WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.240 Welcome back to the Deep Dive. Our mission here 00:00:02.240 --> 00:00:05.320 is pretty simple. We take a huge stack of sources, 00:00:05.519 --> 00:00:08.119 we cut through all the noise, and we deliver 00:00:08.119 --> 00:00:11.419 the essential insights you need. And today, we 00:00:11.419 --> 00:00:14.220 are doing a really deep dive into the life of 00:00:14.220 --> 00:00:17.399 Stephen Paul Jobs. The man who didn't just participate 00:00:17.399 --> 00:00:19.739 in the tech revolution, he, I mean, he basically 00:00:19.739 --> 00:00:21.719 dictated its terms. Absolutely. We're talking 00:00:21.719 --> 00:00:26.760 about jobs who lived from 1955 to 2011. He was 00:00:26.760 --> 00:00:29.579 so much more than just, you know, the businessman, 00:00:29.719 --> 00:00:32.719 inventor and investor you see on paper. For sure. 00:00:32.840 --> 00:00:35.280 He was the force, especially with Steve Wozniak, 00:00:35.320 --> 00:00:38.200 that took. computing out of these like government 00:00:38.200 --> 00:00:40.539 labs and put it right into the hands of regular 00:00:40.539 --> 00:00:43.020 people he pioneered the personal computer revolution 00:00:43.020 --> 00:00:45.899 the digital music revolution and the mobile internet 00:00:45.899 --> 00:00:47.979 revolution that's a three -peat a three -peat 00:00:47.979 --> 00:00:49.960 most people can only dream of yeah that's exactly 00:00:49.960 --> 00:00:53.179 it our sources today are well they're broad it's 00:00:53.179 --> 00:00:55.759 a deep biographical dive we're covering the chaos 00:00:55.759 --> 00:00:58.460 of his early life his career that whole period 00:00:58.460 --> 00:01:01.259 of exile where he built next t and pixar his 00:01:01.259 --> 00:01:03.799 legendary return And of course, the design philosophies 00:01:03.799 --> 00:01:06.319 that gave us the Apple II, the Mac, the iCloud, 00:01:06.480 --> 00:01:10.359 iPhone and iPad. Our goal is to really get to 00:01:10.359 --> 00:01:12.579 the key takeaways that explain not just what 00:01:12.579 --> 00:01:14.620 he made, but how he made it. Right. How this, 00:01:14.719 --> 00:01:17.620 you know, unique mix of rebellious personality, 00:01:17.980 --> 00:01:21.040 Eastern philosophy and this obsession with engineering 00:01:21.040 --> 00:01:23.500 allowed him to create all this. And if you really 00:01:23.500 --> 00:01:25.799 look at the arc of his life, it's a study in 00:01:25.799 --> 00:01:28.819 evolution, right? It's powerful, often contradictory 00:01:28.819 --> 00:01:31.459 evolution. Absolutely. You have this. I mean, 00:01:31.480 --> 00:01:33.780 it's. It's almost an unbelievable mix of influences. 00:01:33.920 --> 00:01:37.000 You've got the 70s counterculture, Zen mysticism, 00:01:37.099 --> 00:01:39.920 and this like brutal purity in graphic design. 00:01:40.159 --> 00:01:42.540 And somehow that all shapes the ruthless CEO 00:01:42.540 --> 00:01:45.180 he became later. Exactly. The man who saved Apple 00:01:45.180 --> 00:01:47.680 from bankruptcy and then through Pixar became 00:01:47.680 --> 00:01:49.780 the single largest shareholder of Disney. It's 00:01:49.780 --> 00:01:52.519 this intersection of art, spiritual clarity, 00:01:52.640 --> 00:01:54.980 and honestly brutal commerce that we have to 00:01:54.980 --> 00:01:57.340 unpack to understand him. OK, so let's get into 00:01:57.340 --> 00:02:00.040 it. The formative years. And let's unpack that 00:02:00.040 --> 00:02:02.219 complicated start, because the conditions of 00:02:02.219 --> 00:02:05.019 his birth and adoption, they really laid the 00:02:05.019 --> 00:02:07.159 groundwork for his lifelong need for control. 00:02:07.359 --> 00:02:09.740 Yeah, they really did. He was born Stephen Paul 00:02:09.740 --> 00:02:13.659 Jobs, 1955, San Francisco. His biological parents 00:02:13.659 --> 00:02:16.500 were Joanne Schiebel and Abdufata Janjandali, 00:02:16.659 --> 00:02:19.599 both graduate students at the time. And the sources 00:02:19.599 --> 00:02:22.180 show this deep cultural conflict right at the 00:02:22.180 --> 00:02:25.560 start. Sheba was American Catholic, and Jandali 00:02:25.560 --> 00:02:27.860 was from a wealthy Syrian family, Muslim faith. 00:02:28.080 --> 00:02:30.639 And her father was violently opposed to the relationship. 00:02:30.979 --> 00:02:33.439 Violently. To the point that it forced her to 00:02:33.439 --> 00:02:36.319 travel away for a closed adoption. There's even 00:02:36.319 --> 00:02:38.599 a claim from a family cousin that his original 00:02:38.599 --> 00:02:41.539 birth name was supposed to be Abdul Latif Jandali. 00:02:41.699 --> 00:02:44.800 Wow. Now, here's where the adoption story becomes, 00:02:45.180 --> 00:02:48.020 well... just pivotal to the whole jobs narrative, 00:02:48.360 --> 00:02:50.840 Schiebel had one specific requirement for the 00:02:50.840 --> 00:02:53.020 adoptive parents. They had to be college graduates. 00:02:53.159 --> 00:02:55.580 Exactly. So a lawyer and his wife were chosen, 00:02:55.659 --> 00:02:57.939 but they backed out at the last minute because 00:02:57.939 --> 00:03:00.580 they wanted a girl. So the adoption then defaulted 00:03:00.580 --> 00:03:03.159 to a couple who did not meet that criteria at 00:03:03.159 --> 00:03:07.180 all. Paul Jobs, a high school dropout, a mechanic, 00:03:07.360 --> 00:03:10.139 a car salesman, and his wife, Clara, who is a 00:03:10.139 --> 00:03:12.759 bookkeeper. And she will at first she refused. 00:03:12.819 --> 00:03:14.740 She wouldn't sign the papers precisely because 00:03:14.740 --> 00:03:16.680 they didn't have a college education. Right. 00:03:16.740 --> 00:03:19.580 And she only gave in after Paul and Clara made 00:03:19.580 --> 00:03:23.039 this really unusual, legally binding promise. 00:03:23.719 --> 00:03:27.099 They had to commit in writing to pay for the 00:03:27.099 --> 00:03:29.719 child's college tuition. no matter what it cost. 00:03:29.960 --> 00:03:32.539 Think about that. The future of Apple was basically 00:03:32.539 --> 00:03:35.180 built on a legally enforced promise for higher 00:03:35.180 --> 00:03:37.979 education made by a mechanic who barely finished 00:03:37.979 --> 00:03:40.680 high school. It's incredible. And that detail 00:03:40.680 --> 00:03:43.539 sets up maybe the most defining anecdote about 00:03:43.539 --> 00:03:46.960 his parents. Jobs would absolutely bristle with 00:03:46.960 --> 00:03:49.500 anger if you ever called Paul and Clara his... 00:03:50.070 --> 00:03:52.289 adoptive parents. He saw them as his parents 00:03:52.289 --> 00:03:55.430 1000%. He said his biological parents were just 00:03:55.430 --> 00:03:58.069 his sperm and egg bank. And that emotional commitment 00:03:58.069 --> 00:04:00.469 to Paul, the mechanic who was always building 00:04:00.469 --> 00:04:02.819 things for him in the garage. Yeah. That's foundational. 00:04:03.180 --> 00:04:05.259 The man obsessed with how products were built 00:04:05.259 --> 00:04:07.560 and packaged was raised by a man who taught him 00:04:07.560 --> 00:04:10.240 meticulous hands -on skills. That stability at 00:04:10.240 --> 00:04:12.599 home contrasts so sharply with how he was in 00:04:12.599 --> 00:04:14.639 the classroom. Oh, completely. Because despite 00:04:14.639 --> 00:04:16.699 that stable home, he struggled in school. I mean, 00:04:16.720 --> 00:04:18.019 he was brilliant. They had him skip the fifth 00:04:18.019 --> 00:04:20.100 grade. But he was always resisting authority, 00:04:20.339 --> 00:04:22.879 playing pranks. And his dad's reaction to that 00:04:22.879 --> 00:04:25.579 is so telling. Paul Jobs never punished him for 00:04:25.579 --> 00:04:28.379 it. No, he blamed the school. He said the school 00:04:28.379 --> 00:04:31.060 system was failing to engage his son's obvious 00:04:31.060 --> 00:04:34.339 brilliance. That kind of parental faith, you 00:04:34.339 --> 00:04:36.819 know, that really fueled Jobs' sense of both 00:04:36.819 --> 00:04:40.060 entitlement and genius. Which led to a huge change 00:04:40.060 --> 00:04:43.680 when he was around 12 or 13. He was getting bullied 00:04:43.680 --> 00:04:46.660 at his middle school, felt like a socially awkward 00:04:46.660 --> 00:04:50.439 loner, and he basically gave his parents an ultimatum. 00:04:50.560 --> 00:04:52.579 Move me to a different school or I drop out. 00:04:52.860 --> 00:04:55.300 And the Jobs family, who were not wealthy by 00:04:55.300 --> 00:04:57.860 any means, they listened. They used all their 00:04:57.860 --> 00:05:01.220 savings to buy a new house in Cupertino, specifically 00:05:01.220 --> 00:05:03.480 so he could go to Homestead High. And it's so 00:05:03.480 --> 00:05:06.120 ironic, right? The very house, the very garage 00:05:06.120 --> 00:05:08.579 where Apple was later founded, was bought just 00:05:08.579 --> 00:05:10.939 to give their teenage son a better education. 00:05:11.300 --> 00:05:13.439 And it was in high school that those two worlds, 00:05:13.519 --> 00:05:15.639 electronics and humanities, they really fused 00:05:15.639 --> 00:05:17.639 for him. He was taking electronics classes, but 00:05:17.639 --> 00:05:19.920 at the same time he's reading Shakespeare, Plato, 00:05:20.180 --> 00:05:22.610 King Lear. And that synthesis came. from one 00:05:22.610 --> 00:05:25.149 of his early heroes, Edwin Land of Polaroid. 00:05:25.170 --> 00:05:27.470 Land always talked about the importance of people 00:05:27.470 --> 00:05:29.930 who could stand at the intersection of humanities 00:05:29.930 --> 00:05:33.769 and sciences. And Jobs just completely internalized 00:05:33.769 --> 00:05:35.889 that. He said, that's what I want to do. So it 00:05:35.889 --> 00:05:37.709 wasn't just about the circuit board. It was about 00:05:37.709 --> 00:05:40.589 the human experience of the final product. Exactly. 00:05:40.589 --> 00:05:43.649 And you see that audacity early on. At just 13, 00:05:43.889 --> 00:05:47.269 he cold calls Bill Hewlett of Hewlett Packard. 00:05:47.759 --> 00:05:50.220 just to ask for spare parts for a project. And 00:05:50.220 --> 00:05:52.459 he doesn't just get the parts. He gets a summer 00:05:52.459 --> 00:05:55.920 job offer from Hewlett himself. That confidence, 00:05:56.199 --> 00:05:58.779 it defined him. Which brings us to Reed College 00:05:58.779 --> 00:06:02.540 in 1972. It was incredibly expensive, which his 00:06:02.540 --> 00:06:05.019 parents worried about constantly. But he insisted 00:06:05.019 --> 00:06:08.339 on going there. And then, the paradox is, he 00:06:08.339 --> 00:06:10.720 drops out after one semester. He said the required 00:06:10.720 --> 00:06:13.240 classes were meaningless, and he didn't want 00:06:13.240 --> 00:06:15.100 to spend his working class parents' money on 00:06:15.100 --> 00:06:17.709 it. But this is where we get the key insight, 00:06:17.910 --> 00:06:20.129 the link between the hippie aesthetic and the 00:06:20.129 --> 00:06:23.209 computer. He didn't leave. He stayed on campus 00:06:23.209 --> 00:06:26.110 for another 18 months, sleeping on floors, auditing 00:06:26.110 --> 00:06:28.370 classes for free. And one of those classes was 00:06:28.370 --> 00:06:30.850 calligraphy. Taught by a former Trappist monk, 00:06:31.069 --> 00:06:34.470 Robert Palladino. It covered multiple typefaces, 00:06:34.629 --> 00:06:37.889 serifs, proportionally spaced fonts, the kind 00:06:37.889 --> 00:06:39.970 of thing most engineering students would just 00:06:39.970 --> 00:06:42.790 dismiss. But the payoff was huge. He said it 00:06:42.790 --> 00:06:45.709 himself in his Stanford speech years later. If 00:06:45.709 --> 00:06:47.889 he had never dropped in on that one calligraphy 00:06:47.889 --> 00:06:49.949 course, the Mac would have never had multiple 00:06:49.949 --> 00:06:52.389 typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. It 00:06:52.389 --> 00:06:54.689 was a design choice that fundamentally changed 00:06:54.689 --> 00:06:57.230 how we interact with computers. It's the core 00:06:57.230 --> 00:06:59.310 of his whole philosophy. So we have the aesthetics 00:06:59.310 --> 00:07:01.350 covered. Now let's layer in the spiritual stuff, 00:07:01.410 --> 00:07:04.129 the counterculture. This was the early 70s. A 00:07:04.129 --> 00:07:07.050 period of intense searching for him. In 1974, 00:07:07.350 --> 00:07:10.050 he travels through India for seven months. Seeking 00:07:10.050 --> 00:07:12.850 spiritual teachings. He visited famous ashrams, 00:07:12.850 --> 00:07:16.399 came back totally changed. Shaved head, Indian 00:07:16.399 --> 00:07:19.180 clothes, a very Zen mindset. And that pursuit 00:07:19.180 --> 00:07:22.339 of clarity, of simplicity, it translated directly 00:07:22.339 --> 00:07:24.720 into his design aesthetic later on. And we should 00:07:24.720 --> 00:07:26.540 also mention the other big influence from that 00:07:26.540 --> 00:07:29.959 time, psychedelics. For sure. Jobs experimented 00:07:29.959 --> 00:07:32.420 with LSD, and he later called it one of the two 00:07:32.420 --> 00:07:34.420 or three most important things he had ever done. 00:07:34.540 --> 00:07:37.160 He said it opened his mind, allowed him to see 00:07:37.160 --> 00:07:39.259 patterns differently. He also got very serious 00:07:39.259 --> 00:07:42.240 about Zen Buddhism. He even thought about becoming 00:07:42.240 --> 00:07:45.980 a monk in Japan. That idea of eliminating the 00:07:45.980 --> 00:07:47.939 inessential became the bedrock of his product 00:07:47.939 --> 00:07:50.439 design. But maybe the most formative experience 00:07:50.439 --> 00:07:53.279 that combined all of it, the rebellion, the engineering, 00:07:53.560 --> 00:07:57.899 was the blue box. Right. He and Wozniak read 00:07:57.899 --> 00:08:00.300 an article in Esquire and started designing and 00:08:00.300 --> 00:08:02.439 selling these little devices that let you make 00:08:02.439 --> 00:08:05.139 free long -distance phone calls. And this wasn't 00:08:05.139 --> 00:08:07.800 just a prank. It was a serious, though illegal, 00:08:07.959 --> 00:08:10.860 business for them. Jobs himself said that without 00:08:10.860 --> 00:08:13.019 the blue boxes, there wouldn't have been an Apple. 00:08:13.139 --> 00:08:15.339 Why? What was so important about it? It gave 00:08:15.339 --> 00:08:18.019 them the confidence, the sheer audacity to realize 00:08:18.019 --> 00:08:20.439 that two young guys could take on a massive corporation 00:08:20.439 --> 00:08:23.639 like the phone company and actually win. That 00:08:23.639 --> 00:08:26.300 disruptive, rule -bending spirit was the seed 00:08:26.300 --> 00:08:29.079 of Apple. So that blue box confidence, it led 00:08:29.079 --> 00:08:31.139 directly into legitimate business. But there 00:08:31.139 --> 00:08:34.000 were some bumps. Oh, yeah. Before Apple, Jobs 00:08:34.000 --> 00:08:37.529 was a technician at Atari in 74. He comes back 00:08:37.529 --> 00:08:40.850 in 75, and the co -founder, Nolan Bushnell, tasks 00:08:40.850 --> 00:08:42.909 him with reducing the number of chips in the 00:08:42.909 --> 00:08:45.350 breakout game. And Atari had this great incentive 00:08:45.350 --> 00:08:48.149 program, right? A bonus for every chip they eliminated. 00:08:48.450 --> 00:08:51.169 A big one. And Wozniak, just in a display of 00:08:51.169 --> 00:08:54.210 pure technical genius, reduces the chip count 00:08:54.210 --> 00:08:57.429 from around 100 down to 45. It was a huge reduction. 00:08:57.769 --> 00:08:59.529 Which should have resulted in a bonus of, what, 00:08:59.590 --> 00:09:02.389 over $5 ,000? Should have. But here we see the 00:09:02.389 --> 00:09:05.480 complicated side of Jobs' ethics. Wozniak later 00:09:05.480 --> 00:09:07.659 said that Jobs told him Atari only paid them 00:09:07.659 --> 00:09:12.120 $750, so Woz got just $375 for all that work. 00:09:12.320 --> 00:09:14.139 And he didn't find out the truth for a decade. 00:09:14.399 --> 00:09:17.360 A decade later. And Woz, being Woz, said he would 00:09:17.360 --> 00:09:19.200 have given Jobs the money anyway if he'd just 00:09:19.200 --> 00:09:21.500 asked, but the deception really shows the tension 00:09:21.500 --> 00:09:24.480 in their partnership. Wozniak valued truth. Jobs 00:09:24.480 --> 00:09:26.860 valued the win. Regardless, they moved fast. 00:09:27.389 --> 00:09:30.190 Apple Computer was founded April 1st, 1976, in 00:09:30.190 --> 00:09:32.470 his parents' garage with Ronald Wayne, who famously 00:09:32.470 --> 00:09:36.009 sold his 10 % stake for $800. And the name Apple 00:09:36.009 --> 00:09:38.789 came from a visit to an apple orchard at a commune. 00:09:38.789 --> 00:09:41.029 That whole counterculture vibe was still there. 00:09:41.190 --> 00:09:43.809 The initial funding was so personal. Jobs sold 00:09:43.809 --> 00:09:48.590 his VW van. Wozniak sold his prized HP calculator. 00:09:48.950 --> 00:09:50.549 And at first, they were just going to sell circuit 00:09:50.549 --> 00:09:52.649 boards. But a retailer convinced them to sell 00:09:52.649 --> 00:09:55.190 fully assembled units and bought 50 of them. 00:09:55.360 --> 00:09:57.700 Even then, it was a messy, humble operation. 00:09:58.500 --> 00:10:01.240 Neighbors remember him greeting clients with 00:10:01.240 --> 00:10:04.059 his underwear hanging out barefoot and hippie 00:10:04.059 --> 00:10:06.620 -like. And one neighbor, a PhD in chemical engineering 00:10:06.620 --> 00:10:08.960 from Stanford, just completely dismissed them. 00:10:09.039 --> 00:10:10.799 Said you couldn't build a computer with a circuit 00:10:10.799 --> 00:10:14.100 board, a TV, and a cassette deck. The skepticism 00:10:14.100 --> 00:10:16.980 was huge. Then came the breakthrough. The Apple 00:10:16.980 --> 00:10:21.049 II in 1977. Wozniak's design, mostly. It was 00:10:21.049 --> 00:10:23.309 Apple's first consumer product and one of the 00:10:23.309 --> 00:10:25.970 first mass -produced microcomputers. It just 00:10:25.970 --> 00:10:28.649 catapulted them out of the garage and into massive 00:10:28.649 --> 00:10:30.789 wealth almost overnight. And Jobs' contribution 00:10:30.789 --> 00:10:33.070 here wasn't the internal engineering. It was 00:10:33.070 --> 00:10:35.690 the outside, the look and feel. He oversaw the 00:10:35.690 --> 00:10:37.690 case design, the power supply that ran without 00:10:37.690 --> 00:10:40.149 a noisy fan. And this is where we get their first 00:10:40.149 --> 00:10:43.529 major design conflict, the famous argument over 00:10:43.529 --> 00:10:46.730 expansion slots. Jobs wanted two, simplicity, 00:10:47.110 --> 00:10:51.179 purity. Wozniak wanted eight. Openness, functionality. 00:10:51.639 --> 00:10:53.559 He actually threatened to walk away over it. 00:10:53.620 --> 00:10:55.460 Wozniak won that one. They settled on eight. 00:10:55.600 --> 00:10:58.519 But that fight was so significant, it was a preview 00:10:58.519 --> 00:11:01.519 of the company's internal battle. Closed system 00:11:01.519 --> 00:11:04.259 versus open system. And happening at the exact 00:11:04.259 --> 00:11:07.399 same time as all this success. was the drama 00:11:07.399 --> 00:11:09.620 in his personal life. He had this relationship 00:11:09.620 --> 00:11:12.500 with Chrisann Brennan, and in 1978, she gave 00:11:12.500 --> 00:11:15.039 birth to their daughter, Lisa. And Jobs publicly, 00:11:15.259 --> 00:11:18.159 ruthlessly denied he was the father. He kept 00:11:18.159 --> 00:11:21.080 denying it even after a DNA test showed a 94 00:11:21.080 --> 00:11:24.019 .1 % probability. And he's already worth over 00:11:24.019 --> 00:11:27.009 $250 million by this point. It even made it into 00:11:27.009 --> 00:11:28.970 Time magazine. It's an incredible contradiction, 00:11:29.230 --> 00:11:31.330 isn't it? The Zen master of clarity, the design 00:11:31.330 --> 00:11:34.070 genius engaging in this deep, painful, personal 00:11:34.070 --> 00:11:36.289 denial. He eventually started paying child support, 00:11:36.470 --> 00:11:38.730 but the emotional damage was done. And the connection 00:11:38.730 --> 00:11:40.950 between his personal and professional life here 00:11:40.950 --> 00:11:43.750 is just striking. The next big computer project 00:11:43.750 --> 00:11:47.049 at Apple was named Lyssa. Right. And the official 00:11:47.049 --> 00:11:50.289 company line was that it stood for local integrated 00:11:50.289 --> 00:11:53.879 software architecture, a total fiction. Decades 00:11:53.879 --> 00:11:55.860 later, she finally admitted to his biographer. 00:11:56.419 --> 00:11:58.460 Obviously, it was named for my daughter. And 00:11:58.460 --> 00:12:01.559 that project, the Lisa computer, was this expensive 00:12:01.559 --> 00:12:03.860 failure that paved the way for the Macintosh. 00:12:04.120 --> 00:12:06.559 The Macintosh vision really came from that famous 00:12:06.559 --> 00:12:11.019 visit to Xerox Payark in 1979, where he saw the 00:12:11.019 --> 00:12:14.100 mouse -driven graphical user interface, the GUI. 00:12:14.139 --> 00:12:15.779 He immediately saw the commercial potential. 00:12:16.059 --> 00:12:18.860 He took over the Mac project in 81, infused it 00:12:18.860 --> 00:12:21.019 with his energy, famously declaring, it's better 00:12:21.019 --> 00:12:22.960 to be a pirate than to join the Navy. And the 00:12:22.960 --> 00:12:25.519 launch was legendary. That Ridley Scott 1984 00:12:25.519 --> 00:12:28.759 Super Bowl commercial, positioning the Mac as 00:12:28.759 --> 00:12:30.899 the thing saving humanity from the conformity 00:12:30.899 --> 00:12:33.879 of IBM's big brother. So he launches it. with 00:12:33.879 --> 00:12:36.740 this incredibly idealistic ad, a symbol of freedom. 00:12:37.639 --> 00:12:39.940 But commercially, it was a flop, right? A rapid 00:12:39.940 --> 00:12:42.179 flop. Despite fulfilling that ascetic promise 00:12:42.179 --> 00:12:44.840 from the calligraphy class, sales just plummeted 00:12:44.840 --> 00:12:47.139 in the second half of 84. It was slow. It didn't 00:12:47.139 --> 00:12:49.580 have enough software. It was expensive. And that 00:12:49.580 --> 00:12:51.879 failure, that gap between the vision and the 00:12:51.879 --> 00:12:55.700 reality, is what gave CEO John Sculley the leverage 00:12:55.700 --> 00:12:58.100 to push him out. Which brings us to his first 00:12:58.100 --> 00:13:01.740 exile. Jobs clashed severely with Scully, the 00:13:01.740 --> 00:13:04.179 CEO he'd famously lured from Pepsi a couple years 00:13:04.179 --> 00:13:07.139 earlier. With that incredible line, do you want 00:13:07.139 --> 00:13:09.100 to spend the rest of your life selling sugared 00:13:09.100 --> 00:13:11.480 water, or do you want a chance to change the 00:13:11.480 --> 00:13:13.899 world? But their visions were just incompatible 00:13:13.899 --> 00:13:17.059 by then. Jobs was all in on the Macintosh. Scully 00:13:17.059 --> 00:13:18.980 was focused on the Apple II, which was still 00:13:18.980 --> 00:13:21.080 making most of the money. The company was basically 00:13:21.080 --> 00:13:24.649 split into two warring factions. So in May of 00:13:24.649 --> 00:13:27.730 85, Scully reorganizes the company, stripping 00:13:27.730 --> 00:13:30.710 Jobs of his power. Jobs tries to stage a coup. 00:13:30.950 --> 00:13:33.629 It gets leaked and he's forced out. He resigned 00:13:33.629 --> 00:13:36.950 on September 17, 1985. And that moment was so 00:13:36.950 --> 00:13:39.549 destabilizing for Apple. Wozniak left that same 00:13:39.549 --> 00:13:42.080 year. And Scully made this history -changing 00:13:42.080 --> 00:13:44.500 mistake. He licensed the Mac operating system 00:13:44.500 --> 00:13:46.919 to Microsoft. Under threat that Microsoft would 00:13:46.919 --> 00:13:49.000 stop making Mac applications. The consequence 00:13:49.000 --> 00:13:51.179 of that was catastrophic for Apple. It allowed 00:13:51.179 --> 00:13:53.779 all those cheap IBM PC clones running Windows 00:13:53.779 --> 00:13:56.259 to just take over the market. So Jobs' exile 00:13:56.259 --> 00:13:59.700 was this dark, lost decade for Apple. But for 00:13:59.700 --> 00:14:02.080 Jobs himself, it opened the door to his most 00:14:02.080 --> 00:14:04.840 formative period of failure and invention. Right, 00:14:04.899 --> 00:14:06.919 which brings us to the interregnum, the decade 00:14:06.919 --> 00:14:09.779 of exile. a period where he failed a lot commercially, 00:14:10.080 --> 00:14:13.000 but in doing so, he built a foundation for his 00:14:13.000 --> 00:14:15.860 return. He immediately founded NextT Inc., taking 00:14:15.860 --> 00:14:18.399 five senior Apple employees with him, and he 00:14:18.399 --> 00:14:21.019 got a big investment from Ross Perot. And NextT 00:14:21.019 --> 00:14:23.419 was defined by this combination of technological 00:14:23.419 --> 00:14:28.580 excellence and commercial failure. The NextT 00:14:28.580 --> 00:14:31.039 workstation was aimed at higher education. And 00:14:31.039 --> 00:14:33.440 Jobs obsessed over every detail, like the perfect 00:14:33.440 --> 00:14:35.639 magnesium case for the NextT cube. And what was 00:14:35.639 --> 00:14:37.740 the result of that obsession? An astronomical 00:14:37.740 --> 00:14:42.539 price tag, $9 ,999, which is like $24 ,000 today. 00:14:42.620 --> 00:14:44.480 It was just way too expensive for its target 00:14:44.480 --> 00:14:46.799 market. But the legacy is undeniable. You mentioned 00:14:46.799 --> 00:14:49.600 the technology, specifically the NextTik operating 00:14:49.600 --> 00:14:52.779 system. Why was that so revolutionary? Next step 00:14:52.779 --> 00:14:55.009 was revolutionary. Because it was built on a 00:14:55.009 --> 00:14:57.289 super stable foundation called the Mach kernel. 00:14:57.509 --> 00:15:00.610 It made Nexty incredibly powerful and stable. 00:15:00.809 --> 00:15:03.110 And that architecture, that object -oriented 00:15:03.110 --> 00:15:06.429 system, became the direct blueprint for Mac OS 00:15:06.429 --> 00:15:10.029 X and later iOS. So the DNA for Apple's future 00:15:10.029 --> 00:15:13.110 triumph came from Jobs' corporate failure. Exactly. 00:15:13.409 --> 00:15:16.029 And if you need more proof of Nexty's importance, 00:15:16.269 --> 00:15:18.049 just look at the birth of the World Wide Web. 00:15:18.149 --> 00:15:20.610 Right. In 1990, Tim Berners -Lee invented the 00:15:20.610 --> 00:15:23.509 web. the first browser, all while using a Nexty 00:15:23.509 --> 00:15:26.149 computer at CERN. Without that powerful, stable 00:15:26.149 --> 00:15:28.389 environment, who knows how long it would have 00:15:28.389 --> 00:15:30.889 taken. So after selling only 50 ,000 machines, 00:15:31.429 --> 00:15:34.710 Nexty pivots in 93 to just software. They produced 00:15:34.710 --> 00:15:37.230 something called WebObjects, a framework for 00:15:37.230 --> 00:15:39.590 web apps, and this proved invaluable years later. 00:15:39.950 --> 00:15:42.289 Apple used WebObjects to build the first Apple 00:15:42.289 --> 00:15:44.799 store and, critically, the iTunes store. And 00:15:44.799 --> 00:15:46.399 at the same time, he's got his other venture 00:15:46.399 --> 00:15:50.200 going, Pixar. In 1986, he buys the computer graphics 00:15:50.200 --> 00:15:52.960 division of Lucasfilm for $10 million, a huge 00:15:52.960 --> 00:15:55.240 gamble. And a huge financial drain for years. 00:15:55.419 --> 00:15:58.019 He personally financed Pixar for almost a decade, 00:15:58.220 --> 00:16:00.899 losing money until the big breakthrough. Toy 00:16:00.899 --> 00:16:05.340 Story. 1995. The first computer animated feature 00:16:05.340 --> 00:16:08.840 film ever. It was an immediate success, and it 00:16:08.840 --> 00:16:11.700 finally validated his massive investment. He 00:16:11.700 --> 00:16:13.860 stayed on as chairman, but his relationship with 00:16:13.860 --> 00:16:16.460 Disney and its CEO, Michael Eisner, completely 00:16:16.460 --> 00:16:19.480 soured. That all changed when Bob Iger replaced 00:16:19.480 --> 00:16:22.159 Eisner. Iger quickly repaired the relationship, 00:16:22.379 --> 00:16:25.360 and that led to the big deal. Disney buys Pixar 00:16:25.360 --> 00:16:30.080 in 2006 for $7 .4 billion in stock. And the result 00:16:30.080 --> 00:16:32.639 of that transaction for Jobs was profound. He 00:16:32.639 --> 00:16:34.799 became the single largest shareholder of the 00:16:34.799 --> 00:16:37.080 Walt Disney Company. That's right, about 7 % 00:16:37.080 --> 00:16:38.899 of the stock, more than the Disney family itself. 00:16:39.200 --> 00:16:41.919 Think of the irony. The man who was humiliated 00:16:41.919 --> 00:16:44.080 and kicked out of Apple was now a majority owner 00:16:44.080 --> 00:16:46.340 of the most powerful media empire in the world. 00:16:46.519 --> 00:16:49.019 We also get this amazing insight into his demanding 00:16:49.019 --> 00:16:51.519 nature from Pixar co -founder Edwin Catmull. 00:16:51.980 --> 00:16:53.779 Catmull's description of their working relationship 00:16:53.779 --> 00:16:56.379 is fantastic. He said over 26 years, they never 00:16:56.379 --> 00:16:58.379 had a loud argument, but they disagreed constantly. 00:16:58.679 --> 00:17:00.679 Jobs would often shoot down his ideas immediately. 00:17:01.139 --> 00:17:03.279 So how did Catmull deal with that? Persistence. 00:17:03.580 --> 00:17:06.859 He would wait a week, call Jobs back, and present 00:17:06.859 --> 00:17:09.960 his argument again. but more refined. He'd do 00:17:09.960 --> 00:17:12.940 this for months until one of three things happened. 00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:15.279 OK. Either Jobs would say, oh, I get it. You're 00:17:15.279 --> 00:17:18.519 right. Or Catmull would realize Jobs was right. 00:17:18.660 --> 00:17:21.319 Or if they were at an impasse, Jobs would just 00:17:21.319 --> 00:17:23.559 let Catmull do it his way and never mention it 00:17:23.559 --> 00:17:27.799 again. Wow. So he respected conviction, but only 00:17:27.799 --> 00:17:30.279 if it was backed by a solid argument. He was 00:17:30.279 --> 00:17:32.200 constantly testing the strength of your idea. 00:17:32.420 --> 00:17:35.160 Exactly. The reality distortion field. only worked 00:17:35.160 --> 00:17:37.380 if your own idea wasn't strong enough to fight 00:17:37.380 --> 00:17:39.819 back. That period of building foundation at NXT 00:17:39.819 --> 00:17:42.720 and Pixar, it all set the stage for maybe the 00:17:42.720 --> 00:17:45.619 greatest second act in business history. No question. 00:17:45.720 --> 00:17:48.019 By the mid -90s, Apple was struggling. They were 00:17:48.019 --> 00:17:49.859 desperate for a new operating system. So they 00:17:49.859 --> 00:17:52.960 acquire NXT for $400 million. And with it, Jobs 00:17:52.960 --> 00:17:55.650 comes back. First as an advisor. than interim 00:17:55.650 --> 00:17:58.029 CEO. And his return was marked by this ruthless, 00:17:58.250 --> 00:18:00.369 brutal focus on profitability. He just started 00:18:00.369 --> 00:18:03.250 killing projects left and right. Newton, CyberDog, 00:18:03.309 --> 00:18:06.029 OpenDoc, all gone. And he didn't just cut products. 00:18:06.210 --> 00:18:08.789 He regained control. He changed the licensing 00:18:08.789 --> 00:18:11.670 for Mac clones, basically making them financially 00:18:11.670 --> 00:18:14.009 impossible, killing the clone market. Which allowed 00:18:14.009 --> 00:18:16.890 Apple to regain total control of that hardware 00:18:16.890 --> 00:18:19.289 -software integration that became their trademark. 00:18:19.670 --> 00:18:22.170 But it caused immense fear inside the company. 00:18:22.450 --> 00:18:25.190 People were genuinely afraid to ride the elevator 00:18:25.190 --> 00:18:26.970 with him because he might fire them on the spot. 00:18:27.190 --> 00:18:30.049 By 2000, he drops the interim title and becomes 00:18:30.049 --> 00:18:32.789 the permanent CEO, or as he quipped, the ICE 00:18:32.789 --> 00:18:35.819 CEO. And that Next Step Foundation immediately 00:18:35.819 --> 00:18:39.819 gets put to work as Mac OS X. That tech, combined 00:18:39.819 --> 00:18:42.740 with his aesthetic vision, defined the next decade. 00:18:42.960 --> 00:18:44.859 Let's talk about that design philosophy because 00:18:44.859 --> 00:18:47.319 it's so central to his influence. He worked so 00:18:47.319 --> 00:18:49.839 closely with Joni Ive. It was almost a symbiotic 00:18:49.839 --> 00:18:51.980 partnership. And Jobs' influence is all over 00:18:51.980 --> 00:18:54.960 the patents. He's listed on over 450 of them, 00:18:54.980 --> 00:18:56.500 mostly for the look and feel of the products. 00:18:56.720 --> 00:18:59.279 And the uniform, the black turtleneck and jeans, 00:18:59.640 --> 00:19:02.000 was that just a look? It was part of the philosophy. 00:19:02.700 --> 00:19:05.599 Sources say it was about daily convenience and 00:19:05.599 --> 00:19:09.339 creating a signature style. It was zen minimalism 00:19:09.339 --> 00:19:11.920 for his closet, freeing up mental energy for 00:19:11.920 --> 00:19:14.240 design. And his mandate for that design partnership 00:19:14.240 --> 00:19:18.079 was simple. Real artistship. Perfection was required, 00:19:18.359 --> 00:19:20.740 but it had to be delivered as a real product 00:19:20.740 --> 00:19:23.460 that made money. And the first product after 00:19:23.460 --> 00:19:26.819 his return was the iMac in 1998. It was cartoon 00:19:26.819 --> 00:19:29.660 -like, translucent, and famously designed so 00:19:29.660 --> 00:19:31.359 the back looked better than the front of other 00:19:31.359 --> 00:19:33.730 computers. And it was disruptive on two fronts. 00:19:33.910 --> 00:19:36.569 The aesthetics, the color, set it apart from 00:19:36.569 --> 00:19:38.950 all the beige boxes. But technologically, it 00:19:38.950 --> 00:19:41.250 got rid of the floppy disk drive and popularized 00:19:41.250 --> 00:19:43.650 USB. Which seems like a small thing, but it forced 00:19:43.650 --> 00:19:45.509 the whole industry to change. It did. He forced 00:19:45.509 --> 00:19:47.730 the industry forward. And because the iMac was 00:19:47.730 --> 00:19:50.529 so popular, peripheral makers started using translucent 00:19:50.529 --> 00:19:53.089 plastic to match it. He was dictating the design 00:19:53.089 --> 00:19:55.710 language for the entire ecosystem. From the computer, 00:19:55.890 --> 00:19:58.589 Apple moved into the digital hub strategy, which 00:19:58.589 --> 00:20:01.819 led to the iPod in 2001. The iPod was marketing 00:20:01.819 --> 00:20:05.799 genius, plus a key technical innovation. It wasn't 00:20:05.799 --> 00:20:09.319 the first MP3 player, but he used a tiny 1 .8 00:20:09.319 --> 00:20:11.299 -inch hard drive, which made it super small, 00:20:11.519 --> 00:20:14.240 a thousand songs in your pocket. It made Apple 00:20:14.240 --> 00:20:17.200 a major player in music, fast. Which then enabled 00:20:17.200 --> 00:20:20.700 the iTunes Store. Exactly. Using that old WebObject 00:20:20.700 --> 00:20:23.099 software from NXT, they built the store. And 00:20:23.099 --> 00:20:25.619 this closed system, Apple controlling the hardware, 00:20:25.779 --> 00:20:29.380 the iPod, and the distribution, iTunes, was the 00:20:29.380 --> 00:20:32.079 ultimate realization of his vision. But the real 00:20:32.079 --> 00:20:35.400 cultural earthquake was the iPhone in 2007. An 00:20:35.400 --> 00:20:37.660 iPod, a phone, and an internet communicator. 00:20:37.759 --> 00:20:40.779 The multi -touch display, with no stylus or physical 00:20:40.779 --> 00:20:43.819 keyboard, just felt so natural. Time magazine 00:20:43.819 --> 00:20:46.339 called it the invention of the year. And he completed 00:20:46.339 --> 00:20:49.140 that mobile trifecta in 2010 with the iPad. And 00:20:49.140 --> 00:20:51.119 all of these products carry this stamp of his 00:20:51.119 --> 00:20:53.880 personality, that reality distortion feel. His 00:20:53.880 --> 00:20:56.420 keynotes were legendary. He could convince you 00:20:56.420 --> 00:20:58.140 that a product you never knew you needed was 00:20:58.140 --> 00:21:00.460 now essential. That conviction was backed by 00:21:00.460 --> 00:21:02.559 this legendary competitive streak. I mean, look 00:21:02.559 --> 00:21:04.839 at his feud with Michael Dell. Oh, yeah. In 97, 00:21:05.079 --> 00:21:07.200 at Apple's lowest point, Dell said they should 00:21:07.200 --> 00:21:09.880 just shut the company down. And Jobs never forgot 00:21:09.880 --> 00:21:12.849 it. Nine years later. When Apple's market cap 00:21:12.849 --> 00:21:16.130 passed Dell's, Jobs sent an email to all Apple 00:21:16.130 --> 00:21:19.690 employees, a moment of perfect, quiet vengeance. 00:21:20.069 --> 00:21:22.430 His whole self -concept was captured by that 00:21:22.430 --> 00:21:25.130 Wayne Gretzky quote he loved. I skate to where 00:21:25.130 --> 00:21:27.150 the puck is going to be, not where it has been. 00:21:27.369 --> 00:21:29.930 He wasn't following trends. He was creating them. 00:21:30.410 --> 00:21:33.210 And that visionary status gave him a lot of influence, 00:21:33.349 --> 00:21:36.359 even in politics. He met with President Obama 00:21:36.359 --> 00:21:38.700 and complained about the shortage of software 00:21:38.700 --> 00:21:41.920 engineers. And he had a specific solution, automatic 00:21:41.920 --> 00:21:44.440 green cards for foreign students with engineering 00:21:44.440 --> 00:21:47.299 degrees. But he got frustrated. He said Obama 00:21:47.299 --> 00:21:49.339 was smart, but he kept explaining why things 00:21:49.339 --> 00:21:52.119 can't get done. It's fascinating. The man who 00:21:52.119 --> 00:21:54.119 eliminated barriers in design just couldn't deal 00:21:54.119 --> 00:21:56.500 with bureaucratic barriers in politics. It's 00:21:56.500 --> 00:21:59.079 incredible how he juggled everything. resurrecting 00:21:59.079 --> 00:22:01.920 Apple while also, in his personal life, using 00:22:01.920 --> 00:22:04.279 that period to reconcile his past and build his 00:22:04.279 --> 00:22:07.079 family. He met his wife, Laureen Powell, in 1989 00:22:07.079 --> 00:22:10.299 at a Stanford lecture. He was captivated immediately. 00:22:10.720 --> 00:22:13.220 They married in 91 in a Buddhist ceremony in 00:22:13.220 --> 00:22:17.220 Yosemite. Vegan cake, a snowball fight. Very 00:22:17.220 --> 00:22:20.299 him. And they had three children together. And 00:22:20.299 --> 00:22:23.160 crucially, during his time away from Apple, he 00:22:23.160 --> 00:22:25.339 finally reconciled with his first daughter, Lisa, 00:22:25.440 --> 00:22:28.250 the one he had denied for so long. He apologized 00:22:28.250 --> 00:22:30.990 many times for his past behavior. And he developed 00:22:30.990 --> 00:22:33.069 a real relationship with her. Her birth certificate 00:22:33.069 --> 00:22:35.529 was officially changed to Lisa Brennan Jobs. 00:22:35.910 --> 00:22:38.849 A change largely credited to the influence of 00:22:38.849 --> 00:22:41.430 his biological sister, the novelist Mona Simpson, 00:22:41.690 --> 00:22:43.829 whom he'd only just discovered. Right. He only 00:22:43.829 --> 00:22:45.990 started looking for his biological family after 00:22:45.990 --> 00:22:49.250 his adoptive mother, Clara, died. He found his 00:22:49.250 --> 00:22:51.910 birth mother, Joanne, and she told him he had 00:22:51.910 --> 00:22:54.670 a sister. And he and Mona became incredibly close. 00:22:54.809 --> 00:22:57.789 He called her, my family. I can't imagine a better 00:22:57.789 --> 00:23:00.269 sister. But the most cinematic twist is the story 00:23:00.269 --> 00:23:02.490 with his birth father, Abdul Fattah Jandali. 00:23:02.710 --> 00:23:05.589 It's unbelievable. Jobs found out he was managing 00:23:05.589 --> 00:23:08.769 a small restaurant in Sacramento. And Mona discovered 00:23:08.769 --> 00:23:11.950 that Jandali had no idea who Jobs was. In fact, 00:23:12.069 --> 00:23:13.930 Jandali had told Mona that Steve Jobs used to 00:23:13.930 --> 00:23:15.990 come into his restaurant, call him a sweet guy 00:23:15.990 --> 00:23:18.549 and a big tipper. So Jobs had met his birth father, 00:23:18.730 --> 00:23:22.009 shaken his hand, been served by him, and neither 00:23:22.009 --> 00:23:24.900 of them knew. He later said he refused to meet 00:23:24.900 --> 00:23:27.259 him officially because he was afraid of blackmail. 00:23:27.740 --> 00:23:30.460 Now, turning to his role as a public citizen. 00:23:32.440 --> 00:23:34.140 Philanthropy was this big question mark, right? 00:23:34.200 --> 00:23:37.099 It was controversial. Very. Apple was often on 00:23:37.099 --> 00:23:40.140 the list of America's least philanthropic companies, 00:23:40.359 --> 00:23:42.900 which seems like a huge contradiction for a guy 00:23:42.900 --> 00:23:44.720 who wanted to change the world. So what was the 00:23:44.720 --> 00:23:48.400 defense? The defense was philosophical. He and 00:23:48.400 --> 00:23:50.200 his supporters argued that creating transformative 00:23:50.200 --> 00:23:52.799 products like the iPhone was his contribution 00:23:52.799 --> 00:23:55.619 to society, that empowering billions of people 00:23:55.619 --> 00:23:58.180 was more valuable than traditional charity. Though 00:23:58.180 --> 00:24:00.519 he did contribute to Stanford Hospital and supported 00:24:00.519 --> 00:24:03.200 Bono's AIDS relief programs through Apple. He 00:24:03.200 --> 00:24:05.480 did. But the final chapter of his life is defined 00:24:05.480 --> 00:24:08.440 by his health decisions, which ironically show 00:24:08.440 --> 00:24:10.299 how that non -traditional thinking could sometimes 00:24:10.299 --> 00:24:13.279 be catastrophic. He was diagnosed in 2003 with 00:24:13.279 --> 00:24:16.420 a rare and importantly treatable form of pancreatic 00:24:16.420 --> 00:24:19.170 cancer. A critical distinction. This was not 00:24:19.170 --> 00:24:21.990 the common lethal form. But the man who demanded 00:24:21.990 --> 00:24:25.369 objective clarity in his professional life resisted 00:24:25.369 --> 00:24:27.490 doctors' recommendations for surgery for nine 00:24:27.490 --> 00:24:30.049 months. Nine months is a huge delay for cancer. 00:24:30.230 --> 00:24:33.509 Why? He tried alternative medicine, a vegan diet, 00:24:33.730 --> 00:24:36.309 acupuncture, herbal remedies. He even consulted 00:24:36.309 --> 00:24:39.549 a psychic. It was that counterculture ethos applied 00:24:39.549 --> 00:24:42.099 to his own body. He later regretted it. And many 00:24:42.099 --> 00:24:44.819 medical experts believe that delay likely cost 00:24:44.819 --> 00:24:47.160 him his life. That's right. It's a profound paradox. 00:24:47.460 --> 00:24:50.180 The same mindset that let him see beyond existing 00:24:50.180 --> 00:24:53.180 technology blinded him to the realities of biological 00:24:53.180 --> 00:24:55.859 science. He finally had the surgery in mid -2004, 00:24:55.980 --> 00:24:58.400 but the cancer eventually returned. He took a 00:24:58.400 --> 00:25:00.980 leave in 2009 for a liver transplant. And it's 00:25:00.980 --> 00:25:03.359 a testament to the loyalty he inspired that Tim 00:25:03.359 --> 00:25:05.759 Cook, who shared a rare blood type, offered him 00:25:05.759 --> 00:25:07.759 a portion of his own liver. And Jobs refused. 00:25:08.059 --> 00:25:10.900 Famously refused. He resigned as CEO on August 00:25:10.900 --> 00:25:14.660 24, 2011, naming Cook his successor. He died 00:25:14.660 --> 00:25:17.880 on October 5, 2011. His sister, Mona, recounted 00:25:17.880 --> 00:25:19.960 his final words as he looked past his family. 00:25:20.200 --> 00:25:23.819 Oh, wow. Oh, wow. Oh, wow. He was buried in an 00:25:23.819 --> 00:25:27.509 unmarked grave, but his legacy was honored. immediately 00:25:27.509 --> 00:25:30.890 posthumously a disney legend the presidential 00:25:30.890 --> 00:25:33.849 medal of freedom and his influence lives on he 00:25:33.849 --> 00:25:37.410 has over 450 patents and 141 of them were issued 00:25:37.410 --> 00:25:40.730 after his death and in a final nod to that spiritual 00:25:40.730 --> 00:25:43.589 quest at his memorial attendees were given a 00:25:43.589 --> 00:25:46.109 copy of autobiography of a yogi the book he read 00:25:46.109 --> 00:25:49.150 every single year so when we look back at all 00:25:49.150 --> 00:25:51.869 this the central theme really is jobs as this 00:25:51.869 --> 00:25:54.650 great synthesis point he was the product of zen 00:25:55.440 --> 00:25:57.460 counterculture, and just relentless business 00:25:57.460 --> 00:25:59.940 drive. All coming together at that intersection 00:25:59.940 --> 00:26:02.599 of humanities and sciences. And what's so compelling 00:26:02.599 --> 00:26:05.220 is how every part of his life contributed. His 00:26:05.220 --> 00:26:07.319 interest in calligraphy led directly to the design 00:26:07.319 --> 00:26:09.500 of the Macca commercial failure that still had 00:26:09.500 --> 00:26:11.660 the DNA for everything that came next. And the 00:26:11.660 --> 00:26:14.119 commercial failure of NextT provided the tech 00:26:14.119 --> 00:26:17.019 foundation, NextT Step, that literally saved 00:26:17.019 --> 00:26:20.690 Apple in 1997. His whole career was this masterclass 00:26:20.690 --> 00:26:23.369 in turning missteps and detours into these massive 00:26:23.369 --> 00:26:26.289 future triumphs. The nonconformity was the engine. 00:26:26.470 --> 00:26:29.490 So we've tracked the immense power of that unique, 00:26:29.670 --> 00:26:32.130 non -traditional thinking. It let him disrupt 00:26:32.130 --> 00:26:35.710 computing, animation, music, mobile phones. Which 00:26:35.710 --> 00:26:38.490 raises an important final question. The genius 00:26:38.490 --> 00:26:41.460 that drove him to ignore convention. was rooted 00:26:41.460 --> 00:26:44.539 in this radical self -belief. But we saw how 00:26:44.539 --> 00:26:47.119 that exact same quality, that quest for a non 00:26:47.119 --> 00:26:49.640 -traditional answer, led him to pursue alternative 00:26:49.640 --> 00:26:53.099 medicine for nine crucial months instead of surgery 00:26:53.099 --> 00:26:55.740 for a treatable cancer. So how do we reconcile 00:26:55.740 --> 00:26:58.299 that? The revolutionary genius of non -conformity 00:26:58.299 --> 00:27:00.660 that gave us the iPhone with the tragic consequences 00:27:00.660 --> 00:27:02.660 of that same non -conformity when it's applied 00:27:02.660 --> 00:27:04.900 to something like personal health. I think that's 00:27:04.900 --> 00:27:06.420 a question that really defines the limits of 00:27:06.420 --> 00:27:06.640 genius.