WEBVTT 00:00:10.780 --> 00:00:32.759 Drop it down, make it shake This deep dive episode 00:00:32.759 --> 00:00:36.000 will be a bit dark and graphic. Just a pre -warning. 00:00:36.840 --> 00:00:39.679 What if humanity's attempt to make executions 00:00:39.679 --> 00:00:48.539 more humane only made them more horrifying? What 00:00:48.539 --> 00:00:51.240 happened next didn't go according to plan. The 00:00:51.240 --> 00:00:53.880 death stretched on longer than promised. The 00:00:53.880 --> 00:00:56.100 witnesses weren't prepared for what they saw. 00:00:56.719 --> 00:00:58.479 and the machine that was supposed to represent 00:00:58.479 --> 00:01:01.719 progress ended up revealing just how cruel progress 00:01:01.719 --> 00:01:05.140 could be. How did electricity, once the future, 00:01:05.340 --> 00:01:08.560 become an instrument of death? Let's take a deep 00:01:08.560 --> 00:01:11.319 dive into the dark and conflicting topic, the 00:01:11.319 --> 00:01:59.099 first electric chair, execution. Since ancient 00:01:59.099 --> 00:02:01.540 times, a common and dominant form of execution 00:02:01.540 --> 00:02:04.920 across humanity has been hanging. The first recorded 00:02:04.920 --> 00:02:08.560 instance of an execution by hanging was in Homer's 00:02:08.560 --> 00:02:11.460 Odyssey when 12 of Penelope's disloyal slave 00:02:11.460 --> 00:02:15.680 women were hanged by Telemachus, Odysseus' son. 00:02:16.460 --> 00:02:19.719 Hanging became a primary execution method during 00:02:19.719 --> 00:02:23.240 the Middle Ages, particularly in England, for 00:02:23.240 --> 00:02:26.020 those accused of greater crimes such as high 00:02:26.020 --> 00:02:29.990 treason. They were drawn, dragged on a makeshift 00:02:29.990 --> 00:02:34.229 wooden sled to their execution, hanged, and quartered, 00:02:34.229 --> 00:02:38.689 or disemboweled, as their punishment. While in 00:02:38.689 --> 00:02:41.650 the Middle Ages, execution by hanging was a public 00:02:41.650 --> 00:02:44.409 spectacle, in the late 19th century in the United 00:02:44.409 --> 00:02:47.409 States, especially in the South, states began 00:02:47.409 --> 00:02:49.810 to shift away from public hangings due to rising 00:02:49.810 --> 00:02:53.210 racial tensions. It was believed that public 00:02:53.210 --> 00:02:55.830 execution served as capital punishment for the 00:02:55.830 --> 00:02:58.689 offender, and deterrent for those watching the 00:02:58.689 --> 00:03:01.889 execution, a debate which is still argued to 00:03:01.889 --> 00:03:05.669 this day. However, crowds could become unruly, 00:03:05.729 --> 00:03:08.389 depending on public opinion, of the person being 00:03:08.389 --> 00:03:11.090 punished. And on the other side of the rope, 00:03:11.150 --> 00:03:13.550 an execution could be seen as a public spectacle 00:03:13.550 --> 00:03:17.969 or entertainment. A gradual move toward viewing 00:03:17.969 --> 00:03:22.090 executions as a solemn act of state justice drove 00:03:22.090 --> 00:03:25.620 this shift away from public executions. An occasional 00:03:25.620 --> 00:03:28.539 problem with hangings were botched executions. 00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:31.659 While the punishment was meant to be a quick 00:03:31.659 --> 00:03:34.199 death by breaking the neck, sometimes things 00:03:34.199 --> 00:03:36.699 could go wrong, causing the execution to be far 00:03:36.699 --> 00:03:40.259 more graphic than intended. Prolonged strangulation, 00:03:40.500 --> 00:03:43.199 decapitation, or serious injury occurred more 00:03:43.199 --> 00:03:45.120 frequently than people were comfortable with, 00:03:45.379 --> 00:03:48.419 leading to the public outcry to abolish the death 00:03:48.419 --> 00:03:50.580 penalty in many places in the United States. 00:03:51.469 --> 00:03:55.810 As an example, in 1906, William Williams hit 00:03:55.810 --> 00:03:59.050 the floor below the platform, requiring men to 00:03:59.050 --> 00:04:01.810 hold him up by the rope for 14 minutes until 00:04:01.810 --> 00:04:04.849 strangulation occurred. This is only one of many 00:04:04.849 --> 00:04:07.930 examples of botched executions by hanging, and 00:04:07.930 --> 00:04:10.210 a good example of the growing public discomfort. 00:04:12.629 --> 00:04:15.960 In the 19th century, A belief that technology 00:04:15.960 --> 00:04:19.500 could solve all moral problems arose. It is known 00:04:19.500 --> 00:04:23.699 as scientific humanitarianism. This growing philosophy 00:04:23.699 --> 00:04:26.639 viewed scientific progress as inherently good 00:04:26.639 --> 00:04:30.100 and a service to humanity. Spurred by figures 00:04:30.100 --> 00:04:32.860 such as Rudolf Carnap, a German philosopher, 00:04:33.180 --> 00:04:35.720 the philosophy spurred inventions, engineering, 00:04:35.939 --> 00:04:38.300 and scientific progress that would reshape the 00:04:38.300 --> 00:04:41.899 modern world. But can science make killing merciful? 00:04:44.910 --> 00:04:48.910 A key figure in our story, Dr. Alfred P. Southwick, 00:04:49.089 --> 00:04:52.670 a steamboat engineer, dentist, and inventor from 00:04:52.670 --> 00:04:56.370 Buffalo, New York. His first idea for electrocution 00:04:56.370 --> 00:04:59.949 as a death penalty alternative came after witnessing 00:04:59.949 --> 00:05:02.930 a drunk man kill himself by touching a generator. 00:05:03.689 --> 00:05:06.490 From what he witnessed, he believed electricity 00:05:06.490 --> 00:05:10.990 could cause instant and painless death. During 00:05:10.990 --> 00:05:13.069 the development of the electric chair, animals 00:05:13.069 --> 00:05:15.529 were used to test out generators and dial in 00:05:15.529 --> 00:05:18.129 how much of a shock was required. A commission 00:05:18.129 --> 00:05:20.910 was formed by New York State to find a better 00:05:20.910 --> 00:05:23.310 execution method than hanging, and the decision 00:05:23.310 --> 00:05:25.629 was made to replace hanging with electrocution. 00:05:26.449 --> 00:05:29.269 They argued their case by using keywords like 00:05:29.269 --> 00:05:34.329 civilized, modern, and scientific. But there 00:05:34.329 --> 00:05:36.949 was more happening behind the curtain. People 00:05:36.949 --> 00:05:39.149 were playing chess for their own gain and saw 00:05:39.149 --> 00:05:43.129 opportunity in the dentist's invention. Southwick 00:05:43.129 --> 00:05:45.529 originally reached out to Thomas Edison for his 00:05:45.529 --> 00:05:48.129 help developing the electric chair. However, 00:05:48.269 --> 00:05:51.170 Edison was adamantly against capital punishment 00:05:51.170 --> 00:05:54.009 and referred the determined steamboat engineer 00:05:54.009 --> 00:05:57.209 to George Westinghouse. This may seem like an 00:05:57.209 --> 00:05:59.509 honest move of one inventor trying to help out 00:05:59.509 --> 00:06:02.110 another by steering him in the right direction. 00:06:02.389 --> 00:06:05.759 However, it's more devious than that. Thomas 00:06:05.759 --> 00:06:08.600 Edison is the father of direct current, or DC, 00:06:08.800 --> 00:06:12.779 electricity, while George Westinghouse and Nikolai 00:06:12.779 --> 00:06:15.959 Tesla were the spearheads for alternating current, 00:06:16.199 --> 00:06:20.279 or AC. Edison's intentions were to associate 00:06:20.279 --> 00:06:23.639 the use of AC generators with death in the public 00:06:23.639 --> 00:06:28.079 eye. To demonstrate the dangers of AC power, 00:06:28.339 --> 00:06:31.660 Edison set up demonstrations where tin dishes 00:06:31.660 --> 00:06:35.029 were connected to an AC generator. Dogs would 00:06:35.029 --> 00:06:37.730 be released near the tins, and when they made 00:06:37.730 --> 00:06:41.009 contact they would be electrocuted and die. He 00:06:41.009 --> 00:06:43.449 held such demonstrations for New York state officials 00:06:43.449 --> 00:06:46.810 with the hopes of getting AC to be used for electric 00:06:46.810 --> 00:06:51.430 chairs. Edison hoped executions would discredit 00:06:51.430 --> 00:06:54.470 Westinghouse. The nickname for electric chair 00:06:54.470 --> 00:06:57.629 executions were referred to as being Westinghoused 00:06:57.629 --> 00:07:01.240 to further discredit George Westinghouse. Much 00:07:01.240 --> 00:07:03.560 like Edison, Westinghouse did not want to be 00:07:03.560 --> 00:07:06.540 associated with capital punishment. So Harold 00:07:06.540 --> 00:07:09.339 Brown was commissioned by New York State to continue 00:07:09.339 --> 00:07:11.899 the project after multiple prisons ordered electric 00:07:11.899 --> 00:07:15.860 chairs for their prisons. To ensure the chair 00:07:15.860 --> 00:07:19.339 would run off of AC generators, and not DC generators, 00:07:19.819 --> 00:07:23.420 Edison secretly funded the project. And now, 00:07:23.620 --> 00:07:25.800 with the project greenlit and pressing forward, 00:07:26.139 --> 00:07:28.779 the time was coming for its first real -world 00:07:28.779 --> 00:07:31.810 use. an event that would shock people across 00:07:31.810 --> 00:07:34.569 the United States and generate even more controversy. 00:07:39.009 --> 00:07:46.310 William Kemmler was born in Philadelphia in 1806. 00:07:46.649 --> 00:07:49.170 Both of his parents were immigrants from Germany, 00:07:49.310 --> 00:07:52.750 and both were known for being alcoholics. At 00:07:52.750 --> 00:07:55.449 age 10, William dropped out of school, unable 00:07:55.449 --> 00:07:58.490 to read or write, and began working at his father's 00:07:58.490 --> 00:08:03.620 butcher shop. Kemmler's father would die from 00:08:03.620 --> 00:08:06.199 an infection he received after a drunken brawl, 00:08:06.240 --> 00:08:08.600 and his mother from complications with prolonged 00:08:08.600 --> 00:08:13.199 alcohol use. After his parents' deaths, William 00:08:13.199 --> 00:08:15.959 went into the peddling business, selling goods 00:08:15.959 --> 00:08:18.379 door to door, and raised enough money to buy 00:08:18.379 --> 00:08:21.740 a horse and a cart. At this point, he too was 00:08:21.740 --> 00:08:26.959 a heavy alcoholic. Once during a drunken binge 00:08:26.959 --> 00:08:29.709 with his friends, William declared that he would 00:08:29.709 --> 00:08:32.190 jump an eight -foot fence with his horse and 00:08:32.190 --> 00:08:35.929 cart. The attempt was shockingly a failure, and 00:08:35.929 --> 00:08:37.929 his cart and goods were destroyed in the incident. 00:08:38.629 --> 00:08:41.309 He was known to his friends and local buffalo 00:08:41.309 --> 00:08:45.169 as Philadelphia Billy, and his drinking binges 00:08:45.169 --> 00:08:54.730 were well noted. On March 29th in 1889, William 00:08:54.730 --> 00:08:57.580 Kemmler was recovering from one of his infamous 00:08:57.580 --> 00:09:00.379 binges when he became enraged with his girlfriend, 00:09:00.659 --> 00:09:04.639 Tilly Ziegler. He reportedly accused her of stealing 00:09:04.639 --> 00:09:07.340 from him and plotting to run away with a friend 00:09:07.340 --> 00:09:10.740 of his. When the argument reached its peak, he 00:09:10.740 --> 00:09:13.059 retrieved a hatchet and struck Tilly multiple 00:09:13.059 --> 00:09:16.860 times until she was dead. Then William went to 00:09:16.860 --> 00:09:18.720 a neighbor's house and announced that he had 00:09:18.720 --> 00:09:21.919 just murdered his girlfriend. That same day, 00:09:22.059 --> 00:09:24.899 William was accused of the murder of Tilly Ziegler. 00:09:25.470 --> 00:09:29.009 His trial and sentencing were swift. He was convicted 00:09:29.009 --> 00:09:31.909 of first -degree murder on May 10th. Only three 00:09:31.909 --> 00:09:34.789 days later, he was sentenced to death, destined 00:09:34.789 --> 00:09:37.750 to be the first execution by electric chair. 00:09:37.970 --> 00:09:40.690 However, George Westinghouse was still trying 00:09:40.690 --> 00:09:43.990 to disassociate AC generators with capital punishment, 00:09:44.250 --> 00:09:46.929 and one of his lawyers appealed to the court, 00:09:47.090 --> 00:09:49.769 claiming that electrocution was a violation of 00:09:49.769 --> 00:09:52.769 the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment. 00:09:53.840 --> 00:09:56.059 The case was brought to the Supreme Court and 00:09:56.059 --> 00:09:58.320 ultimately the court turned down the appeal on 00:09:58.320 --> 00:10:01.279 the grounds that there was no cruel and unusual 00:10:01.279 --> 00:10:04.539 punishment in death by electrocution. It was 00:10:04.539 --> 00:10:06.740 deemed by the Supreme Court that this form of 00:10:06.740 --> 00:10:09.480 execution would be far more humane than hanging. 00:10:10.679 --> 00:10:15.960 At 5 a .m. on August 6, 1890, William Kemmler 00:10:15.960 --> 00:10:18.539 is awoken from his cell at the Auburn State Prison. 00:10:19.200 --> 00:10:21.960 He is put in a suit with a necktie and white 00:10:21.960 --> 00:10:25.600 shirt and fed breakfast. After, the top of his 00:10:25.600 --> 00:10:29.500 head is shaved, and at 6 .38 a .m., Kemmler enters 00:10:29.500 --> 00:10:38.519 the execution chamber. Approximately 25 people 00:10:38.519 --> 00:10:41.200 are present in the execution room, to include 00:10:41.200 --> 00:10:46.129 physicians Dr. Spitzka and Dr. MacDonald. both 00:10:46.129 --> 00:10:48.490 officially designated to oversee the execution. 00:10:49.009 --> 00:10:52.309 The warden of Auburn Prison, Charles Durston, 00:10:52.490 --> 00:10:54.990 Alfred Southwick, the inventor of the electric 00:10:54.990 --> 00:10:58.250 chair. Additionally, reporters from various news 00:10:58.250 --> 00:11:04.549 publications were also present. Kemmler is brought 00:11:04.549 --> 00:11:06.730 into the room and introduced to the witnesses, 00:11:07.110 --> 00:11:09.990 who were seated in a semicircle facing the death 00:11:09.990 --> 00:11:12.940 chair. It was noted in the official report that 00:11:12.940 --> 00:11:15.600 William's manner and appearance indicated a state 00:11:15.600 --> 00:11:19.120 of subdued elation, as if he were happy to be 00:11:19.120 --> 00:11:21.980 the center of attention. It seemed he did not 00:11:21.980 --> 00:11:26.519 understand the gravity of the scenario. He was 00:11:26.519 --> 00:11:28.860 seated in a chair in front of the electric chair, 00:11:29.019 --> 00:11:31.799 and after the warden's introduction, he stated 00:11:31.799 --> 00:11:34.759 to the witnesses, Well, I wish everyone good 00:11:34.759 --> 00:11:37.779 luck in this world. I think I am going to a good 00:11:37.779 --> 00:11:41.240 place. And the papers has been saying a lot of 00:11:41.240 --> 00:11:44.139 stuff about me that wasn't true. That's all I 00:11:44.139 --> 00:11:48.799 have to say. The warden ordered Kemmler stand 00:11:48.799 --> 00:11:51.860 and remove his coat. Without any displayed emotion 00:11:51.860 --> 00:11:54.659 or nervousness, William took his seat in the 00:11:54.659 --> 00:11:57.179 death chair. He calmly followed all directions 00:11:57.179 --> 00:12:00.139 as electrodes were strapped to him and his arms 00:12:00.139 --> 00:12:02.860 and legs were positioned and strapped in. He 00:12:02.860 --> 00:12:05.059 told the men preparing the chair to not hurry. 00:12:05.769 --> 00:12:08.450 Be sure that everything is alright. He pressed 00:12:08.450 --> 00:12:11.289 his back firmly against the back electrodes and 00:12:11.289 --> 00:12:13.610 requested that the electrode on his head be strapped 00:12:13.610 --> 00:12:16.830 tighter. The whole setup took about four minutes 00:12:16.830 --> 00:12:19.470 and ended with the final moistening of the electrodes. 00:12:19.909 --> 00:12:22.509 The warden gave the order to charge the switches. 00:12:29.289 --> 00:12:32.070 The instant contact was made, Kemmler's body 00:12:32.070 --> 00:12:35.559 jolted into a state of complete rigidity. The 00:12:35.559 --> 00:12:38.600 shock lasted 17 seconds and no consciousness 00:12:38.600 --> 00:12:42.360 was noted from any of the witnesses. The warden 00:12:42.360 --> 00:12:45.519 ordered that contact be broken. Kemmler was pronounced 00:12:45.519 --> 00:12:49.080 dead. The physician, Dr. McDonald, had originally 00:12:49.080 --> 00:12:52.259 recommended a 20 -second shock at 2 ,000 volts 00:12:52.259 --> 00:12:55.580 or more. However, other physicians said that 00:12:55.580 --> 00:12:59.279 10 seconds would suffice and a time span shorter, 00:12:59.399 --> 00:13:02.899 but not by much, was decided on. as well as only 00:13:02.899 --> 00:13:06.340 charging the generator to 1 ,000 volts. It was 00:13:06.340 --> 00:13:09.759 reported when the shock ended, his state of rigidity 00:13:09.759 --> 00:13:12.659 immediately ended and William's whole body relaxed. 00:13:14.120 --> 00:13:17.080 Half a minute after the first shock, his chest 00:13:17.080 --> 00:13:20.100 began to spasm and mucus began to come out of 00:13:20.100 --> 00:13:22.940 Kemmler's mouth. There was no evidence of a return 00:13:22.940 --> 00:13:26.000 of consciousness or bodily sensation. but due 00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:28.220 to the possibility that his life might not have 00:13:28.220 --> 00:13:30.860 been completely extinguished, the order was given 00:13:30.860 --> 00:13:35.000 by Dr. Spitzka to deliver a second shock. The 00:13:35.000 --> 00:13:37.600 generator was charged to 2 ,000 volts this time, 00:13:37.720 --> 00:13:41.039 and a second shock was delivered, this time lasting 00:13:41.039 --> 00:13:45.059 70 seconds. The state of rigidity in Kemmler's 00:13:45.059 --> 00:13:48.200 body returned. Blood vessels began to pop and 00:13:48.200 --> 00:13:51.480 bleed on his skin, and a horrible odor permeated 00:13:51.480 --> 00:13:54.879 the room. Some witnesses fainted at the sight. 00:13:55.179 --> 00:13:57.559 There were claims that at one point during the 00:13:57.559 --> 00:14:01.379 second shock, his flesh caught fire. It was reported 00:14:01.379 --> 00:14:04.600 by a witness from the New York Times that the 00:14:04.600 --> 00:14:06.940 sponge on the top of his head dried up from the 00:14:06.940 --> 00:14:09.539 prolonged shock and the flesh under and around 00:14:09.539 --> 00:14:12.620 the electrode at the base of the spine was singeing. 00:14:12.779 --> 00:14:16.399 One witness famously said that it was worse than 00:14:16.399 --> 00:14:19.600 hanging. The entire execution that was supposed 00:14:19.600 --> 00:14:22.909 to take 20 seconds or less ended up lasting a 00:14:22.909 --> 00:14:26.389 grueling eight minutes. Following the execution, 00:14:26.769 --> 00:14:29.929 shockwaves reverberated through the public. A 00:14:29.929 --> 00:14:32.549 newspaper headline read, a horrible spectacle, 00:14:32.850 --> 00:14:37.350 while another stated, a failure of science. Physicians 00:14:37.350 --> 00:14:39.730 were torn on the use of electric chair, with 00:14:39.730 --> 00:14:42.409 many condemning its use, while others maintained 00:14:42.409 --> 00:14:45.769 that it was more humane than hanging. The debate 00:14:45.769 --> 00:14:48.750 mostly arose from the botched first attempt and 00:14:48.750 --> 00:14:51.539 the aftermath of the event. However, the argument 00:14:51.539 --> 00:14:53.740 in its favor came from the observed immediate 00:14:53.740 --> 00:14:56.480 loss of consciousness, with the idea that the 00:14:56.480 --> 00:14:58.379 punished could not feel the pain of the shock. 00:15:00.360 --> 00:15:03.419 In the aftermath, Edison continued to publicly 00:15:03.419 --> 00:15:06.139 condemn the use of an electric chair for capital 00:15:06.139 --> 00:15:09.860 punishment. George Westinghouse made the statement, 00:15:10.059 --> 00:15:12.919 they would have done a better job with an axe, 00:15:13.179 --> 00:15:16.059 and also publicly condemned further use of the 00:15:16.059 --> 00:15:18.730 electric chair. Despite widespread backlash, 00:15:19.250 --> 00:15:21.950 New York State kept the electric chair and other 00:15:21.950 --> 00:15:24.710 states would begin adopting it. The electric 00:15:24.710 --> 00:15:27.149 chair would become the dominant form of execution 00:15:27.149 --> 00:15:31.429 in the United States from 1889 to the mid -1980s. 00:15:31.789 --> 00:15:34.909 Several states still authorize the electric chair 00:15:34.909 --> 00:15:37.590 as a backup to lethal injection to this day, 00:15:37.690 --> 00:15:41.509 to include Alabama, Arkansas, and Florida. This 00:15:41.509 --> 00:15:43.929 is not the only example of a botched execution 00:15:43.929 --> 00:15:47.490 via electric chair. As the use of electric chairs 00:15:47.490 --> 00:15:50.029 spread across the United States, so did the number 00:15:50.029 --> 00:15:55.090 of horrific and failed executions. In 1977, the 00:15:55.090 --> 00:15:58.590 execution method of lethal injection was introduced 00:15:58.590 --> 00:16:01.850 in Oklahoma and quickly replaced the use of the 00:16:01.850 --> 00:16:06.129 electric chair. With further research into pain 00:16:06.129 --> 00:16:08.429 and consciousness, there has been evidence that 00:16:08.429 --> 00:16:11.490 consciousness still persists during the shock, 00:16:11.730 --> 00:16:14.450 which would mean an enduring pain until consciousness 00:16:14.450 --> 00:16:17.620 fails. This has contributed to the argument against 00:16:17.620 --> 00:16:20.480 the use of electric chairs. And overall, the 00:16:20.480 --> 00:16:22.480 debate still continues over the death penalty. 00:16:22.779 --> 00:16:25.399 There seemed to be an idea that the use of technology 00:16:25.399 --> 00:16:29.279 would remove moral responsibility. A painless, 00:16:29.340 --> 00:16:33.019 humane death was promised by the inventor and 00:16:33.019 --> 00:16:35.159 those lobbying for the electric chair's use. 00:16:35.620 --> 00:16:37.940 However, history paints a different picture. 00:16:38.409 --> 00:16:40.950 As new methods of any practice come out, it is 00:16:40.950 --> 00:16:43.250 difficult to predict who will be negatively impacted 00:16:43.250 --> 00:16:46.389 and what the outcome will be. Progress often 00:16:46.389 --> 00:16:49.409 comes with blood on its hands, and history remains 00:16:49.409 --> 00:16:52.570 amoral, acting as a hard drive of lessons learned 00:16:52.570 --> 00:16:55.789 throughout our evolution as a society. I feel 00:16:55.789 --> 00:16:58.309 that it's easy to look back at past events and 00:16:58.309 --> 00:17:00.389 cast judgment on those who had the responsibility 00:17:00.389 --> 00:17:03.370 thrust upon them. However, we are looking through 00:17:03.370 --> 00:17:05.849 a lens of understanding in hindsight. And it's 00:17:05.849 --> 00:17:09.089 very possible that through the same lens, those 00:17:09.089 --> 00:17:11.269 same people would agree with our perspective 00:17:11.269 --> 00:17:15.369 today. Now I will step off my soapbox. If you 00:17:15.369 --> 00:17:17.509 made it this far, thank you for listening. This 00:17:17.509 --> 00:17:19.670 is a dark and heavy topic with some grisly detail 00:17:19.670 --> 00:17:23.569 that I hope was not too gratuitous. I appreciate 00:17:23.569 --> 00:17:26.029 you coming with me on this deep dive into what 00:17:26.029 --> 00:17:28.490 you didn't hear about the first electric chair 00:17:28.490 --> 00:17:31.190 execution. Consider sharing this episode with 00:17:31.190 --> 00:17:32.970 somebody that you know is into dark history, 00:17:33.049 --> 00:17:35.529 and leave a review on whatever podcast platform 00:17:35.529 --> 00:17:37.609 you're listening on. Thank you for listening, 00:17:37.710 --> 00:17:40.609 and until next time, this is What You Didn't 00:17:40.609 --> 00:18:11.299 Hear. Yeah.