.000 even thought about setting sail. Right, right. 00:00:15.099 --> 00:00:18.179 And it was built entirely by hand, like, no beasts 00:00:18.179 --> 00:00:21.879 of burden, no wheel, just millions of individual 00:00:21.879 --> 00:00:24.760 baskets of earth carried by citizens over, you 00:00:24.760 --> 00:00:26.719 know, generations. Incredible to think about. 00:00:26.800 --> 00:00:29.379 It really is. But then imagine that exact same 00:00:29.379 --> 00:00:31.199 civilization, the people who built who built 00:00:31.199 --> 00:00:34.140 it, who thrived around it for thousands of years, 00:00:34.560 --> 00:00:37.020 just being legally erased from the map by the 00:00:37.020 --> 00:00:39.380 stroke of a pen in some Washington DC office. 00:00:39.479 --> 00:00:42.200 Yeah, it is a profoundly jarring contrast. And 00:00:42.200 --> 00:00:45.179 it completely shatters the way we usually consume 00:00:45.179 --> 00:00:47.320 history, right? Because we like our history to 00:00:47.320 --> 00:00:49.520 be easily digestible. Oh, for sure. We want it 00:00:49.520 --> 00:00:52.320 neat. Exactly. Especially when we're trying to 00:00:52.320 --> 00:00:55.119 quickly grasp the narrative of a specific place. 00:00:55.420 --> 00:00:57.799 You know, when you open a standard history textbook 00:00:57.799 --> 00:01:01.060 looking for a timeline, there is this expectation 00:01:01.060 --> 00:01:03.600 of clean geometry, a straight line right across 00:01:03.600 --> 00:01:06.659 the page. There's a date, a dot, a sentence about 00:01:06.659 --> 00:01:08.739 some event, and then you just move neatly to 00:01:08.739 --> 00:01:11.140 the next dot. It feels so tidy, you know? You 00:01:11.140 --> 00:01:13.340 read about a civilization here, a treaty there, 00:01:13.340 --> 00:01:16.480 it's safe, it's distant. But that clean geometry 00:01:16.480 --> 00:01:20.969 completely masks the mess overlapping reality 00:01:20.969 --> 00:01:23.790 of human existence. I mean, when you rely on 00:01:23.790 --> 00:01:26.650 those tidy little dots, you completely miss the 00:01:26.650 --> 00:01:28.930 mechanics of how entire worlds are built. Right. 00:01:29.170 --> 00:01:32.250 And more importantly, exactly how they're dismantled. 00:01:32.430 --> 00:01:35.590 Exactly. And when you step into the true historical 00:01:35.590 --> 00:01:38.310 landscape of a place like Mississippi, that tidy 00:01:38.310 --> 00:01:41.269 timeline just shatters. It really does. We are 00:01:41.269 --> 00:01:44.209 looking at a historical reality that is so incredibly 00:01:44.209 --> 00:01:47.969 deep, so complex, and ultimately so disruptive 00:01:47.969 --> 00:01:50.269 to the sta— narrative that a simple straight 00:01:50.269 --> 00:01:53.209 line just cannot hold it. So welcome to our deep 00:01:53.209 --> 00:01:55.620 dive. Glad to be here. Today, our mission is 00:01:55.620 --> 00:01:58.079 to build a better timeline for you. We are going 00:01:58.079 --> 00:01:59.900 to look at the Native American cultures in the 00:01:59.900 --> 00:02:02.420 region that eventually became Mississippi, stretching 00:02:02.420 --> 00:02:04.799 from the end of the last ice age all the way 00:02:04.799 --> 00:02:06.900 through their systematic displacement in the 00:02:06.900 --> 00:02:09.979 1830s. Yeah. And we are doing this with a very 00:02:09.979 --> 00:02:12.800 specific goal in mind. We want to unpack the 00:02:12.800 --> 00:02:14.680 historical impact of the Indian Removal Act. 00:02:14.900 --> 00:02:17.860 Yes. But specifically framing it in a way that 00:02:17.860 --> 00:02:21.219 helps students of history and really anyone trying 00:02:21.219 --> 00:02:25.439 to understand the American story. truly grasp 00:02:25.439 --> 00:02:28.139 the gravity and the actual mechanics of this 00:02:28.139 --> 00:02:30.520 displacement. Because it wasn't just a sudden 00:02:30.520 --> 00:02:33.520 single event on a timeline. No, not at all. Okay, 00:02:33.560 --> 00:02:36.120 let's unpack this. To really understand what 00:02:36.120 --> 00:02:39.039 was lost during the displacement of the 1830s, 00:02:39.310 --> 00:02:42.210 We have to first understand the sheer, immense 00:02:42.210 --> 00:02:44.669 depth of history that existed in that region 00:02:44.669 --> 00:02:47.550 long before European contact. Oh, absolutely. 00:02:47.689 --> 00:02:49.289 I mean, we're talking about going way back. We 00:02:49.289 --> 00:02:51.710 are. Following the end of the Pleistocene Age, 00:02:51.889 --> 00:02:55.210 so the last Ice Age Paleo -Indians arrived in 00:02:55.210 --> 00:02:57.569 what we now call the American South. Right. And 00:02:57.569 --> 00:03:00.069 these were nomadic hunter -gatherers. Their entire 00:03:00.069 --> 00:03:02.810 way of life was predicated on pursuing the megafauna. 00:03:02.909 --> 00:03:05.490 The giant animals. Exactly, those massive now 00:03:05.490 --> 00:03:07.990 extinct animals like mastodons. So we're talking 00:03:07.990 --> 00:03:10.150 about a landscape that looks completely different 00:03:10.150 --> 00:03:13.289 and a society purely based on movement. But they 00:03:13.289 --> 00:03:15.610 didn't, well, they didn't stay nomadic forever, 00:03:15.770 --> 00:03:18.169 right? No, they didn't. As the climate warmed 00:03:18.169 --> 00:03:20.810 and those megafaunas died out, they had to pivot. 00:03:21.009 --> 00:03:23.689 Which makes sense. Right. And this is where we 00:03:23.689 --> 00:03:25.750 see the emergence of the mound builders over 00:03:25.750 --> 00:03:29.569 2000 years ago. Specifically, the Troyville, 00:03:29.889 --> 00:03:32.409 Coles Creek, and plaque mine cultures located 00:03:32.409 --> 00:03:34.729 in western Mississippi along the river. But I 00:03:34.729 --> 00:03:36.770 want to pause here for a second because we throw 00:03:36.770 --> 00:03:40.090 the term mound builder around a lot. We do. But 00:03:40.090 --> 00:03:44.590 to actually execute this, to stop wandering and 00:03:44.590 --> 00:03:47.629 build massive earthwork structures, I mean, that 00:03:47.629 --> 00:03:50.069 requires a massive leap. It's like upgrading 00:03:50.069 --> 00:03:52.740 from a tent to a skyscraper. That's a great way 00:03:52.740 --> 00:03:55.300 to put it. It highlights the incredible engineering 00:03:55.300 --> 00:03:59.060 and societal organization required. But how did 00:03:59.060 --> 00:04:01.840 these isolated cultures evolve and interact? 00:04:02.139 --> 00:04:03.919 Well, what's fascinating here is that these weren't 00:04:03.919 --> 00:04:06.939 static societies. They evolved based on environmental 00:04:06.939 --> 00:04:09.080 changes and interactions with neighboring groups, 00:04:09.639 --> 00:04:11.759 laying the groundwork for some really complex 00:04:11.759 --> 00:04:13.900 trade networks. Right. They were constantly adapting. 00:04:14.099 --> 00:04:17.079 Exactly. It wasn't just piling dirt. You need 00:04:17.079 --> 00:04:19.879 an agricultural surplus. to feed the workers. 00:04:20.300 --> 00:04:22.639 You have a highly organized social hierarchy 00:04:22.639 --> 00:04:25.019 to direct the labor. Because you're moving tons 00:04:25.019 --> 00:04:27.620 of earth, right? Yeah. 50 pounds at a time, basket 00:04:27.620 --> 00:04:30.139 by basket. Yes. And you need architectural knowledge 00:04:30.139 --> 00:04:32.800 to ensure a 50 -foot mound of dirt doesn't just 00:04:32.800 --> 00:04:35.100 watch away in the first major rainstorm. Oh, 00:04:35.100 --> 00:04:37.560 true. They were using different colors and textures 00:04:37.560 --> 00:04:40.560 of clay and soil, essentially engineering the 00:04:40.560 --> 00:04:43.060 internal structure for maximum stability. It's 00:04:43.060 --> 00:04:46.029 brilliant. And so... These mounds didn't just 00:04:46.029 --> 00:04:48.689 stay isolated monuments. No. They became the 00:04:48.689 --> 00:04:51.069 epicenter of a massive cultural exchange that 00:04:51.069 --> 00:04:53.550 shaped the specific tribes we recognize in the 00:04:53.550 --> 00:04:56.430 historical texts later on. Precisely. The Mississippi 00:04:56.430 --> 00:04:59.129 River was the main artery of North America. Like 00:04:59.129 --> 00:05:01.209 a superhighway. Exactly like a superhighway. 00:05:01.490 --> 00:05:04.189 And during the terminal Coles Creek period, which 00:05:04.189 --> 00:05:08.050 is roughly between 1150 and 1250 CE, contact 00:05:08.050 --> 00:05:10.899 increased dramatically. With who? with the massive 00:05:10.899 --> 00:05:13.600 Mississippian cultures centered way upriver near 00:05:13.600 --> 00:05:15.920 present -day St. Louis. Oh. And this brought 00:05:15.920 --> 00:05:19.160 new pottery techniques, new ceremonial objects, 00:05:19.600 --> 00:05:21.899 and entirely new social structures down the river. 00:05:22.199 --> 00:05:24.639 I read about the pottery, actually. The shell 00:05:24.639 --> 00:05:28.040 -tempered pottery. Yes, grinding up mussel shells 00:05:28.040 --> 00:05:30.560 from the river and mixing it into the clay. It 00:05:30.560 --> 00:05:33.100 makes the pottery significantly stronger and 00:05:33.100 --> 00:05:35.220 allows the walls to be much thinner. Which means 00:05:35.220 --> 00:05:37.519 you can process food more efficiently, particularly 00:05:37.519 --> 00:05:40.759 maize, and that supports massive population growth. 00:05:41.180 --> 00:05:43.120 Exactly. It was a technological and cultural 00:05:43.120 --> 00:05:45.779 revolution, but, you know, it wasn't uniform. 00:05:46.000 --> 00:05:48.300 The plaque mine culture actually shrank after 00:05:48.300 --> 00:05:51.879 1350 CE. Interesting. Yeah, though the Tien San 00:05:51.879 --> 00:05:54.519 Natchez tribes held out in the Natchez bluffs, 00:05:54.519 --> 00:05:56.519 continuing their ancestral traditions. Wait, 00:05:56.540 --> 00:05:59.139 so it wasn't just one static Native American 00:05:59.139 --> 00:06:01.459 culture. Not at all. It was more like an ancient, 00:06:01.980 --> 00:06:04.579 bustling cultural exchange program with holdouts 00:06:04.579 --> 00:06:06.920 and early adopters. That is exactly what it was. 00:06:06.939 --> 00:06:09.160 Yeah. Long before Europeans arrived, the continent 00:06:09.160 --> 00:06:12.240 was dynamic and deeply interconnected. Meanwhile, 00:06:12.519 --> 00:06:15.379 groups speaking Tunican, Chittimacan, and Muscogeean 00:06:15.500 --> 00:06:18.100 actively absorbed that Mississippian influence. 00:06:18.439 --> 00:06:21.620 And they eventually became the historic Chickasaw 00:06:21.620 --> 00:06:24.540 and Choctaw peoples, right? Yes, alongside the 00:06:24.540 --> 00:06:28.459 Yazoo, the Pascagoula, and the Biloxi. And this 00:06:28.459 --> 00:06:30.980 complexity is crucial for you, the listener, 00:06:31.500 --> 00:06:35.420 to grasp because it really humanizes the civilizations 00:06:35.420 --> 00:06:38.019 that would later be targeted by federal policy. 00:06:38.259 --> 00:06:39.759 Right. They weren't just names on a page. They 00:06:39.759 --> 00:06:43.040 were bustling, evolving societies. Exactly. So 00:06:43.040 --> 00:06:45.920 having established this rich, deep history of 00:06:45.920 --> 00:06:48.860 these tribes, we have to pivot to the catalyst 00:06:48.860 --> 00:06:51.220 for their displacement. The economic shift. Yeah, 00:06:51.300 --> 00:06:53.680 a technological invention that changed the economic 00:06:53.680 --> 00:06:56.639 landscape forever. Because initially, it wasn't 00:06:56.639 --> 00:06:58.899 all outright hostility from the Americans. No, 00:06:59.019 --> 00:07:01.180 it wasn't. In the early years, you had figures 00:07:01.180 --> 00:07:04.759 like Governor William C .C. Clyborne from 1801 00:07:04.759 --> 00:07:07.019 to 1803. He was the governor of the Mississippi 00:07:07.019 --> 00:07:09.360 Territory. Right. And he attempted conciliation. 00:07:09.959 --> 00:07:12.240 He actually tried to improve the material well 00:07:12.240 --> 00:07:14.740 -being of Native Americans. He even coordinated 00:07:14.740 --> 00:07:17.160 mass smallpox vaccinations for them. Wow. So 00:07:17.160 --> 00:07:19.339 there was at least some attempt at diplomacy 00:07:19.339 --> 00:07:22.019 and coexistence. There was. But then the invention 00:07:22.019 --> 00:07:24.000 of the cotton gin happened. Here's where it gets 00:07:24.000 --> 00:07:27.040 really interesting. I like to compare the cotton 00:07:27.040 --> 00:07:30.379 gin to pouring an accelerant on a fire. Oh, absolutely. 00:07:30.540 --> 00:07:33.100 Because suddenly, the cultivation of short staple 00:07:33.100 --> 00:07:35.560 cotton became highly profitable in the upland 00:07:35.560 --> 00:07:38.220 areas of the South. Right before the gin, it 00:07:38.220 --> 00:07:40.899 took a whole day to separate the seeds from just 00:07:40.899 --> 00:07:43.600 one pound of short staple cotton by hand. It 00:07:43.600 --> 00:07:47.129 wasn't worth it. But Eli Whitney's machine mechanizes 00:07:47.129 --> 00:07:50.050 it and suddenly one machine can clean 50 pounds 00:07:50.050 --> 00:07:52.910 a day. And the economics completely flipped overnight. 00:07:53.589 --> 00:07:56.649 Exactly. Suddenly land that was respected as 00:07:56.649 --> 00:07:59.370 ancestral territory became viewed purely as a 00:07:59.370 --> 00:08:02.040 high yield financial asset. If we connect this 00:08:02.040 --> 00:08:04.459 to the bigger picture, you can really see the 00:08:04.459 --> 00:08:07.060 shift from diplomacy to outright aggression. 00:08:07.620 --> 00:08:09.379 The economic pressure from the international 00:08:09.379 --> 00:08:12.500 cotton market just completely overwhelmed those 00:08:12.500 --> 00:08:14.879 early attempts at peaceful coexistence. Because 00:08:14.879 --> 00:08:17.019 the Industrial Revolution in Europe was starving 00:08:17.019 --> 00:08:20.139 for raw cotton? Yes. And to feed that demand, 00:08:20.699 --> 00:08:23.040 a massive influx of American migrants from the 00:08:23.040 --> 00:08:26.230 Upper South poured into the territory from 1798 00:08:26.230 --> 00:08:29.310 to 1820. Bringing enslaved labor with them. Yes, 00:08:29.310 --> 00:08:32.549 bringing enslaved labor and just an insatiable 00:08:32.549 --> 00:08:35.690 demand for land. So the diplomatic approach vanishes. 00:08:36.090 --> 00:08:38.409 But the economic demand for cotton land didn't 00:08:38.409 --> 00:08:40.889 just result in an overnight war, did it? No. 00:08:41.210 --> 00:08:44.710 It resulted in a systematic, bureaucratic dismantling 00:08:44.710 --> 00:08:47.409 of Native American territory. That's a perfect 00:08:47.409 --> 00:08:50.149 way to describe it. The U .S. government used 00:08:50.149 --> 00:08:53.059 treaties to slice away the land. just piece by 00:08:53.059 --> 00:08:56.580 piece, from 1801 to 1830. Can you give some examples 00:08:56.580 --> 00:08:59.139 of that scale? Sure. The 1801 Treaty of Fort 00:08:59.139 --> 00:09:02.240 Adams took 2 .6 million acres from the Choctaw, 00:09:02.519 --> 00:09:05.159 just for the Natchez Trace. 2 .6 million, wow. 00:09:05.320 --> 00:09:08.279 Then the 1820 Treaty of Doakstan took 5 .1 million 00:09:08.279 --> 00:09:10.980 acres in exchange for a parcel way out in Arkansas. 00:09:11.159 --> 00:09:13.019 Just staggering amounts of land. And it kept 00:09:13.019 --> 00:09:16.299 going. The 1832 Treaty of Pontotoc with the Chickasaw 00:09:16.299 --> 00:09:19.179 took 6 .2 million acres, forcing them to seek 00:09:19.179 --> 00:09:21.460 a home in the West. When we look at millions 00:09:21.460 --> 00:09:23.679 of acres changing hens, what did this actually 00:09:23.679 --> 00:09:25.460 look like for the people signing these papers? 00:09:25.580 --> 00:09:28.580 I mean, was it a fair negotiation or a bureaucratic 00:09:28.580 --> 00:09:31.279 ultimatum? Oh, it was an ultimatum. The crushing 00:09:31.279 --> 00:09:33.840 weight. The government used trading posts to 00:09:33.840 --> 00:09:36.019 get tribal leaders deep into debt they could 00:09:36.019 --> 00:09:39.220 never repay through the deer skin trade. Ah, 00:09:39.279 --> 00:09:42.220 so it was a debt trap. Exactly. A predatory debt 00:09:42.220 --> 00:09:45.799 trap. Once the debt was insurmountable, the government 00:09:45.799 --> 00:09:48.950 demanded land as the only payment. Displacement 00:09:48.950 --> 00:09:52.269 was this slow, legalistic squeezing of the tribes. 00:09:52.370 --> 00:09:54.470 Pushing them further and further west. Right, 00:09:54.690 --> 00:09:56.690 pushing them west and isolating them from the 00:09:56.690 --> 00:09:59.230 rapidly growing white and enslaved populations, 00:09:59.669 --> 00:10:01.669 basically setting the stage for the final blow. 00:10:01.820 --> 00:10:03.960 Which brings us to the climax of this timeline. 00:10:04.379 --> 00:10:06.620 The decades of piecemeal treaties culminated 00:10:06.620 --> 00:10:09.399 in a sweeping federal mandate that permanently 00:10:09.399 --> 00:10:11.740 altered the demographic and physical landscape 00:10:11.740 --> 00:10:14.039 of the United States. The Indian Removal Act. 00:10:14.220 --> 00:10:16.820 Passed in 1830 by the federal government. Yes. 00:10:16.980 --> 00:10:20.000 And that directly led to the 1830 Treaty of Dancing 00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:22.919 Rabbit Creek. Which was just devastating. Completely 00:10:22.919 --> 00:10:25.500 devastating. That single treaty took a staggering 00:10:25.500 --> 00:10:28.779 10 .5 million acres from the Choctaw. It forced 00:10:28.779 --> 00:10:31.259 their removal while technically granting U .S. 00:10:31.120 --> 00:10:33.700 citizenship to the very few who remained. Though 00:10:33.700 --> 00:10:35.899 that citizenship didn't actually protect them 00:10:35.899 --> 00:10:38.679 from local hostility. Not at all. And those 10 00:10:38.679 --> 00:10:41.919 .5 million seeded acres were immediately sold 00:10:41.919 --> 00:10:44.279 off by the state. Fueling the expansion of the 00:10:44.279 --> 00:10:46.620 plantation economy. Exactly. And fueling the 00:10:46.620 --> 00:10:49.080 massive forced domestic migration of enslaved 00:10:49.080 --> 00:10:51.620 African Americans into the deep south to work 00:10:51.620 --> 00:10:54.059 that very land. So what does this all mean? When 00:10:54.059 --> 00:10:56.379 you step back and look at it, it's like clear 00:10:56.379 --> 00:10:59.120 cutting an ancient forest just to build a factory. 00:10:59.539 --> 00:11:01.960 That's a stark analogy, but it's very accurate. 00:11:02.059 --> 00:11:05.259 An entire cultural ecosystem, thousands of years 00:11:05.259 --> 00:11:08.220 old, was forcibly uprooted and replaced by this 00:11:08.220 --> 00:11:11.620 rigid, industrialized agricultural machine. And 00:11:11.620 --> 00:11:13.659 this raises an important question, particularly 00:11:13.659 --> 00:11:16.340 regarding how students learn history today. How 00:11:16.340 --> 00:11:18.779 so? Well, the Indian Removal Act shouldn't just 00:11:18.779 --> 00:11:21.480 be taught as a single date on a timeline for 00:11:21.480 --> 00:11:24.580 a multiple choice test. Right, like 1830, memorize 00:11:24.580 --> 00:11:27.419 it and move on. Exactly. It needs to be understood 00:11:27.419 --> 00:11:30.500 as a total economic, demographic and spatial 00:11:30.500 --> 00:11:33.539 re -engineering of the American South. The displacement 00:11:33.539 --> 00:11:36.360 of Native Americans was directly mechanically 00:11:36.360 --> 00:11:38.740 linked to the expansion of American slavery. 00:11:39.100 --> 00:11:41.779 They have the same story. You literally cannot 00:11:41.779 --> 00:11:45.139 untangle them. The immense wealth of the cotton 00:11:45.139 --> 00:11:47.559 economy was built directly on top of the lands 00:11:47.559 --> 00:11:49.799 acquired through the bureaucratic removal of 00:11:49.799 --> 00:11:52.320 these ancient cultures. Precisely. One highly 00:11:52.320 --> 00:11:55.240 complex society was removed, so another built 00:11:55.240 --> 00:11:58.320 on forced labor. could take its place. It's a 00:11:58.320 --> 00:12:00.399 heavy, profoundly interconnected timeline. It 00:12:00.399 --> 00:12:03.200 really is. So let's just briefly recap the journey 00:12:03.200 --> 00:12:05.480 we've taken you on today. It's all good. We started 00:12:05.480 --> 00:12:08.120 with the Ice Age megafauna hunters adapting to 00:12:08.120 --> 00:12:11.320 a changing climate, which led to the sophisticated 00:12:11.320 --> 00:12:14.059 mound builders upgrading from a tent to a skyscraper, 00:12:14.100 --> 00:12:17.259 as we said. Right. We looked at the massive cultural 00:12:17.259 --> 00:12:20.139 exchanges along the river and then the devastating 00:12:20.139 --> 00:12:22.399 impact of the cotton gin. The accelerant on the 00:12:22.399 --> 00:12:24.980 fire. Exactly. And finally, the bureaucratic 00:12:24.980 --> 00:12:27.259 finality of the Indian and Removal Act, driven 00:12:27.259 --> 00:12:30.320 by predatory debt and an insatiable demand for 00:12:30.320 --> 00:12:32.799 land. It's a lot to process. But I want to leave 00:12:32.799 --> 00:12:34.860 you with the final lingering thought to mull 00:12:34.860 --> 00:12:36.960 over. OK, what is it? When you learn history 00:12:36.960 --> 00:12:39.919 from a textbook, it's really easy to view displacement 00:12:39.919 --> 00:12:43.080 as an erasure, as if the people and their history 00:12:43.080 --> 00:12:45.539 were just wiped clean off the map. Right. But 00:12:45.539 --> 00:12:48.200 today, Many of those earthwork mounds that were 00:12:48.200 --> 00:12:50.740 built thousands of years ago are still standing 00:12:50.740 --> 00:12:53.840 in Mississippi. Oh, wow. Yeah. They're these 00:12:53.840 --> 00:12:56.600 silent witnesses that somehow survived the arrival 00:12:56.600 --> 00:12:59.580 of the massive cotton fields and even the modern 00:12:59.580 --> 00:13:02.360 highways. Just hiding in plain sight. Exactly. 00:13:02.669 --> 00:13:04.870 So what does it mean that the physical landscape 00:13:04.870 --> 00:13:07.409 itself still bears the architectural fingerprints 00:13:07.409 --> 00:13:09.610 of the very people the government tried so hard 00:13:09.610 --> 00:13:11.950 to remove? It really makes you reconsider the 00:13:11.950 --> 00:13:14.370 ground you walk on. The timeline isn't just a 00:13:14.370 --> 00:13:16.529 straight line in a book. It's physically built 00:13:16.529 --> 00:13:19.330 into the earth. Thank you all for joining us 00:13:19.330 --> 00:13:20.250 on this deep dive.