WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.560 Welcome to today's deep dive. I want you to imagine 00:00:03.560 --> 00:00:06.599 a high speed chase. But we aren't talking about 00:00:06.599 --> 00:00:09.900 cars here. No, definitely not. Imagine a high 00:00:09.900 --> 00:00:13.980 speed chase with massive thousands of tons steel 00:00:13.980 --> 00:00:17.460 behemoths, dreadnoughts and battle cruisers just 00:00:17.460 --> 00:00:19.739 hurling through the North Sea at speeds that 00:00:19.739 --> 00:00:22.219 were quite frankly unprecedented at the time. 00:00:22.280 --> 00:00:24.339 Right. And they're exchanging fire at ranges 00:00:24.339 --> 00:00:26.480 that had never even been attempted in human history. 00:00:26.739 --> 00:00:30.160 It's a scenario that completely redefine the 00:00:30.160 --> 00:00:32.259 tactical reality of naval combat. We're looking 00:00:32.259 --> 00:00:35.380 at a moment where the sheer mechanical power 00:00:35.380 --> 00:00:38.060 of these machines just vastly outpaced the human 00:00:38.060 --> 00:00:41.219 ability to command them. Exactly. So today we 00:00:41.219 --> 00:00:43.679 are diving deep into the Battle of Dogger Bank. 00:00:44.100 --> 00:00:47.359 This took place on January 24th, 1915 during 00:00:47.359 --> 00:00:49.640 the First World War. Yeah. And the mission for 00:00:49.640 --> 00:00:52.179 this deep dive is to unpack exactly how early 00:00:52.179 --> 00:00:54.659 code breaking, bleeding edge naval technology 00:00:54.659 --> 00:00:58.109 and, well, simple human error collided. In a 00:00:58.109 --> 00:00:59.789 battle that really changed the course of naval 00:00:59.789 --> 00:01:02.270 warfare. We're basing today's analysis on extensive 00:01:02.270 --> 00:01:05.310 historical accounts, records of the battle, and 00:01:05.310 --> 00:01:07.209 comprehensive naval documentation that we've 00:01:07.209 --> 00:01:09.239 pulled together for you. To really understand 00:01:09.239 --> 00:01:11.799 the stakes at Dogger Bank, we have to look at 00:01:11.799 --> 00:01:13.879 the immense pressure on the British Royal Navy 00:01:13.879 --> 00:01:16.120 that winter. I mean, the psychological weight 00:01:16.120 --> 00:01:18.620 was massive. Oh, totally. Because just a month 00:01:18.620 --> 00:01:22.420 prior, in December 1914, the German Navy pulled 00:01:22.420 --> 00:01:25.099 off this devastating raid on the English coastal 00:01:25.099 --> 00:01:28.239 towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. 00:01:28.560 --> 00:01:30.579 Right. The German warships just sailed directly 00:01:30.579 --> 00:01:32.980 up to the British coast and bombarded it with 00:01:32.980 --> 00:01:36.379 absolute impunity. Over a hundred civilians killed. 00:01:37.019 --> 00:01:39.140 Hundreds more wounded. And the psychological 00:01:39.140 --> 00:01:41.599 blow of that raid really can't be overstated. 00:01:42.099 --> 00:01:44.239 The Germans had successfully attacked the British 00:01:44.239 --> 00:01:46.280 mainland for the first time since, what, the 00:01:46.280 --> 00:01:48.299 17th century? Yeah, and they just slipped away. 00:01:48.540 --> 00:01:51.519 Not a single ship lost. The British public was 00:01:51.519 --> 00:01:54.280 absolutely outraged. They're demanding answers, 00:01:54.280 --> 00:01:56.400 wanting to know why the supposedly invincible 00:01:56.400 --> 00:01:58.760 Royal Navy completely failed to intercept them. 00:01:58.920 --> 00:02:01.439 So the Admiralty is just desperate for a win 00:02:01.439 --> 00:02:03.840 to restore public confidence. And on the flip 00:02:03.840 --> 00:02:06.400 side, the German Navy is feeling pretty bold. 00:02:06.579 --> 00:02:09.080 Very bold. Buoyed by the coastal raids, they're 00:02:09.080 --> 00:02:11.060 willing to push further into the North Sea to 00:02:11.060 --> 00:02:13.360 test the British. Which brings us to why this 00:02:13.360 --> 00:02:16.500 actually matters to you today. Because this isn't 00:02:16.500 --> 00:02:19.819 just dusty history. It is a master class in how 00:02:19.819 --> 00:02:22.599 having the best intelligence in the world means 00:02:22.599 --> 00:02:25.659 absolutely nothing if your communication breaks 00:02:25.659 --> 00:02:28.060 down when it matters most. That is the crux of 00:02:28.060 --> 00:02:30.419 it, really. Okay, let's unpack this. Because 00:02:30.419 --> 00:02:34.039 going into January 1915, the British had this 00:02:34.039 --> 00:02:37.550 incredible invisible advantage. An advantage 00:02:37.550 --> 00:02:39.830 that honestly should have guaranteed the total 00:02:39.830 --> 00:02:42.030 annihilation of the German squadron. And it started 00:02:42.030 --> 00:02:44.169 within hours of the British ultimatum to Germany. 00:02:44.360 --> 00:02:47.580 in August 1914. Right. The British immediately 00:02:47.580 --> 00:02:50.060 severed the undersea communication cables. Just 00:02:50.060 --> 00:02:52.699 cut them. Cut them completely. Germany is instantly 00:02:52.699 --> 00:02:55.199 forced to rely on wireless radio transmissions 00:02:55.199 --> 00:02:57.159 to coordinate its fleet. And obviously they had 00:02:57.159 --> 00:02:59.800 to use complex ciphers to protect those transmissions. 00:02:59.840 --> 00:03:02.159 But the security of those ciphers just crumbled. 00:03:02.240 --> 00:03:04.180 I was looking through the sources and it reads 00:03:04.180 --> 00:03:06.479 less like an espionage thriller and more like 00:03:06.479 --> 00:03:09.340 a comedy of errors. Just unbelievable British 00:03:09.340 --> 00:03:12.060 luck. It really was. First, the German light 00:03:12.060 --> 00:03:14.479 cruiser Magdeburg runs aground in the Baltic, 00:03:14.659 --> 00:03:16.659 and the Russians recover the codebook and pass 00:03:16.659 --> 00:03:19.560 it to London. Then an Australian -German merchant 00:03:19.560 --> 00:03:21.860 steamer gets seized near Melbourne, giving them 00:03:21.860 --> 00:03:24.020 the merchant coordination codes. But the big 00:03:24.020 --> 00:03:26.099 one, the really critical acquisition, happened 00:03:26.099 --> 00:03:30.080 in October. A German destroyer, the S119, is 00:03:30.080 --> 00:03:33.520 sinking. The commander follows protocol and throws 00:03:33.520 --> 00:03:36.159 his secret papers overboard. In a lead line chest, 00:03:36.199 --> 00:03:38.479 right, so it'll sink forever. Exactly. He assumes 00:03:38.479 --> 00:03:41.699 it's gone. But a few weeks later, a British fishing 00:03:41.699 --> 00:03:44.159 trawler is just dragging its nets across the 00:03:44.159 --> 00:03:47.219 seabed and literally hauls up that exact chest. 00:03:47.479 --> 00:03:49.879 You can't make that up. It contained the Werther's 00:03:49.879 --> 00:03:52.479 book, the main codebook used by the highest ranking 00:03:52.479 --> 00:03:54.960 flag officers of the German Navy. So the British 00:03:54.960 --> 00:03:57.719 take all this and they set up Room 40, this highly 00:03:57.719 --> 00:04:00.539 classified code breaking division. They're reading 00:04:00.539 --> 00:04:03.400 the German high seas fleet's mail, essentially. 00:04:03.699 --> 00:04:05.419 They know the deployments. They don't have to 00:04:05.419 --> 00:04:08.639 waste coal on blind patrols. But having the intelligence 00:04:08.639 --> 00:04:10.740 and actually using it are two very different 00:04:10.740 --> 00:04:13.060 things. Yeah. What's fascinating here is how 00:04:13.060 --> 00:04:15.659 the internal culture of the Admiralty completely 00:04:15.659 --> 00:04:19.120 bottlenecked this gold mine. Rear Admiral Henry 00:04:19.120 --> 00:04:21.379 Oliver, the director of the intelligence division, 00:04:21.899 --> 00:04:24.519 basically hoarded the decrypts. Which is insane. 00:04:24.819 --> 00:04:26.839 He treated it like his own personal fiefdom. 00:04:27.160 --> 00:04:29.540 Completely. He wouldn't disseminate the intelligence 00:04:29.540 --> 00:04:31.680 to the operations staff. He'd only parse out 00:04:31.680 --> 00:04:34.279 tiny fragments to commanders at sea based on 00:04:34.279 --> 00:04:36.180 what he personally felt they needed to know. 00:04:36.459 --> 00:04:38.860 So the guys actually fighting the war are out 00:04:38.860 --> 00:04:41.319 there in the dark. Operating on delayed or entirely 00:04:41.319 --> 00:04:44.100 missing info. And this sets the stage for Dogger 00:04:44.100 --> 00:04:47.139 Bank. Late January, German Admiral Hipper is 00:04:47.139 --> 00:04:50.560 feeling confident, but also paranoid. He suspects 00:04:50.560 --> 00:04:53.300 the British are using spy ships like disguised 00:04:53.300 --> 00:04:55.519 fishing trawlers out on the docker bank to track 00:04:55.519 --> 00:04:57.720 him. So Hipper decides to take his battle cruisers 00:04:57.720 --> 00:05:00.800 out there, sweep the area, and sink any British 00:05:00.800 --> 00:05:03.620 ships he finds. But thanks to Room 40, the British 00:05:03.620 --> 00:05:05.939 know he's coming. They decode the transmissions, 00:05:06.019 --> 00:05:07.959 they know his ships, his heading, everything. 00:05:08.139 --> 00:05:10.680 And they set a trap. They organize a rendezvous 00:05:10.680 --> 00:05:13.620 for dawn on January 24th, right where Hipper 00:05:13.620 --> 00:05:16.160 is heading. Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty sails 00:05:16.160 --> 00:05:19.360 out with a vastly superior force. The first and 00:05:19.360 --> 00:05:21.920 second battle cruiser squadrons. Ships like the 00:05:21.920 --> 00:05:25.620 Lion, the Tiger, Princess Royal. Big, fast, heavily 00:05:25.620 --> 00:05:28.920 armed ships. Meanwhile, Hipper has his three 00:05:28.920 --> 00:05:31.160 modern battle cruisers, but he makes a fatal 00:05:31.160 --> 00:05:33.899 error. He brings along the Blucher. The Blucher 00:05:33.899 --> 00:05:36.019 is an older armored cruiser, right? Much slower. 00:05:36.579 --> 00:05:38.360 Exactly. And that speed difference is going to 00:05:38.360 --> 00:05:40.720 dictate the entire battle. Here's where it gets 00:05:40.720 --> 00:05:45.220 really interesting. Dawn breaks. January 24th, 00:05:45.319 --> 00:05:48.240 clear day. The British light cruisers stumble 00:05:48.240 --> 00:05:50.959 right into the Germans. The trap is sprung. Hipper 00:05:50.959 --> 00:05:54.079 sees the smoke from Beatty's massive battle cruisers, 00:05:54.240 --> 00:05:57.000 realizes he's walking into a buzzsaw, and immediately 00:05:57.000 --> 00:05:59.339 turns to run. It's like a high -speed highway 00:05:59.339 --> 00:06:02.160 chase, but on the ocean. With ships pushing 27 00:06:02.160 --> 00:06:05.589 knots. Over 30 miles an hour for these massive 00:06:05.589 --> 00:06:08.509 steel structures. And Beatty uses the wind perfectly 00:06:08.509 --> 00:06:11.269 here. He positions his ship so the wind blows 00:06:11.269 --> 00:06:14.009 all their own thick black funnel smoke clear. 00:06:14.389 --> 00:06:16.490 While simultaneously driving the German smoke 00:06:16.490 --> 00:06:18.829 directly back into the faces of their own gunners, 00:06:19.069 --> 00:06:21.269 blinding them. The scale of this is hard to wrap 00:06:21.269 --> 00:06:23.990 your head around. At 08 .52, the British fly 00:06:23.990 --> 00:06:26.529 ship, the Lion, opens fire at 20 ,000 yards. 00:06:26.759 --> 00:06:29.959 That's over 11 miles. No one had ever engaged 00:06:29.959 --> 00:06:32.620 at that distance before. The Germans initially 00:06:32.620 --> 00:06:35.120 can't even shoot back because their guns physically 00:06:35.120 --> 00:06:37.959 can't elevate high enough to reach 11 miles. 00:06:38.240 --> 00:06:40.620 But even with the advantage, the chaos of war 00:06:40.620 --> 00:06:44.519 sets in. Beatty wants his ships to pair off and 00:06:44.519 --> 00:06:46.939 target their opposite numbers in the German line. 00:06:47.220 --> 00:06:49.740 Right. Standard distribution of fire. But Captain 00:06:49.740 --> 00:06:53.959 Pelly on the British ship Tiger makes a massive 00:06:53.959 --> 00:06:56.759 blunder. He misunderstands the order. assumes 00:06:56.759 --> 00:06:59.439 they're all ganging up on the lead German ship, 00:06:59.899 --> 00:07:02.920 the Seydlitz. Leaving the Moltke completely unengaged, 00:07:03.100 --> 00:07:04.600 it's just sitting there in a free environment, 00:07:04.839 --> 00:07:07.240 firing away without taking any hits. And to make 00:07:07.240 --> 00:07:10.839 it worse, Peli's aim is totally off. At 11 miles, 00:07:10.920 --> 00:07:13.259 you aim by watching the giant splashes your shells 00:07:13.259 --> 00:07:16.180 make in the water. Peli mistook the shell splashes 00:07:16.180 --> 00:07:17.939 from the lion for his own. He thought he was 00:07:17.939 --> 00:07:20.060 dialed in, but his shells were landing two miles 00:07:20.060 --> 00:07:23.100 past the target. Despite that, the lion is incredibly 00:07:23.100 --> 00:07:25.540 accurate. And this leads to one of the most intense 00:07:25.540 --> 00:07:29.639 moments of the battle. At 09 .43, the Lion lands 00:07:29.639 --> 00:07:31.939 a devastating hit on the German battle cruiser 00:07:31.939 --> 00:07:35.139 Seydlitz. A 13 and a half inch shell pierces 00:07:35.139 --> 00:07:38.040 the rear turret armor. It sparks this horrific 00:07:38.040 --> 00:07:40.699 flash fire in the working chamber. The fire just 00:07:40.699 --> 00:07:42.800 tears through the compartments with terrifying 00:07:42.800 --> 00:07:45.060 speed, flashing down the hoist right toward the 00:07:45.060 --> 00:07:49.439 main magazines. It incinerates 165 men instantly. 00:07:49.720 --> 00:07:52.360 And the ship is seconds away from a full magazine 00:07:52.360 --> 00:07:55.220 explosion. If that happens, the ship is vaporized. 00:07:55.660 --> 00:07:57.959 The only reason it doesn't is this single crew 00:07:57.959 --> 00:08:00.860 member, Wilhelm Heidkamp. It's an incredible 00:08:00.860 --> 00:08:03.939 story of survival. The fire is raging. The steel 00:08:03.939 --> 00:08:07.040 bulkheads are glowing red hot. Heidkamp reaches 00:08:07.040 --> 00:08:09.360 the magazine flood valves. He knows what's going 00:08:09.360 --> 00:08:11.839 to happen, but he grabs the red hot metal wheels 00:08:11.839 --> 00:08:14.300 with his bare hands and forces them open, flooding 00:08:14.300 --> 00:08:16.600 the magazines and saving the entire ship. His 00:08:16.600 --> 00:08:18.519 hands and lungs were catastrophically burned. 00:08:18.920 --> 00:08:20.939 He survived the day but died years later from 00:08:20.939 --> 00:08:22.899 those injuries. He kept the ship afloat, though. 00:08:22.959 --> 00:08:25.250 He did. But the tactical situation is starting 00:08:25.250 --> 00:08:27.730 to shift. The unengaged German ships are finding 00:08:27.730 --> 00:08:30.129 their range. They focus on the British flagship, 00:08:30.430 --> 00:08:34.350 the Lion. It takes 14 heavy hits, takes on water, 00:08:34.710 --> 00:08:37.049 loses electrical power, and drops out of the 00:08:37.049 --> 00:08:39.690 chase. And this is the turning point. This raises 00:08:39.690 --> 00:08:42.710 an important question. How do you communicate 00:08:42.710 --> 00:08:45.330 in a rigid command structure when the flagship 00:08:45.330 --> 00:08:48.789 goes deaf and blind? Right, because at 10 .54, 00:08:49.009 --> 00:08:50.909 Beatty thinks he sees a submarine periscope. 00:08:51.129 --> 00:08:54.230 Probably just a stray torpedo breaking the surface. 00:08:54.509 --> 00:08:56.929 But he orders a sharp 90 degree turn to dodge 00:08:56.929 --> 00:08:59.590 it. Then he realizes this turn is letting the 00:08:59.590 --> 00:09:02.190 main German fleet get away. He needs to fix the 00:09:02.190 --> 00:09:04.309 angle and tell his ships to keep chasing the 00:09:04.309 --> 00:09:07.370 main fleet, ignoring the slow crippled blucher 00:09:07.370 --> 00:09:10.110 that's lagging behind. But he has no electricity, 00:09:10.850 --> 00:09:13.429 no radio. He has to use signal flags. He orders 00:09:13.429 --> 00:09:16.090 course in to fix the angle and simultaneously 00:09:16.090 --> 00:09:18.509 orders engage the enemy's rear to keep the chase 00:09:18.509 --> 00:09:21.340 going. But in the chaos, the signalmen hoist 00:09:21.340 --> 00:09:24.059 both orders on the exact same halyard, the same 00:09:24.059 --> 00:09:27.000 rope. Just one long string of flags. And miles 00:09:27.000 --> 00:09:29.519 ahead, Rear Admiral Moore sees this combo. He 00:09:29.519 --> 00:09:31.620 reads, of course, and he looks that way and sees 00:09:31.620 --> 00:09:34.320 the crippled blucher. Then he reads, engage the 00:09:34.320 --> 00:09:37.279 enemy's rear. And Royal Navy doctrine demands 00:09:37.279 --> 00:09:40.179 absolute obedience, no independent initiative. 00:09:40.679 --> 00:09:43.039 Moore reads it as a direct order to stop chasing 00:09:43.039 --> 00:09:45.759 the main fleet and dogpile the blucher. Beattie 00:09:45.759 --> 00:09:47.799 is watching this happen from his damaged ship. 00:09:47.960 --> 00:09:50.860 absolutely losing his mind. His pristine fleet 00:09:50.860 --> 00:09:53.120 is letting the enemy escape to go after a doomed 00:09:53.120 --> 00:09:55.320 ship. He desperately tries to correct it. He 00:09:55.320 --> 00:09:58.000 tells his signalmen to hoist Horatio Nelson's 00:09:58.000 --> 00:10:00.980 famous Trafalgar, quote, engage the enemy more 00:10:00.980 --> 00:10:03.279 closely. But the Navy had updated the signal 00:10:03.279 --> 00:10:05.440 books. That phrase wasn't in there anymore. He 00:10:05.440 --> 00:10:08.220 literally cannot give the order. He settles for 00:10:08.220 --> 00:10:10.639 keep nearer to the enemy. But it's too late. 00:10:11.059 --> 00:10:12.879 The ships are too far away to read the flags. 00:10:13.320 --> 00:10:15.919 The main German force escapes. Leaving the Blucher 00:10:15.919 --> 00:10:18.279 to face the entire British battlecruiser force 00:10:18.279 --> 00:10:21.879 alone, she absorbs around 70 heavy shells, two 00:10:21.879 --> 00:10:24.159 torpedoes, just utterly wrecked. She finally 00:10:24.159 --> 00:10:27.059 capsizes, taking nearly 800 men with her. And 00:10:27.059 --> 00:10:29.879 the rescue operation is pure chaos, too. The 00:10:29.879 --> 00:10:31.759 British are pulling survivors from the freezing 00:10:31.759 --> 00:10:34.200 water when a German zeppelin and a seaplane show 00:10:34.200 --> 00:10:36.620 up. And they misidentify the sinking ship. Yeah, 00:10:36.659 --> 00:10:38.340 they think the Blucher is a British ship, so 00:10:38.340 --> 00:10:41.059 they start dropping bombs on the British destroyers 00:10:41.059 --> 00:10:43.509 that are trying to rescue the German sailors. 00:10:43.870 --> 00:10:46.330 The British are forced to withdraw under fire, 00:10:46.429 --> 00:10:49.669 leaving men in the water. It was a grim end to 00:10:49.669 --> 00:10:52.409 the engagement. So the British suffer 15 dead 00:10:52.409 --> 00:10:55.269 and the lion has to be towed backwards for 300 00:10:55.269 --> 00:10:58.629 miles. The Germans lose nearly a thousand men. 00:10:58.970 --> 00:11:01.830 On paper, the British claim a victory. They sank 00:11:01.830 --> 00:11:04.830 a ship and chase the Germans off. So what does 00:11:04.830 --> 00:11:07.110 this all mean? How did both sides react to this? 00:11:07.230 --> 00:11:09.250 If we connect this to the bigger picture, the 00:11:09.250 --> 00:11:11.509 reactions were wildly different, and they dictated 00:11:11.509 --> 00:11:13.669 the bloodshed that would follow a year later 00:11:13.669 --> 00:11:15.970 at Jutland. The Germans were actually pretty 00:11:15.970 --> 00:11:18.470 self -critical, right? Very. They analyzed that 00:11:18.470 --> 00:11:20.610 near miss on the Seydlitz and realized their 00:11:20.610 --> 00:11:23.490 ammunition handling was fatally flawed. They 00:11:23.490 --> 00:11:26.250 immediately installed anti -flash doors and changed 00:11:26.250 --> 00:11:28.490 their propellant handling to protect their magazines. 00:11:28.830 --> 00:11:31.129 They also fixed their gun elevations. They saw 00:11:31.129 --> 00:11:33.549 the problem and engineered a solution. Meanwhile, 00:11:33.769 --> 00:11:35.570 the British reaction was basically to throw a 00:11:35.570 --> 00:11:38.309 parade. Complete complacency. They enjoyed the 00:11:38.309 --> 00:11:40.610 morale boost, quietly reassigned a couple of 00:11:40.610 --> 00:11:44.149 officers, including more, but fundamentally ignored 00:11:44.149 --> 00:11:46.629 the structural flaws. They didn't fix their own 00:11:46.629 --> 00:11:48.389 magazine vulnerabilities, which were exactly 00:11:48.389 --> 00:11:50.509 the same as the Germans, and they didn't change 00:11:50.509 --> 00:11:52.929 their rigid flag signaling system. They refused 00:11:52.929 --> 00:11:55.789 to empower captains to act independently when 00:11:55.789 --> 00:11:58.850 communications broke down. It's just staggering 00:11:58.850 --> 00:12:01.669 arrogance. And there's this final irony in the 00:12:01.669 --> 00:12:04.129 sources. The Germans never suspected their codes 00:12:04.129 --> 00:12:07.610 were broken. They blamed the ambush on a British 00:12:07.610 --> 00:12:10.549 spy hiding in a fishing boat outside their base. 00:12:10.830 --> 00:12:13.710 Room 40's secret was perfectly safe. Having superior 00:12:13.710 --> 00:12:16.250 technology and perfect intelligence is useless 00:12:16.250 --> 00:12:18.950 if your human communication systems fail in the 00:12:18.950 --> 00:12:21.629 heat of the moment. The British ignored these 00:12:21.629 --> 00:12:24.610 flaws and it cost them thousands of lives a year 00:12:24.610 --> 00:12:27.649 later. It really is a tragic lesson in institutional 00:12:27.649 --> 00:12:30.889 failure. Absolutely. So as we wrap up today, 00:12:31.529 --> 00:12:33.409 think about the systems you rely on every day 00:12:33.409 --> 00:12:36.450 in your work, in your life. If the electricity 00:12:36.450 --> 00:12:39.070 went out tomorrow and you had to rely on your 00:12:39.070 --> 00:12:41.610 equivalent of signal flags to communicate your 00:12:41.610 --> 00:12:44.070 most critical intentions, would your message 00:12:44.070 --> 00:12:46.950 get through? Or would everyone end up firing 00:12:46.950 --> 00:12:49.460 at the wrong target? Something to think about. 00:12:49.779 --> 00:12:51.519 Thank you for joining us for this deep dive into 00:12:51.519 --> 00:12:53.980 the Battle of Dogger Bank. Stay curious, keep 00:12:53.980 --> 00:12:55.519 learning, and we'll catch you next time.