WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.399 You know, it is genuinely rare that we get to 00:00:02.399 --> 00:00:04.839 talk about someone whose name is effectively 00:00:04.839 --> 00:00:08.640 a synonym for progress. It really is. And I don't 00:00:08.640 --> 00:00:10.179 mean that in some kind of metaphorical sense. 00:00:10.339 --> 00:00:13.580 I mean, there is literally a law named after 00:00:13.580 --> 00:00:16.519 this man that has defined the speed limit of 00:00:16.519 --> 00:00:18.859 human innovation for the last half century. It's 00:00:18.859 --> 00:00:21.260 true. Usually on these deep dives, we're looking 00:00:21.260 --> 00:00:24.219 at, you know, big historical movements or scientific 00:00:24.219 --> 00:00:27.280 concepts. Or broad ideas. But today, it's all 00:00:27.280 --> 00:00:30.760 about a singular individual, a man who, and this 00:00:30.760 --> 00:00:33.380 is not an exaggeration, engineered the bedrock 00:00:33.380 --> 00:00:35.659 of the modern world. We are talking, of course, 00:00:35.659 --> 00:00:37.859 about Gordon Moore. The co -founder of Intel. 00:00:38.119 --> 00:00:41.560 The Moore in Moore's Law. A titan of Silicon 00:00:41.560 --> 00:00:44.100 Valley in every sense of the word. A titan, absolutely. 00:00:44.240 --> 00:00:46.659 But here's the thing that really struck me while 00:00:46.659 --> 00:00:48.619 we were preparing for this. What's that? When 00:00:48.619 --> 00:00:51.619 you hear titan of industry or Silicon Valley 00:00:51.619 --> 00:00:54.320 founder, you have a specific archetype in your 00:00:54.320 --> 00:00:58.270 head. Oh, completely. The brash, loud, charismatic 00:00:58.270 --> 00:01:02.130 stage walker. Yes. The guy in the black turtleneck 00:01:02.130 --> 00:01:04.709 with a leather jacket making these sweeping pronouncements 00:01:04.709 --> 00:01:07.069 and, you know, trying to colonize Mars. The move 00:01:07.069 --> 00:01:10.569 fast and break things archetype. Yeah. We are 00:01:10.569 --> 00:01:12.569 conditioned to think that innovation requires 00:01:12.569 --> 00:01:17.450 this massive ego and a megaphone. Exactly. But 00:01:17.450 --> 00:01:20.310 Gordon Moore, he was the complete opposite. A 00:01:20.310 --> 00:01:23.209 polar opposite. He was a quiet, introverted chemist. 00:01:23.670 --> 00:01:27.530 He passed away recently on March 24th, 2023, 00:01:27.909 --> 00:01:31.510 at the age of 94. Peacefully in Waimea, Hawaii. 00:01:32.010 --> 00:01:33.930 And honestly, reading through all the coverage, 00:01:34.090 --> 00:01:36.609 it just felt like the end of an entire era. It 00:01:36.609 --> 00:01:39.349 really was. His passing marked the closing of, 00:01:39.370 --> 00:01:41.269 I'd say, the first chapter of the digital revolution. 00:01:41.569 --> 00:01:43.989 And you are so right about his demeanor. He was 00:01:43.989 --> 00:01:46.730 not a celebrity CEO in the modern sense. Not 00:01:46.730 --> 00:01:48.810 at all. He was a scientist first. He cared about 00:01:48.810 --> 00:01:51.109 the data, not the drama. And that is our mission 00:01:51.109 --> 00:01:54.030 for this deep dive. Most of you listening, you 00:01:54.030 --> 00:01:56.469 know the law. You know that technology gets twice 00:01:56.469 --> 00:01:58.909 as fast and half as cheap every couple of years. 00:01:59.010 --> 00:02:01.370 That's why we all just expect it. It's the reason 00:02:01.370 --> 00:02:03.769 you expect your new phone to be better than your 00:02:03.769 --> 00:02:06.969 old one. But very few people know the man who 00:02:06.969 --> 00:02:09.189 actually came up with it, or the fact that he 00:02:09.189 --> 00:02:11.349 did it almost by accident. That's the part that's 00:02:11.349 --> 00:02:14.569 so fascinating. So we're going to explore how 00:02:14.569 --> 00:02:18.259 a kid with a childhood chemistry set ended up 00:02:18.259 --> 00:02:21.780 with a net worth of $7 billion, a $5 billion 00:02:21.780 --> 00:02:25.000 foundation, and a legacy that literally sits 00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:27.460 in your pocket right now in the form of your 00:02:27.460 --> 00:02:30.419 smartphone. It is an incredible journey from 00:02:30.419 --> 00:02:33.659 Pescadero, California, to the absolute cutting 00:02:33.659 --> 00:02:36.080 edge of the information age. And the source material 00:02:36.080 --> 00:02:38.099 we're working with today is fantastic. I think 00:02:38.099 --> 00:02:40.520 it is. We have biographical records, details 00:02:40.520 --> 00:02:42.939 on his scientific career, the corporate history 00:02:42.939 --> 00:02:45.719 of Intel, and then a really deep look at his 00:02:45.719 --> 00:02:48.580 massive philanthropic footprint. So let's unpack 00:02:48.580 --> 00:02:50.319 this. Let's go back to the very beginning, because 00:02:50.319 --> 00:02:52.479 usually, you know, superhero origin stories start 00:02:52.479 --> 00:02:54.620 with a radioactive spider or something. Gordon 00:02:54.620 --> 00:02:57.340 Moore's origin story starts with a Christmas 00:02:57.340 --> 00:03:00.500 present. It does. But first, we have to place 00:03:00.500 --> 00:03:02.280 him in time and space to really get where he 00:03:02.280 --> 00:03:05.740 came from. Gordon Earl Moore was born on January 00:03:05.740 --> 00:03:09.900 3rd, 1929, in Pescadero, California. Which, for 00:03:09.900 --> 00:03:11.479 those who don't know, the geography of the West 00:03:11.479 --> 00:03:14.039 Coast isn't exactly a metropolis. No, not at 00:03:14.039 --> 00:03:16.500 all. It's a small coastal town, very rural, especially 00:03:16.500 --> 00:03:20.020 back then. His father, Walter Harold Moore, was 00:03:20.020 --> 00:03:22.419 a sheriff. A sheriff? Well, he was a sheriff 00:03:22.419 --> 00:03:25.000 in San Mateo County. He later got promoted to 00:03:25.000 --> 00:03:27.680 deputy sheriff. And they moved the family to 00:03:27.680 --> 00:03:29.780 Redwood City, which was a bit bigger. So you 00:03:29.780 --> 00:03:32.039 have this very grounded law and order background. 00:03:32.199 --> 00:03:34.500 It's not an academic family, not a tech family. 00:03:34.599 --> 00:03:37.900 Right. And his mother, Florence Almira Williamson, 00:03:37.919 --> 00:03:40.960 was a homemaker. So this was a very traditional 00:03:40.960 --> 00:03:43.659 middle class American upbringing. There's no 00:03:43.659 --> 00:03:45.759 silver spoon here. Absolutely not. And certainly 00:03:45.759 --> 00:03:48.439 no high tech influence yet. The concept didn't 00:03:48.439 --> 00:03:50.680 really exist. Here's the first detail from the 00:03:50.680 --> 00:03:52.919 school records that I just. Absolutely loved. 00:03:53.099 --> 00:03:56.539 Okay. When he started school in 1935, the faculty 00:03:56.539 --> 00:03:59.120 actually made a note about him. They explicitly 00:03:59.120 --> 00:04:01.860 noted his introverted personality. Wow. They 00:04:01.860 --> 00:04:03.500 were flagging that back then. Yeah, they were. 00:04:03.580 --> 00:04:05.639 It's right there in the records. Which is fascinating 00:04:05.639 --> 00:04:07.840 when you consider what he went on to do. I mean, 00:04:07.860 --> 00:04:10.639 leading one of the most aggressive, fast -growing 00:04:10.639 --> 00:04:13.939 companies in history requires a certain fortitude. 00:04:14.120 --> 00:04:16.939 You would think so. But introverted doesn't mean 00:04:16.939 --> 00:04:21.259 passive. It often means observant, deeply thoughtful. 00:04:21.949 --> 00:04:24.209 That's a great point. He wasn't the loud kid 00:04:24.209 --> 00:04:26.569 in the back of the class causing trouble. He's 00:04:26.569 --> 00:04:29.009 the kid watching everything, processing everything. 00:04:29.230 --> 00:04:31.889 Taking it all in. But then comes the aha moment. 00:04:32.490 --> 00:04:37.350 The year is 1940. Gordon is 11 years old. It's 00:04:37.350 --> 00:04:40.449 Christmas morning. And under the tree. The chemistry 00:04:40.449 --> 00:04:43.569 set. The chemistry set. That simple gift arguably 00:04:43.569 --> 00:04:46.629 changed the trajectory of the 20th century. It's 00:04:46.629 --> 00:04:48.850 not an overstatement. I love this because it 00:04:48.850 --> 00:04:51.089 perfectly captures that learner persona we talk 00:04:51.089 --> 00:04:54.170 about sometimes. A simple toy can dictate an 00:04:54.170 --> 00:04:56.490 entire career. It's true. He gets his set, he 00:04:56.490 --> 00:04:58.470 starts mixing things up. Probably making small 00:04:58.470 --> 00:05:00.970 explosions, let's be honest. Oh, I'm sure. Yeah. 00:05:01.050 --> 00:05:02.910 That's what 11 -year -old boys do with chemistry 00:05:02.910 --> 00:05:05.589 sets. It's a rite of passage. But that was it. 00:05:05.649 --> 00:05:08.430 He was hooked. He decided right then and there 00:05:08.430 --> 00:05:12.009 at age 11, I'm going to be a chemist. And notice 00:05:12.009 --> 00:05:14.029 what he didn't say. He didn't say, I want to 00:05:14.029 --> 00:05:16.310 be a computer scientist. Because computer scientists 00:05:16.310 --> 00:05:19.149 didn't really exist yet. The field was basically 00:05:19.149 --> 00:05:22.230 a theoretical concept in a few labs. Exactly. 00:05:22.790 --> 00:05:25.649 That career path was practically nonexistent. 00:05:26.009 --> 00:05:28.029 He wanted to understand the physical world, the 00:05:28.029 --> 00:05:30.670 elements, the reactions. The actual stuff. Yes, 00:05:30.829 --> 00:05:34.110 the stuff. That desire to understand the material 00:05:34.110 --> 00:05:36.350 the world is made of is what eventually allowed 00:05:36.350 --> 00:05:38.850 him to build the hardware the digital world runs 00:05:38.850 --> 00:05:41.350 on. You can't code software if you don't have 00:05:41.350 --> 00:05:43.189 the silicon to run it on. That's the fundamental 00:05:43.189 --> 00:05:46.060 truth. So he chases this chemistry dream. He 00:05:46.060 --> 00:05:48.839 goes to Sequoia High School, graduates in 1946. 00:05:49.699 --> 00:05:52.319 And the records show he was actually pretty into 00:05:52.319 --> 00:05:54.459 athletics there. Which adds another layer, doesn't 00:05:54.459 --> 00:05:56.579 it? He wasn't just a bookworm locked in a lab. 00:05:56.759 --> 00:05:59.430 No, he had that physical discipline, too. Right. 00:05:59.490 --> 00:06:01.949 Then he starts his higher education at San Jose 00:06:01.949 --> 00:06:04.689 State College. What we now know as San Jose State 00:06:04.689 --> 00:06:06.449 University. That's the one. He was there from 00:06:06.449 --> 00:06:10.350 1946 to 1947, just for a couple of years. But 00:06:10.350 --> 00:06:12.350 he didn't stay there. No, he transferred. He 00:06:12.350 --> 00:06:14.089 leveled up. He went to UC Berkeley. Which is 00:06:14.089 --> 00:06:16.870 a major step up in terms of, you know, research 00:06:16.870 --> 00:06:20.370 intensity. A huge leap. And he thrives. He graduates 00:06:20.370 --> 00:06:23.370 with a... BS in chemistry in 1950. But for someone 00:06:23.370 --> 00:06:25.949 like Moore, a bachelor's degree was never going 00:06:25.949 --> 00:06:28.509 to be the end of the line. He wanted to go deeper. 00:06:28.670 --> 00:06:31.129 He had to know more. He had to. So he heads south 00:06:31.129 --> 00:06:34.250 to Caltech, the California Institute of Technology. 00:06:34.569 --> 00:06:36.750 The big leagues. This is where he gets his PhD 00:06:36.750 --> 00:06:40.470 in 1954. And I have to say, the title of his 00:06:40.470 --> 00:06:43.449 thesis is something else. Oh, I have it right 00:06:43.449 --> 00:06:45.009 here. You have to read it. It sounds incredibly 00:06:45.009 --> 00:06:48.089 impressive. And I have basically no idea what 00:06:48.089 --> 00:06:49.970 it means. Okay, let's hear it. All right, deep 00:06:49.970 --> 00:06:53.649 breath. His thesis was infrared studies of nitrous 00:06:53.649 --> 00:06:56.310 acid, the chloramines, and nitrogen dioxide. 00:06:56.730 --> 00:06:59.089 And then part two was observations concerning 00:06:59.089 --> 00:07:02.089 the photochemical decomposition of nitric oxide. 00:07:02.370 --> 00:07:04.790 It's a mouthful. It sounds like he was just studying 00:07:04.790 --> 00:07:06.870 how stuff breaks apart and reacts to light and 00:07:06.870 --> 00:07:09.230 heat. Essentially, yes. That's a great summary, 00:07:09.290 --> 00:07:12.829 actually. It's deep physical chemistry. He was 00:07:12.829 --> 00:07:15.629 looking at the fundamental behaviors of molecules. 00:07:16.230 --> 00:07:19.310 So why does that matter? Well, while it sounds 00:07:19.310 --> 00:07:21.990 esoteric, that background in the physical properties 00:07:21.990 --> 00:07:25.050 of matter, how atoms behave, how they bond, how 00:07:25.050 --> 00:07:27.649 they decompose, that is the fundamental science 00:07:27.649 --> 00:07:30.589 you need to understand if you're going to eventually 00:07:30.589 --> 00:07:33.509 build transistors on a microscopic scale. Ah, 00:07:33.670 --> 00:07:36.470 okay. He was learning how to manipulate matter 00:07:36.470 --> 00:07:39.370 at the atomic level, even if he didn't know that's 00:07:39.370 --> 00:07:41.250 where it was headed yet. So he's a certified 00:07:41.250 --> 00:07:43.410 genius chemist at this point, a doctor of chemistry. 00:07:44.110 --> 00:07:46.430 But before we leave his early life, we have to 00:07:46.430 --> 00:07:48.470 mention the other defining partnership of his 00:07:48.470 --> 00:07:51.069 life. Betty Irene Whitaker. Right. They met in 00:07:51.069 --> 00:07:53.829 1947 while he was still an undergrad. At a student 00:07:53.829 --> 00:07:56.170 government conference at Asilomar, of all places. 00:07:56.189 --> 00:08:00.189 I love that. It's so collegiate and sweet. They 00:08:00.189 --> 00:08:02.790 got married in 1950. And honestly, looking at 00:08:02.790 --> 00:08:05.689 the full timeline, she is just as important to 00:08:05.689 --> 00:08:07.810 the later part of the story as he is. Oh, absolutely. 00:08:08.050 --> 00:08:09.870 Especially when we get to the philanthropy. We'll 00:08:09.870 --> 00:08:11.800 spend a lot of time on that. But for now, we 00:08:11.800 --> 00:08:15.240 have Gordon Moore, PhD chemist, newly married, 00:08:15.420 --> 00:08:17.959 ready to enter the workforce. So he does a brief 00:08:17.959 --> 00:08:20.420 stint of postdoctoral research at Johns Hopkins 00:08:20.420 --> 00:08:23.180 Applied Physics Laboratory on the East Coast. 00:08:23.339 --> 00:08:25.259 But the gravitational pull of the West Coast 00:08:25.259 --> 00:08:29.459 and specifically this emerging tech scene was 00:08:29.459 --> 00:08:32.500 just too strong. This brings us to section two 00:08:32.500 --> 00:08:35.320 of our deep dive, the birth of Silicon Valley. 00:08:35.740 --> 00:08:38.779 And it starts with a group that has hands down. 00:08:39.230 --> 00:08:41.769 The coolest nickname in corporate history. The 00:08:41.769 --> 00:08:44.409 traitorous eight. It's so good. It sounds like 00:08:44.409 --> 00:08:46.570 a Tarantino movie. It really does. And it fits 00:08:46.570 --> 00:08:49.210 the magnitude of what happened. So Moore lands 00:08:49.210 --> 00:08:51.330 a job at the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. 00:08:51.769 --> 00:08:54.049 Working for William Shockley. The William Shockley. 00:08:54.210 --> 00:08:58.429 A Nobel Prize winner. A genius. MIT and Caltech 00:08:58.429 --> 00:09:00.470 alumnus. This is the guy who co -invented the 00:09:00.470 --> 00:09:02.950 transistor. He's the guy. So working for him 00:09:02.950 --> 00:09:04.590 should have been the dream job. It was like getting 00:09:04.590 --> 00:09:06.990 drafted by the best team in the league. But it 00:09:06.990 --> 00:09:09.639 wasn't a dream. No. Far from it. By all accounts, 00:09:09.720 --> 00:09:11.940 Shockley was an incredibly difficult manager. 00:09:12.240 --> 00:09:15.120 Brilliant, but... Brilliant, yes, but erratic, 00:09:15.259 --> 00:09:19.220 paranoid, and domineering. Moore and seven other 00:09:19.220 --> 00:09:22.600 brilliant young scientists and engineers, they 00:09:22.600 --> 00:09:24.620 just realized that they couldn't work under him 00:09:24.620 --> 00:09:26.639 anymore. What was the breaking point? They wanted 00:09:26.639 --> 00:09:29.299 to pursue their own research directions, specifically 00:09:29.299 --> 00:09:32.879 around using silicon, not germanium, for transistors. 00:09:33.419 --> 00:09:35.700 And Shockley was just blocking them. He wouldn't 00:09:35.700 --> 00:09:38.370 fund it. So they did something that back in the 00:09:38.370 --> 00:09:41.830 1950s just wasn't done. They quit. En masse. 00:09:42.049 --> 00:09:44.960 All eight of them. And that is the crucial context 00:09:44.960 --> 00:09:47.860 here. In the 1950s, corporate culture was about 00:09:47.860 --> 00:09:50.799 loyalty. You joined a company like IBM or AT 00:09:50.799 --> 00:09:53.480 &T and you stayed there for life. You had the 00:09:53.480 --> 00:09:56.360 gold watch at retirement. Exactly. Leaving to 00:09:56.360 --> 00:09:58.679 start your own rival company, that was seen as 00:09:58.679 --> 00:10:01.480 betrayal. Hence. The traitorous age. The traitorous 00:10:01.480 --> 00:10:03.700 age. And who came up with that name? Was it the 00:10:03.700 --> 00:10:06.200 media? No, it was Shockley. He called them that. 00:10:06.220 --> 00:10:08.539 He viewed it as a personal mutiny. He was livid. 00:10:08.720 --> 00:10:11.340 But this mutiny, this act of betrayal, effectively 00:10:11.340 --> 00:10:13.659 created the culture. of Silicon Valley as we 00:10:13.659 --> 00:10:16.679 know it. It did. Moore and the others, including 00:10:16.679 --> 00:10:19.120 Robert Noyce, who we will talk about a lot more, 00:10:19.299 --> 00:10:22.139 left to form Fairchild Semiconductor. With backing 00:10:22.139 --> 00:10:25.279 from an East Coast industrialist, Sherman Fairchild. 00:10:25.519 --> 00:10:29.379 Right. And this was arguably the first venture 00:10:29.379 --> 00:10:32.460 -backed startup in the modern sense. They established 00:10:32.460 --> 00:10:34.340 the precedent that if you have a better idea 00:10:34.340 --> 00:10:36.480 and the current management won't listen... You 00:10:36.480 --> 00:10:39.059 leave and build it. You walk. And that DNA is 00:10:39.059 --> 00:10:42.000 still the core of the Valley today. And at Fairchild... 00:10:42.159 --> 00:10:44.340 Moore wasn't just a bench scientist anymore. 00:10:44.519 --> 00:10:47.059 He got a promotion. He was the director of research 00:10:47.059 --> 00:10:49.580 and development, a key role. He was steering 00:10:49.580 --> 00:10:51.440 the ship on what they were going to build next. 00:10:51.759 --> 00:10:53.539 Which puts him in the perfect position for what 00:10:53.539 --> 00:10:56.019 comes next. Because it is actually at Fairchild, 00:10:56.159 --> 00:10:58.879 not at Intel, where the famous law was born. 00:10:59.179 --> 00:11:01.440 Okay, let's get into that. Yeah. Section three, 00:11:01.600 --> 00:11:05.840 unpacking Moore's law. Because I think people 00:11:05.840 --> 00:11:08.000 toss this term around constantly. Oh, computers 00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:10.500 get faster. That's Moore's Law. But what actually 00:11:10.500 --> 00:11:14.220 happened? It all goes back to 1965. Moore is 00:11:14.220 --> 00:11:16.480 running R &D at Fairchild. They're at the top 00:11:16.480 --> 00:11:19.379 of their game. And a trade publication called 00:11:19.379 --> 00:11:21.860 Electronics Magazine approaches him. It's the 00:11:21.860 --> 00:11:23.899 trade magazine. Yep. And they ask him a pretty 00:11:23.899 --> 00:11:26.870 simple question. Predict what is going to happen 00:11:26.870 --> 00:11:29.389 in the semiconductor components industry over 00:11:29.389 --> 00:11:32.269 the next 10 years. A 10 year prediction. That 00:11:32.269 --> 00:11:35.009 is an eternity in tech. I mean, I can't even 00:11:35.009 --> 00:11:36.889 predict what app I'll be using in 10 months. 00:11:37.090 --> 00:11:40.169 It's an impossible task, really. But Moore was 00:11:40.169 --> 00:11:42.669 in a unique position. He looked at the data they 00:11:42.669 --> 00:11:44.570 had at Fairchild. He looked at the integrated 00:11:44.570 --> 00:11:46.549 circuits they were actually building year over 00:11:46.549 --> 00:11:49.870 year. And he noticed a pattern. The observation. 00:11:50.169 --> 00:11:52.470 Right. The simple empirical observation. He saw 00:11:52.470 --> 00:11:55.879 that the number of components. Transistors, resistors, 00:11:55.899 --> 00:11:59.000 diodes, capacitors, all the little things they 00:11:59.000 --> 00:12:01.720 could cram onto a single dense integrated circuit. 00:12:01.860 --> 00:12:03.679 It was growing. It was doubling approximately 00:12:03.679 --> 00:12:07.299 every year. Every single year, the complexity 00:12:07.299 --> 00:12:10.059 was doubling. At that time, yes. So in his article, 00:12:10.139 --> 00:12:13.539 which was published on April 19th, 1965, he simply 00:12:13.539 --> 00:12:16.059 extrapolated that line. He drew a line on a graph 00:12:16.059 --> 00:12:19.549 and said, hey, this seems to be the trend. He 00:12:19.549 --> 00:12:21.990 speculated that this annual doubling would continue 00:12:21.990 --> 00:12:24.610 for at least 10 years. So he wasn't stating a 00:12:24.610 --> 00:12:27.049 law of physics. He wasn't saying the electrons 00:12:27.049 --> 00:12:30.370 demand this. No, not at all. He was saying, hey, 00:12:30.450 --> 00:12:32.690 looking at our manufacturing curves, this is 00:12:32.690 --> 00:12:34.889 the trend. This is what seems to be economically 00:12:34.889 --> 00:12:38.529 viable. Precisely. It was an economic and industrial 00:12:38.529 --> 00:12:41.169 observation. He was saying that it would become 00:12:41.169 --> 00:12:43.529 economically feasible to double the complexity 00:12:43.529 --> 00:12:45.590 every year because they were getting better at 00:12:45.590 --> 00:12:47.870 manufacturing. Now, there is a famous revision 00:12:47.870 --> 00:12:50.570 to this, right? Because today we usually hear 00:12:50.570 --> 00:12:54.450 every 18 months or every two years. Yes. In 1975, 00:12:54.909 --> 00:12:57.789 10 years after the original prediction, right 00:12:57.789 --> 00:13:01.049 on schedule, Moore revisited his data. He checked 00:13:01.049 --> 00:13:04.070 his homework. He did. And the industry was maturing. 00:13:04.070 --> 00:13:06.100 The processes were getting. more complex, more 00:13:06.100 --> 00:13:08.700 expensive, so he revised the forecast rate. He 00:13:08.700 --> 00:13:11.000 slowed it down. To what? To approximately every 00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:13.059 two years. Okay, so from doubling every year 00:13:13.059 --> 00:13:15.759 to doubling every two years. Correct. And that's 00:13:15.759 --> 00:13:18.600 the version that has more or less held true for 00:13:18.600 --> 00:13:21.320 decades. And interestingly, Moore didn't call 00:13:21.320 --> 00:13:24.620 it Moore's Law. He did not. He was way too modest 00:13:24.620 --> 00:13:26.940 for that, wasn't he? Oh, yeah. He would have 00:13:26.940 --> 00:13:29.990 never done that. It was actually Carver Mead, 00:13:30.009 --> 00:13:33.029 another legendary figure in the industry at Caltech, 00:13:33.149 --> 00:13:36.289 who popularized the phrase Moore's Law. That 00:13:36.289 --> 00:13:38.629 tracks perfectly with the introvert profile. 00:13:38.929 --> 00:13:41.509 He makes a world changing prediction and someone 00:13:41.509 --> 00:13:43.210 else has to come along and name it after him. 00:13:43.269 --> 00:13:45.629 But here's the truly fascinating insight about 00:13:45.629 --> 00:13:48.909 Moore's Law. It's the psychological impact it 00:13:48.909 --> 00:13:51.350 had. What do you mean? It became a self -fulfilling 00:13:51.350 --> 00:13:54.029 prophecy. How so? It wasn't that the technology 00:13:54.029 --> 00:13:56.690 automatically improved at that rate. It was that 00:13:56.690 --> 00:13:59.210 the entire industry, Intel, their competitors, 00:13:59.429 --> 00:14:01.629 the equipment manufacturers, everyone, they all 00:14:01.629 --> 00:14:04.129 looked at Moore's Law as a schedule. As a road 00:14:04.129 --> 00:14:07.070 map. A road map, exactly. They said, OK, Moore 00:14:07.070 --> 00:14:09.450 says we need to double the transistor count by 00:14:09.450 --> 00:14:13.190 1972. If we don't, our competitors will. So they 00:14:13.190 --> 00:14:16.210 poured money and R &D into making sure they hit 00:14:16.210 --> 00:14:18.649 that target. It became a target for miniaturization 00:14:18.649 --> 00:14:21.769 that drove the entire global electronics industry. 00:14:21.990 --> 00:14:24.830 That is wild. It's like if a runner said... Humans 00:14:24.830 --> 00:14:27.210 will run a three -minute mile by next year, and 00:14:27.210 --> 00:14:29.190 then every runner in the world trained harder 00:14:29.190 --> 00:14:31.009 just to make sure that prediction came true. 00:14:31.190 --> 00:14:33.549 That is a perfect analogy. It set the pace. It 00:14:33.549 --> 00:14:35.990 forced the innovation. It forced the miniaturization 00:14:35.990 --> 00:14:38.830 that gave us everything from the PC to the smartphone. 00:14:39.250 --> 00:14:42.549 So Moore has revolutionized the industry at Fairchild. 00:14:42.730 --> 00:14:45.809 He has made the prediction, but he isn't done. 00:14:45.929 --> 00:14:48.450 He's about to build the vehicle that will really 00:14:48.450 --> 00:14:51.230 drive this whole thing home. The big one. Section 00:14:51.230 --> 00:14:56.809 4, the Intel era. July 1968. This is the big 00:14:56.809 --> 00:14:59.649 moment. Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce, who was 00:14:59.649 --> 00:15:02.110 the charismatic face of the operation, they called 00:15:02.110 --> 00:15:05.250 him the mayor of Silicon Valley, decide to strike 00:15:05.250 --> 00:15:07.649 out on their own again. Leaving Fairchild, the 00:15:07.649 --> 00:15:09.690 company they helped build. Leaving Fairchild, 00:15:09.850 --> 00:15:11.950 they founded a new company. And do you know what 00:15:11.950 --> 00:15:14.330 they called it initially? I do, and it is terrible. 00:15:15.049 --> 00:15:18.289 NM Electronics. NM for Noyce Moore. It sounds 00:15:18.289 --> 00:15:20.470 like a generic shell company you set up for tax 00:15:20.470 --> 00:15:22.889 purposes. It really does. Or an appliance repair 00:15:22.889 --> 00:15:25.059 shop. Thankfully, they eventually changed it 00:15:25.059 --> 00:15:27.399 to Intel Corporation. For integrated electronics, 00:15:27.759 --> 00:15:31.940 much snappier. Much, much better. But the founding 00:15:31.940 --> 00:15:35.919 story has these hilarious details that show just 00:15:35.919 --> 00:15:40.639 how improvised it all was. Moore described himself 00:15:40.639 --> 00:15:43.539 as an accidental entrepreneur. He never set out 00:15:43.539 --> 00:15:45.879 to be a CEO. He was a scientist who had to learn 00:15:45.879 --> 00:15:48.440 to be a businessman. And there is this great 00:15:48.440 --> 00:15:51.759 detail about their first business plan. Oh, yes. 00:15:52.480 --> 00:15:55.440 This is my favorite part. In a documentary, Moore 00:15:55.440 --> 00:15:57.759 admitted that Intel's first business plan was 00:15:57.759 --> 00:16:00.639 just one page, double -spaced. Okay. And had 00:16:00.639 --> 00:16:02.960 a lot of typos in it. Can you imagine? Today, 00:16:03.139 --> 00:16:05.100 if you pitch a venture capitalist with a typo 00:16:05.100 --> 00:16:07.179 -riddled one -pager, you get laughed out of the 00:16:07.179 --> 00:16:09.059 room. They'd shred it in front of you. You wouldn't 00:16:09.059 --> 00:16:11.639 even get in the door. But these were guys with 00:16:11.639 --> 00:16:14.100 a track record. The quality of the plan didn't 00:16:14.100 --> 00:16:16.100 matter as much as the quality of the minds behind 00:16:16.100 --> 00:16:18.379 it. The pedigree was everything. It just shows 00:16:18.379 --> 00:16:21.549 the contrast. You have this messy, humble, typo 00:16:21.549 --> 00:16:25.309 -filled start, and it grows into Intel, the massive 00:16:25.309 --> 00:16:28.090 corporation that defined the PC era. Moore's 00:16:28.090 --> 00:16:29.950 leadership timeline there is really impressive. 00:16:30.029 --> 00:16:31.850 He wasn't just a founder who stepped back and 00:16:31.850 --> 00:16:33.889 cashed out. No, he was in the trenches. He was 00:16:33.889 --> 00:16:37.029 executive vice president until 1975. Then he 00:16:37.029 --> 00:16:40.110 became president in 1975. Then he took the big 00:16:40.110 --> 00:16:45.309 chair, chairman and CEO, from April 1979 to April 00:16:45.309 --> 00:16:48.690 1987. That is the boon time. That is the 80s, 00:16:48.710 --> 00:16:51.070 the rise of the personal computer, the IBM PC. 00:16:51.389 --> 00:16:54.250 Exactly. He steered the ship through the most 00:16:54.250 --> 00:16:57.009 critical growth phase imaginable. And even after 00:16:57.009 --> 00:16:59.730 that, he stayed on as chairman until 1997 and 00:16:59.730 --> 00:17:02.549 then chairman emeritus after that. He was Intel 00:17:02.549 --> 00:17:04.730 for life. We have to talk about the tech they 00:17:04.730 --> 00:17:07.369 built. Because under the leadership of Noyce, 00:17:07.390 --> 00:17:10.619 Moore, and their third partner. The intense Andy 00:17:10.619 --> 00:17:13.140 Grove. The trifecta. What were their roles? People 00:17:13.140 --> 00:17:14.740 say Noyce was the visionary, the big picture 00:17:14.740 --> 00:17:16.920 guy. Moore was the technology genius, the one 00:17:16.920 --> 00:17:18.940 who understood the physics. And Grove was the 00:17:18.940 --> 00:17:20.839 operator, the guy who made the trains run on 00:17:20.839 --> 00:17:23.619 time, often by terrifying people. And under them... 00:17:23.769 --> 00:17:25.950 Intel pioneered two massive things that are in 00:17:25.950 --> 00:17:28.150 every device you own. Computer memory and the 00:17:28.150 --> 00:17:30.130 microprocessor. We take these for granted now. 00:17:30.230 --> 00:17:32.369 But Intel started as a memory company, right? 00:17:32.470 --> 00:17:34.789 Making RAM. That was their first big product. 00:17:35.029 --> 00:17:37.869 But then they made the crucial pivot to microprocessors, 00:17:37.950 --> 00:17:41.630 the brain of the computer, the CPU. That shift 00:17:41.630 --> 00:17:44.549 was largely driven by Moore's... deep understanding 00:17:44.549 --> 00:17:46.890 of what the technology could do, where the curve 00:17:46.890 --> 00:17:48.950 was going. He can see the future because he's 00:17:48.950 --> 00:17:50.849 the one who drew the map. And the recognition 00:17:50.849 --> 00:17:54.190 followed. In 1990, Moore received the National 00:17:54.190 --> 00:17:57.210 Medal of Technology. And the citation specifically 00:17:57.210 --> 00:18:00.430 mentions seminal leadership in bringing American 00:18:00.430 --> 00:18:03.549 industry, the two major post -war innovations 00:18:03.549 --> 00:18:06.450 in microelectronics, large -scale integrated 00:18:06.450 --> 00:18:09.349 memory, and the microprocessor. And he goes on 00:18:09.349 --> 00:18:11.650 to say he was fueling the information revolution. 00:18:12.490 --> 00:18:14.349 Which is not an overstatement. Not in the slightest. 00:18:14.569 --> 00:18:17.049 So he wins the game of capitalism. He builds 00:18:17.049 --> 00:18:19.869 a company. He changes the world. And as of February 00:18:19.869 --> 00:18:23.630 2023, just before he passed, his net worth was 00:18:23.630 --> 00:18:26.930 reported at $7 billion. A staggering sum. Just 00:18:26.930 --> 00:18:28.950 mind -boggling. But this is where the story pivots 00:18:28.950 --> 00:18:31.029 again. And for me, it's the most impressive part. 00:18:31.369 --> 00:18:33.329 What did he do with that money? He didn't buy 00:18:33.329 --> 00:18:35.769 islands or super yachts? Well, maybe he got a 00:18:35.769 --> 00:18:37.430 nice fishing boat. He definitely bought a fishing 00:18:37.430 --> 00:18:39.289 boat. We know that for a fact. But he and Betty 00:18:39.289 --> 00:18:42.160 decided to give most of it away. Let's talk about 00:18:42.160 --> 00:18:45.039 the passionate philanthropist, Section 5. This 00:18:45.039 --> 00:18:47.579 is where we see the human side of Moore, his 00:18:47.579 --> 00:18:50.380 personal values, come to the forefront. In the 00:18:50.380 --> 00:18:53.160 year 2000, he and Betty established the Gordon 00:18:53.160 --> 00:18:55.400 and Betty Moore Foundation. And they didn't just 00:18:55.400 --> 00:18:57.880 dip their toes in the water. No. They started 00:18:57.880 --> 00:19:02.099 it with a gift of about $5 billion. $5 billion. 00:19:02.200 --> 00:19:05.660 That is... immediate heavyweight status in the 00:19:05.660 --> 00:19:08.579 philanthropy world. That's Ford Foundation, Rockefeller 00:19:08.579 --> 00:19:11.099 Foundation level. It is. And their focus areas 00:19:11.099 --> 00:19:13.759 were very specific and very personal. They didn't 00:19:13.759 --> 00:19:16.420 just sprinkle it around. The first one, environmental 00:19:16.420 --> 00:19:19.980 conservation. And the why here is great. It wasn't 00:19:19.980 --> 00:19:22.680 some abstract save the planet thing. It was because 00:19:22.680 --> 00:19:24.980 Gordon Moore was an obsessive fisherman. Since 00:19:24.980 --> 00:19:27.579 childhood, he absolutely loved fishing bass, 00:19:27.839 --> 00:19:31.099 marlin, salmon, trout. The records show he traveled 00:19:31.099 --> 00:19:33.240 the world with Betty and his sons, Kenneth and 00:19:33.240 --> 00:19:35.859 Stephen, just to fish. And because he spent so 00:19:35.859 --> 00:19:38.579 much time outdoors in these pristine environments, 00:19:38.920 --> 00:19:41.740 he saw the degradation of these places firsthand. 00:19:42.119 --> 00:19:45.279 He saw what was being lost, so the fishing directly 00:19:45.279 --> 00:19:47.970 led to the saving. So where did they focus? The 00:19:47.970 --> 00:19:50.890 foundation targeted huge, critical ecosystems. 00:19:51.329 --> 00:19:54.430 The Andes, Amazon, Basin Zoo, Brazil, Bolivia, 00:19:54.509 --> 00:19:57.630 Peru, Ecuador, all those countries. Some of the 00:19:57.630 --> 00:20:00.329 most biodiverse and threatened places on Earth. 00:20:00.470 --> 00:20:02.630 And closer to home, the San Francisco Bay Area. 00:20:02.869 --> 00:20:05.609 Right. Preserving the wetlands and the natural 00:20:05.609 --> 00:20:07.670 beauty of the place where he lived and worked, 00:20:07.849 --> 00:20:10.670 he was deeply connected to that landscape. He 00:20:10.670 --> 00:20:12.750 even served as a director of Conservation International 00:20:12.750 --> 00:20:16.279 for a while. He did. And in 2002, he... received 00:20:16.279 --> 00:20:18.339 the Order of the Golden Ark from Prince Bernhard 00:20:18.339 --> 00:20:20.920 of the Netherlands, specifically for this conservation 00:20:20.920 --> 00:20:23.640 work. That is a cool award name. Order of the 00:20:23.640 --> 00:20:26.160 Golden Ark. It's a legitimate and very prestigious 00:20:26.160 --> 00:20:29.039 conservation award. But he didn't stop at nature. 00:20:29.220 --> 00:20:32.039 He also poured a ton of money back into the thing 00:20:32.039 --> 00:20:34.880 that made it all possible. Science. Starting 00:20:34.880 --> 00:20:38.079 with his alma mater, Caltech. He had a long relationship 00:20:38.079 --> 00:20:40.039 with them. He was the chair of the board of trustees 00:20:40.039 --> 00:20:44.299 there from 1993 to 2000. But in 2001, he and 00:20:44.299 --> 00:20:46.940 Betty dropped an absolute bombshell. The big 00:20:46.940 --> 00:20:50.880 one. A $600 million donation to Caltech. Whoa. 00:20:51.579 --> 00:20:53.960 At the time, that must have been a record. It 00:20:53.960 --> 00:20:56.839 was the largest single gift to an institution 00:20:56.839 --> 00:21:00.200 of higher education ever. at that time. It was 00:21:00.200 --> 00:21:02.740 just unheard of. And what was the goal? His stated 00:21:02.740 --> 00:21:06.019 goal was simple. Keep Caltech at the forefront 00:21:06.019 --> 00:21:09.380 of research. He knew that expensive, fundamental 00:21:09.380 --> 00:21:12.160 research needs funding that doesn't always have 00:21:12.160 --> 00:21:14.920 an immediate commercial payoff. He wanted to 00:21:14.920 --> 00:21:17.039 fund the kind of science that leads to the next 00:21:17.039 --> 00:21:20.079 Moore's Law. And speaking of expensive research, 00:21:20.380 --> 00:21:23.839 telescopes. The TMT. The 30 -meter telescope. 00:21:24.119 --> 00:21:27.779 In 2007, they donated $200 million for this project. 00:21:28.019 --> 00:21:29.980 Another massive check. To be built in Hawaii 00:21:29.980 --> 00:21:32.940 on Mauna Kea, this thing is a beast. Just how 00:21:32.940 --> 00:21:35.279 big is it? The main mirror will be 30 meters 00:21:35.279 --> 00:21:37.619 across. That is nearly three times the size of 00:21:37.619 --> 00:21:39.460 the current record holder. It's a generational 00:21:39.460 --> 00:21:41.940 leap in our ability to see the universe. It's 00:21:41.940 --> 00:21:44.440 fitting, isn't it? The guy who focused on the 00:21:44.440 --> 00:21:46.759 tiniest things in the universe transistors ends 00:21:46.759 --> 00:21:49.720 up funding a machine to look at the biggest things 00:21:49.720 --> 00:21:52.079 in the universe. The micro and the macro. There's 00:21:52.079 --> 00:21:54.519 a beautiful symmetry there. He's enabling exploration 00:21:54.519 --> 00:21:57.619 at both extremes of scale. And we can't forget 00:21:57.619 --> 00:22:00.039 UC Berkeley, his other alma mater. No, he was 00:22:00.039 --> 00:22:02.839 very generous there, too. Over the years, something 00:22:02.839 --> 00:22:06.980 like $166 million in gifts and grants. Very kinds 00:22:06.980 --> 00:22:09.740 of things. Material science, physics, genomics, 00:22:09.900 --> 00:22:12.500 data science. All the fields that grew out of 00:22:12.500 --> 00:22:15.000 the revolution he started, he was watering the 00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:17.440 roots. There is one more pillar to the philanthropy, 00:22:17.640 --> 00:22:19.720 and this one seems to have been driven by Betty 00:22:19.720 --> 00:22:22.619 just as much, if not more. The Betty Irene Moore 00:22:22.619 --> 00:22:25.160 Nursing Initiative. This is so important. They 00:22:25.160 --> 00:22:27.160 didn't just focus. on the high -tech sexy science. 00:22:27.400 --> 00:22:30.579 They targeted nursing care in the SF Bay Area 00:22:30.579 --> 00:22:33.119 and Sacramento. And they pledged $100 million 00:22:33.119 --> 00:22:36.500 to establish a brand -new nursing school at UC 00:22:36.500 --> 00:22:40.000 Davis. Why nursing? They realized that nurses 00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:42.599 are the front line of health care. They spend 00:22:42.599 --> 00:22:44.480 the most time with patients, improving their 00:22:44.480 --> 00:22:46.619 training, their working conditions. That has 00:22:46.619 --> 00:22:49.019 a massive ripple effect on health outcomes for 00:22:49.019 --> 00:22:51.599 everyone. It was a very systems -level way of 00:22:51.599 --> 00:22:53.220 thinking about health care. It's such a well 00:22:53.220 --> 00:22:56.309 -rounded legacy. Chips, rainforests, telescopes, 00:22:56.450 --> 00:22:59.230 and nurses. It reflects a mind that sees the 00:22:59.230 --> 00:23:01.769 interconnectedness of systems, whether it is 00:23:01.769 --> 00:23:04.930 an ecosystem of animals in the Amazon, an ecosystem 00:23:04.930 --> 00:23:08.230 of healthcare workers, or an ecosystem of silicon 00:23:08.230 --> 00:23:11.029 components on a chip. Let's move to Section 6, 00:23:11.309 --> 00:23:14.549 the honors. Because after all that, the awards 00:23:14.549 --> 00:23:17.230 just piled up. We already mentioned the Order 00:23:17.230 --> 00:23:19.470 of the Golden Ark. But the list goes on and on. 00:23:19.569 --> 00:23:21.809 It's a long list. He was elected to the National 00:23:21.809 --> 00:23:25.230 Academy of Engineering way back in 1976. He got 00:23:25.230 --> 00:23:28.369 the IE Medal of Honor in 2008, which is the highest 00:23:28.369 --> 00:23:30.750 award in electrical engineering. The National 00:23:30.750 --> 00:23:33.730 Inventors Hall of Fame in 2009. The Dan David 00:23:33.730 --> 00:23:36.230 Prize in 2010. And the big one from the U .S. 00:23:36.230 --> 00:23:38.170 government. The Presidential Medal of Freedom. 00:23:38.309 --> 00:23:41.950 In 2002, the highest U .S. civilian honor. He 00:23:41.950 --> 00:23:44.200 received it from George W. Bush. But there is 00:23:44.200 --> 00:23:47.039 one honor or maybe milestone is a better word 00:23:47.039 --> 00:23:49.460 that I think is the absolute coolest. And it 00:23:49.460 --> 00:23:52.380 happened pretty late in his life in 2011. Ah, 00:23:52.559 --> 00:23:55.240 yes. I know which one you mean. The genome sequencing. 00:23:55.299 --> 00:23:57.619 Tell us about this. It's just perfect. So in 00:23:57.619 --> 00:24:00.920 2011, a company called Ion Torrent had developed 00:24:00.920 --> 00:24:04.529 a new device, the personal genome machine. It 00:24:04.529 --> 00:24:07.369 was a massively parallel sequencing device, a 00:24:07.369 --> 00:24:10.049 new way to read DNA quickly and cheaply. And 00:24:10.049 --> 00:24:12.809 the very first human genome they ever sequenced 00:24:12.809 --> 00:24:15.869 on this brand new machine, it was Gordon Moore's. 00:24:16.049 --> 00:24:19.920 That is just poetry. It is, isn't it? Think about 00:24:19.920 --> 00:24:23.099 it. This machine, this massive parallel sequencer, 00:24:23.220 --> 00:24:26.180 is only possible because of Moore's law. It relies 00:24:26.180 --> 00:24:28.400 on the exponential growth of computing power 00:24:28.400 --> 00:24:31.380 that Moore predicted 45 years earlier. All the 00:24:31.380 --> 00:24:33.420 data crunching requires that power. Exactly. 00:24:33.420 --> 00:24:36.319 And now that very power is being turned back 00:24:36.319 --> 00:24:38.839 on him to map his own DNA. The man who predicted 00:24:38.839 --> 00:24:41.579 the explosion of computing power used that power 00:24:41.579 --> 00:24:43.460 to read his own source code. It's a perfect, 00:24:43.519 --> 00:24:45.839 beautiful, full circle. The ultimate application 00:24:45.839 --> 00:24:48.240 of his own law. And his name is everywhere now. 00:24:48.339 --> 00:24:50.869 Physics. inscribed on the world. There is a library 00:24:50.869 --> 00:24:52.609 at the University of Cambridge named after him 00:24:52.609 --> 00:24:54.730 and Betty. The Moore Laboratories at Caltech. 00:24:54.890 --> 00:24:58.549 And very recently, in 2022, Intel renamed their 00:24:58.549 --> 00:25:01.789 massive Oregon campus Gordon Moore Park. Which 00:25:01.789 --> 00:25:03.930 is nice. A park for the outdoorsmen and the fishermen. 00:25:04.170 --> 00:25:06.869 A fitting tribute. So as we wrap this up, what 00:25:06.869 --> 00:25:09.289 does this all mean? We have looked at the life, 00:25:09.329 --> 00:25:14.369 the introvert, the traitorous eight, the law, 00:25:14.569 --> 00:25:19.029 the Intel empire. The philanthropy. I think we 00:25:19.029 --> 00:25:21.549 are left with a portrait of a man of immense 00:25:21.549 --> 00:25:25.230 depth and some really interesting contradictions. 00:25:25.430 --> 00:25:27.650 He was the introverted child who ended up leading 00:25:27.650 --> 00:25:30.369 the loudest, fastest technological revolution 00:25:30.369 --> 00:25:32.910 in human history. He was the chemist who built 00:25:32.910 --> 00:25:35.309 the computer industry. Not a computer scientist, 00:25:35.490 --> 00:25:37.269 not an electrical engineer originally, but a 00:25:37.269 --> 00:25:40.089 chemist. He understood the materials. He was 00:25:40.089 --> 00:25:42.609 the fisherman who made billions in sterile clean 00:25:42.609 --> 00:25:46.130 room factories, but spent that money saving rainforests 00:25:46.130 --> 00:25:48.569 and wild rivers. And he was the accidental entrepreneur 00:25:48.569 --> 00:25:51.250 who wasn't afraid to admit, even at the height 00:25:51.250 --> 00:25:53.690 of his fame, that his first business plan was 00:25:53.690 --> 00:25:56.349 a typo -riddled mess. That humility is what sticks 00:25:56.349 --> 00:25:58.549 with me. He didn't set out to be a god of the 00:25:58.549 --> 00:26:01.130 valley. He just observed the data. He looked 00:26:01.130 --> 00:26:03.829 at a trend on a graph. And that one simple observation 00:26:03.829 --> 00:26:06.650 became the heartbeat of the modern world. It 00:26:06.650 --> 00:26:08.950 set the clock for all of us. So here is a final 00:26:08.950 --> 00:26:10.650 thought for you to chew on as you go about your 00:26:10.650 --> 00:26:15.250 day. Gordon Moore revised his law in 1975 to 00:26:15.250 --> 00:26:19.369 a two -year doubling cycle. For almost 50 years, 00:26:19.589 --> 00:26:22.089 we have been running on that clock. Pick, talk, 00:26:22.230 --> 00:26:26.509 faster, cheaper, smaller. But many people, many 00:26:26.509 --> 00:26:28.869 physicists and engineers, say we are reaching 00:26:28.869 --> 00:26:31.819 the physical limits of silicon now. You can only 00:26:31.819 --> 00:26:34.140 shrink a transistor so much before you're down 00:26:34.140 --> 00:26:37.140 to a handful of atoms. Exactly. So as we look 00:26:37.140 --> 00:26:39.140 at that massive telescope he funded to see the 00:26:39.140 --> 00:26:41.900 beginning of time and the genome sequencing he 00:26:41.900 --> 00:26:44.319 pioneered to read the code of life, we have to 00:26:44.319 --> 00:26:47.549 ask, are we still living by Moore's clock? Or 00:26:47.549 --> 00:26:50.529 has the legacy of the quiet revolutionary finally 00:26:50.529 --> 00:26:53.109 surpassed the simple prediction he made half 00:26:53.109 --> 00:26:55.630 a century ago? Are we entering a post -Moore 00:26:55.630 --> 00:26:57.789 world where innovation isn't just about speed 00:26:57.789 --> 00:27:00.390 and density anymore, but about the profound applications 00:27:00.390 --> 00:27:02.869 of the power he unleashed? That is the multi 00:27:02.869 --> 00:27:05.490 -billion dollar question facing the entire tech 00:27:05.490 --> 00:27:07.470 industry right now. Something to think about 00:27:07.470 --> 00:27:08.970 the next time you pull out that supercomputer 00:27:08.970 --> 00:27:12.069 that you keep in your pocket. Thanks for listening 00:27:12.069 --> 00:27:14.250 to this deep dive into the life of Gordon Moore. 00:27:14.390 --> 00:27:16.369 It was a pleasure. We will catch you on the next 00:27:16.369 --> 00:27:17.799 one. Stay curious.