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you or call 920 -435 -2973 or online at PL -259
.com. Good evening everyone. It's time for HamTalk
Live episode number 101. The science learned
from the solar eclipse QSO party recorded live
on Thursday, February 8th, 2018. I'm your host,
Neil Rapp, WB9VPG. Thanks for tuning into this
episode of HamTalk Live. Tonight we're joined
by Dr. Nathaniel Frisell, W2NAF. and we'll take
your calls live in just a few minutes. Last week
Val in V9L and Bryant KG5HVO were here to give
us a live update on the Bouvet Island De -Expedition
and since that show they did have to cancel that
trip due to some engine problems on the boat
and we wish them a safe journey home. They're
trying to get to South Africa right now and on
one engine and they're already talking about
rescheduling so we'll try to catch up with them
at some point. If you missed that show you can
listen anytime at HamTalkLive .com or you can
tune in on one of those podcast outlets like
Apple Podcasts or Stitcher or I Heart Podcasts.
Google Play, TuneIn, or SoundCloud. We're also
on YouTube, so you can find us there. And a couple
of announcements here before we go to break.
Next week is School Club Roundup, so be sure
to get on the air and make some contacts for
some students. It's Monday through Friday on
most bands and all modes. And more information
is at arrl .org. school -club -roundup. So I
know I'll be on the air every day next week.
So hope to hear you as my students are on and
all these other students around the globe getting
on and trying to talk to each other and everyone
else. So be sure to get on. Also, it's time for
nominations for the Young Ham Linza Hand Award.
Carol Perry, WB2MGP, will be collecting nominations
to recognize a young licensed person, age 19
or younger, who has gone above and beyond to
help others. Maybe it's helping with an antenna
installation, showing ham radio to others. Helping
with emergency communications or maybe it's not
even necessarily ham radio related, but they're
licensed ham The winner will receive an award
from the Radio Club of America their youth activities
directive at the Dayton hamvention youth forum
and a $100 stipend donated by the quarter century
Wireless Association for their good deeds. So
if you know a young person deserving of that
award Send your nomination to carol at WB2MGP
at gmail .com by April 1st. Well, get your science
hats on here. We don't have Bill Nye the mechanical
engineer guy. We have Dr. Nathaniel Frisell and
we're going to talk about the ionosphere and
all these things that we discovered in the solar
eclipse QSO party and so you'll be able to call
in as well as we always do. The phone number
812 -NATAM -1 -812 -638 -4261 or you can Skype
us. We're HamTalk Live on Skype and Of course,
you can tweet us. Our Twitter handle is at HamTalk
Live. So I'll be back with Nathaniel right after
this word from Tower Electronics right here on
HamTalk Live. This episode of HamTalk Live is
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HamTalk Live. Your host, Neil Rapp, would tell
you a chemistry joke, but he probably wouldn't
get a reaction. Now, more HamTalk Live. Thanks
to Scott and Jill at Tower Electronics for sponsoring
the show tonight to help bring you HamTalk Live.
This weekend, I'm jealous. They're in Orlando,
Florida at Hamcation. So make sure you stop by
and see them there. I've never been to Hamcation.
I want to go. February 24th are in Dalton, Florida
and March 3rd, Cave City, Kentucky, which I have
been to that one. And you can call 920 -435 -2973
or visit them online. at PL -259 .com. Tell them
you heard it on HamTalk Live and get your connectors
or whatever you need. I just put on a couple
of those connectors today at school, so thanks
to Scott and Jill for that. Well, our guest tonight
is Dr. Nathaniel Frisell, W2NAF. He is an assistant
research professor at the New Jersey Institute
of Technology Center for Solar Terrestrial Research.
he's the lead organizer of HamSci, a project
that explores how ham radio can help us understand
more about the physics of the ionosphere. Nathaniel
completed his PhD in electrical engineering in
spring 2016 at the Superdarn HF Radar Laboratory
at Virginia Tech. He was also involved in the
Virginia Tech Amateur Radio Association where
he coordinated the VE team. His interests include
HF, CW, HF propagation and radio scouting. including
involvement with the W -2 FSR station at Forsberg
Scout Reservation in New York, as well as working
on the K -2 BSA staff at the National Scout Jamboree.
So Nathaniel, welcome to HamTalk Live. Thank
you very much, Neil. I appreciate it. Yeah, we're
glad to have you back. We're on the Solar Eclipse
QSO party show for the question and answer part,
so this time we've got you for the whole 45 minutes
and glad you could come and we'll put on our
science hats here and get all the science geek
stuff going here tonight, which I always enjoy
getting to do that every once in a while and
tie my chemistry in here a little bit. So let's
talk about what we did in the QSO party back
on August 21st when Ham Radio had a chance to
contribute to science studying the effects of
the clips. So how did the QSO party go? So the
QSO party went very well. So the QSO party was
an eight -hour event It took place both before,
during, and after this solar eclipse was over
the continental United States. We had quite a
large amount of participation. We had over 600
logs submitted, and from those 600 logs, we had
over 30 ,000 QSOs logged. But in addition to
that data, we also had observations from the
reverse speaking network. WhisperNet and the
PSK Reporter system. And from Reverse Speaking
Network we had over 618 ,000 spots. From WhisperNet
we had over 630 ,000 spots. And from PSK Reporter
we had over 1 .2 million spots. So that's a lot
of observations for us to look at. That's a lot
of data to crunch. It certainly is. My students
today were doing antacid titrations and they
did two whole trials. So they had two data sets.
So I think you beat them just by a little bit.
Maybe. We might have a little bit more to work
with here. Just a little bit. Well, after crunching
all of that data and coming up with some conclusions,
here's our scientific method for those of you
playing along at home. What did you find out
from all this data? Well, we found out that our
expectation was pretty much met with the data
that we collected. What our expectation was that
the ionosphere would see a decrease in density
due to the eclipse, and that would cause a weakening
or worse propagation. Decrease in the propagation
on the higher bands say like 14 megahertz and
maybe some improvement on the lower bands of
40 meters 80 meters and 160 meters So that's
the that's the main gist of what we got out of
this but one thing I wanted to say that um, you
know eclipses have been studied many times in
the past how is and their ionospheric effects
have been studied many times in the past. But
most of those studies have been fairly small
scale, maybe a couple of data points here and
there. A couple years ago, the Radio Society
of Great Britain, they did a partial eclipse
QSO experiment where they had larger numbers.
This event that we ran, we have by far more data
than any other previous ionosphere eclipse experiment
that's happened and so that really makes this
data set quite unique. Absolutely and you were
kind enough to share with me some of your preliminary
results you're working on writing all this stuff
up right now and and notice that You know, there's
some good graphs there and you were kind enough
to share those. And we sent those out on Twitter
and Facebook right before the show and we'll
get those on Instagram here. We ran out of time.
So Instagram folks, I'll get you here in a little
bit. But you did have some graphs that kind of
showed that. So if people want to see those,
you can head over to our social media here for
HamTalk Live on Facebook and Twitter and I'll
get them on. Instagram again a little bit later.
But that's all on the HamSci website is where
this came from and we also link to some slides
over there about all of this. But in reading
the paper and doing a little more of the scientific
write -up, I noticed that you talked a lot about
the control of your experiment, which is, you
know, what goes on normally, and that the lousy
sunspot cycle that we're all complaining about
all the time was actually good for something
for once. So tell us about that. Absolutely.
So, yes, we were very fortunate on the eclipse
day because Overall, things were geomagnetically
quiet. The sun was not very active that day,
and that makes it easier for us to see the eclipse
effects. I should say that we had a few small,
there were a couple of small solar flares later
in the day. There was one around 18 UT and another
one maybe around 21 UT, but those were very,
very minor. uh kp was less than three for the
entire period and many of the other parameters
that we look for in the solar wind and um the
interplanetary magnetic field those were uh fairly
normal values so we can be fairly certain that
the effects that we're seeing are more likely
due to the eclipse rather than due to other forms
of space weather and that's something you can't
control and you always hope that you get when
you do some kind of scientific study and it was
good for something. That's right. Absolutely.
Now, can we get rid of it now that the study's
over? Can we get rid of it now? Now the study's
over. Let's put, let's get that solar activity
going again. We have less solar activity. We
can start like putting more of an emphasis on
those lower bands. So, you know, there's still,
still things we can do with our hobby here. Uh,
but yeah, we'll, we'll start seeing things ramp
up again, eventually. But one of the other things
he mentioned was the idea of a control group
and, um, That's something in the paper that I
wrote. I took this idea of a control group and
needed something to compare the solar eclipse
QSO party observations against. And one of the
ways I did that was I took reverse beacon network
data from days before the solar eclipse and days
after the solar eclipse. I was able to use that
as a control group to compare with what happened
during the SEQP. And you mentioned that in your
paper, I noticed too, that you were just kind
of overwhelmed with the number of contacts and
data points that were on the air for this thing,
that people really did turn out for this. Absolutely.
It's taken a lot of effort to just get the data
put together in a form that we could look at
it. And in the paper that I've worked on, I've
only used a subset of it. Of the data, I've focused
on reverse speaking network data and even that
subset of the data is, um, hundreds of thousands
of data points. So trying to figure out how do
we whittle these, the things that we look at
down into a story that we can tell and we can
understand. That's a very tricky thing. Yeah,
always is. And, uh, You've still got your work
cut out for you, but I'm glad that we're able
to get some of the preliminary results and take
a look at some of that. Now I know you also are
offering a workshop through HamSci, which, by
the way, I didn't mention the address. That's
HamSci .org, H -A -M -S -C -I .org. But you're
offering a workshop in a couple of weeks there
where you work at NJIT. So tell us about this
workshop coming up. Sure. So this workshop is
going to be the first HamSci workshop meeting.
And I'm quite excited about it because it's going
to really be a meeting of both professional scientists
and amateur radio operators coming together to
talk about how can we advanced science through
amateur radio. And the meeting has two main themes.
The Friday of the meeting is going to focus mostly
on solar eclipse observations. So I'll be presenting
the observations I made from the solar eclipse
QSO party. We're going to have hams from the
community who've done their own experiments and
also have used data from the Eclipse Go So party,
they'll be presenting. We have scientists from
the MIT Haystack Observatory and Johns Hopkins
Applied Physics Laboratory. They'll be coming
and presenting their professional observations
of eclipse results. So it's really quite exciting.
And then on Saturday, we're going to be talking
about a newer project. We're looking at the possibility
of developing a personal space weather station,
a device that We would design and build that
could tell you what the space weather conditions
are at your local, at your particular location.
And then it would send that data back to, um,
MJIT and the HamSci. And we would be able to
use that to say, um, get a better picture of
what is going around the country and around the
globe. Well, it sounds like a very unique opportunity
and, uh, Sounds like a great idea and you know
if this goes over real well, are you planning
some more? I certainly hope so we hope this is
the first of many so this is going to be a good
start and then we're also hoping to be at the
Dayton Hamvention and we're also Working with
the with the Tapper group the Tucson amateur
packet radio group. They have a digital communications
convention the DCC in The fall in September,
so I'm hoping that we'll have like the hamsai
meeting in the winter around February when we're
having it now Then we'll meet again with Tapper
in the fall and then you know about six months
later a little bit later Then we'll meet again
with hamsai. So I'm hoping that this is the first
of many Sounds like a great undertaking and I'm
very appreciative of you doing that and making
those connections between ham radio and science
and it's a wonderful thing. So we're going to
take a break but when we come back we're going
to open up the phone lines and look at the tweets
and take your questions about The results here
from the solar eclipse QSO party and some of
the science that we've been able to figure out
of the ionosphere from all of that data. So we'll
do that after we come back after this word from
the National Voice of America Museum of Broadcasting
right here on HamTalk Live. The National Voice
of America Museum of Broadcasting, located in
Westchester, Ohio, just north of Cincinnati,
is only two minutes off I -75. The museum is
the former home of the Voice of America Bethany
Relay Station. Tours are now available every
Saturday and Sunday from 1 to 4 p .m. Eastern
time. You can see the control room. a 200 ,000
watt transmitter, and the most comprehensive
collection of inventions by the iconic Powell
-Crosley Jr. Also on display is a huge antique
radio exhibit and R .L. Drake's personal collection
of most every Drake amateur rig ever made. This
is a unique opportunity to see amateur radio
in action and have a chance to get on the air
from WC8VOA. Admission is only $5 a person. The
museum is located close to historic WLWAM and
tons of shopping and restaurants. Take a trip
to the VOA museum or visit us online at voamuseum
.org. Join the conversation call us on voice
with Skype at ham talk live or give us a call
at eight one two net ham one That's eight one
two six three eight four two six one now. Here's
more ham talk live The Voice of America Museum
of Broadcasting's next special event is an evening
with Wayne Martin. It'll be held on Saturday,
March 3rd at 7 .30 p .m. The event is in conjunction
with an exhibit on Larry Smith Puppet's The Works,
which is now on display at the museum. So if
you want a little Cincinnati children's television
history, that'd be a great event to go to. Again,
Saturday, March 3rd. 730 p .m. The Voice of America
Museum of Broadcasting in Westchester, Ohio and
Glad to have them around hope to get over there
some more soon ham talk live We're on the air
every Thursday night at 9 p .m. Eastern Time
at HamTalkLive .com. Check us out on Facebook,
Twitter, and Instagram. And it is time for your
calls now. So if you've had a question for Nathaniel,
now is the time to call. So let me give you that
phone number. It's 812 -NET. ham1 that's 812
-638 -4261 or you can Skype us we're hamtalklive
on Skype or tweet us at hamtalklive on the old
Twitter and we'll also watch the chat here if
you make a comment on the Spreaker website we'll
see that as well so We'll open it up and take
questions from you all about Ham -Sci, about
the solar eclipse, QSO party, and the results
from this or anything else. And we've got a call
right now, so let's go ahead and go to our first
call of the night. Good evening. Who's this?
Ben? Can you turn your speakers down there? Okay.
All right. Thank you, Ben. What's your call sign?
K2CPU, Keebo 2, Charlie, Havaii uniform. Oh,
great. Glad to have you on here, Ben. Just talked
to you here not long ago for Newsline. So what's
your question here this evening? Oh, my call
sign is listening in the speaker. I'm just, uh,
listening about the Solar Switch Q so far. Yeah,
just turned it on. And, uh, I wanted to play
with, uh, Hancock Live, and Karen told me to
listen, so I figured I'd give it a listen. I
just wanted to say hello. I'm interrupting the
show. Sorry about that. Oh, no problem. Thanks
for calling in. Appreciate it. Ben's going to
be on Newsline here in the morning, actually,
when that comes out, so look forward to that.
Were you a part of the, were you in on the solar
eclipse QSO party by chance? I operated a little
bit. We went down to Robert Moses Beach and we
didn't do it for very long. We were on the air
for about an hour or so. 50 or 60 contacts there
weren't we there weren't that many people that
seen but uh, at least where we were but There
we made some contacts but not that many. Um Yeah,
I didn't notice any effects of the solar eclipse,
but uh, I like to hear the results of the scientific
data Yeah, nathaniel there's there's 50 or 60
of your data points Hi, ben. How are you? Nice
to meet you. All right Hi. So yes, I've been
looking mostly at the reverse speaking network
data. And there are two really interesting effects
that I noticed. One is in the 14 megahertz data,
I can see a decrease in the amount of signal
to noise ratio we would see as you get more of
the eclipse. And the reason we believe that occurs
is because the ionosphere is getting weaker and
so more of the 14 megahertz rays, they escape
out into space. On the seven megahertz band,
we see something a little bit different. We actually
see the distances you can talk to increase quite
substantially as you see more eclipse. This also
is because the ionosphere is thinning, the 7
MHz band will just be bent less, and it's still
below the critical frequency. So instead of escaping
out into space, the rays just move out in distance.
So those are two of the major effects that we
saw in the RBM data. OK, that's very interesting.
I'm sure you had a lot of data. Yeah, we. Did
you judge on the sideband? of the band or mostly
just like the reverse speaking network in the
ZW? At this point, I've focused only on the reverse
speaking network data. I think some other people
have also looked at whispernet data. But one
nice thing is that all of those observations
are still in there, are still available. And
so I would imagine that I am planning on releasing
the log data. once we get it a little bit more
processed, so then the voice and the phone data
will be available for people to look at as well.
Also, some of that should show up on DX cluster,
which is also available for analysis. So we're
hoping to continue to do more with this data
in the future. Okay. That sounds good. All right.
Well, I'm going to go back to listening. I guess
I just hang up, right? Yep, you do. Thanks for
calling, Ben. Appreciate you calling in and asking
about this. And thanks for contributing some
of that data. Yeah, thank you very much. It was
really nice meeting you. You too. All right.
Bye -bye. All right. Thanks, Ben. Bye -bye. 812
-638 -4261 is the phone number 812 -NET -HAM
-1 if you'd like to join in the conversation
this evening. We're talking about HamSci and
the ionosphere with the solar eclipse and the
data from the solar eclipse QSO party. So yeah,
you're gonna take this data and you've still
got a lot more to to process here, are you going
to be looking at any other trends? You mentioned
what was happening on 40 and 20. Do you have
any other things that you're going to be looking
for? Absolutely. There's a few things we're working
on right now. One of the things I think this
data set's going to be very helpful with is testing
ionospheric models. So there are some numerical
models that have already been published or put
out there that predict what the ionosphere was
supposed to look like during the eclipse. And
we can use a technique called ray tracing to
calculate how radio waves, HF radio waves, travel
through those that ionosphere. And we have both
eclipsed versions of the ionosphere and non -eclipsed
versions of the ionosphere. And so right now
I have a student who's working with this data,
the RBN and the PSK reporter data, and he's also
working with some of these ionospheric models
and he's trying to develop ways to test the models
based on the data that we have. So that's something
we have in development right now. All right.
Well, it sounds like you've got plenty of work
to keep you occupied and your students. So that's
always a good thing. What are you looking at
doing in the future with HamSci? And you mentioned
trying to do some of these. sharing of results,
get -togethers and workshops. What else is in
the works for HamSci? I think there's a few things.
One of the things we're really working on right
now is You know, we have these large data sets,
but they're not really designed for scientific
use. You know, they're designed for ham radio
use. They're designed to say you get on the air
and you're like, I want to know if I can hear,
you know, Russia or Germany or, you know, Antarctica
or some DX country. It doesn't really give you
a good measurement of what the ionosphere is
actually doing. So and yet we know that information
about the ionosphere is in this data. One of
the things we're trying to work on is, how do
we take all of this data and actually make it
into something useful that can help us discover
something new about the ionosphere or tell us
something that we didn't know before? That's
something we're working on right now. Another
thing which may be a little bit easier is, using
that data to give us a better understanding of
what current propagation conditions are. For
instance, if you go on the NOAA Space Weather
Prediction Center website, they'll give you predictions
saying that there's a lot of deregion absorption
going on right now, or there's not, or there's
a geomagnetic storm. And they give you these
predictions to help people understand for one
thing how it affects HF propagation, but they
don't really have right now a good way of measuring,
you know, is HF propagation in fact being affected
by these things and how much. And it would be
nice if we had a good way to take all of these
observations that the RBN and PSK Reporter and
WhisperNet are producing, if we had a really
good way of taking that and comparing it or comparing
it slash validating what some of these predictions
are. So that's another thing we're working on.
Excellent stuff and if you have a question about
any of that give us a call at 812 -638 -4261
again the phone number 812 -NET -HAM -1 and we'd
love to hear from you. I've got a message here
from Carl KD9HQT and he says me and my father
WB9EWF did an experiment during the solar eclipse
where we listen to WSM, which is a big AM station
down in Nashville, Tennessee. Since the D -layer
dissipated and opened up the F -layer for that
time being, and his dad was at work and he was
in the car and in a shack at home, but they heard
the station, but it... Was about five nine listen
to hand bands, but not much activity It was mostly
on 80 40 and 20 which He presumed that there
would be more activity since the F layer was
open and the solar eclipse was happening. So
He wants to know why couldn't I hear very much
activity on the lower HF, but did listen mostly
on on MW frequencies, but It was mostly difficult
to really tell if there was a difference with
the F layer open during the day and the eclipse
occurring at the same time and then comparing
day and night activity and lower and higher bands
and all that so Any input on that? Let me see
if I get this right so he's wondering why he
didn't hear as much of an effect on the lower
Yeah I'm not completely sure. Well, I guess there's
a few ways to answer that. One is if you're just
like talking on the radio, it may be difficult
to actually notice a real difference unless you're
carefully writing down numbers and systematically
recording things. So that's one possibility.
Another thing I've noticed and this is something
that's worth looking into a little bit more is
that I'm looking at a plot right here and I believe
this is slide number, what slide number is this?
This is slide number 11 in that presentation
you sent out that shows the number of RBN spots
with respect to time during the eclipse. And
you can see that the lower bands did have a spike,
the 80 and the 160 meter bands. They did raise
up, but it was really only after totality came
through. So the effect for those particular bands
was delayed a little bit. The reason we suspect
that probably occurred was because the rate at
which things recombine or the ionosphere disappears
when the eclipse occurs compared to how fast
it reappears later, those can be different. So
that might be one reason why that effect is delayed.
So maybe he didn't hear as much of an effect
because maybe the effect was delayed and he wasn't
listening to it at the right time. Or maybe his
local conditions just made it hard to hear other
people. So there's a number of things. That's
one of the reasons we're trying to look at these
larger data sets, because you can start to see
these effects spread out over large areas rather
than just single points. It's sometimes harder
to get the complete picture. OK, 812 -638 -4261
is the phone number. And we have a few minutes
left with. Dr. Nathaniel Frisell, W2NAF from
the New Jersey Institute of Technology in the
Solar Terrestrial Research Department there.
So, give us a call. Now, what can HAMS plan on
doing here in the future and how can they continue
to contribute? You know, we got a lot of people
on the air for this QSO party. What can just
your your everyday ham do to contribute to this?
Well, there's a number of things. I mean one
thing is just operate so if people get on the
digital modes if they get on CW if they get on
phone and Use the DX cluster and spot people
if they play with whisper net all of that creates
data that will be able to analyze it gets archived
at these different websites and We can go take
a look at that That's a really simple way. Another
way is, Ham's out there. You can go and you can
download the data from these websites that has
been created, and you can start playing around
with it yourself and see what you can learn from
it. If you have questions on how to do that,
you can email us at hamsi at hamsi .org. Another
thing, we have this upcoming project to work
on this space weather station. If you follow
along in QST, if you come to the Tapper DCC or
talk to us at Hamvention or come to the HamSci
meeting, you can get involved in the development
of those projects as well. Okay, so there's some
opportunities for everyone out there to get involved
and tie. Science even closer to ham radio or
or the other way around So good stuff there.
And again, the website is hamsci .org hamsci
.org and you'll find a presentation up there
that has a couple of those graphs we were talking
about and We sent those out on our social media
sites as well So do you want to talk any more
about the The 20 meter graph and the and that
40 meter graph that we sent out was there any
more detail on that? Um, let's see sure. There's
a few other things that might be worth noting
One of the things that we're we are kind of interested
in are those farther away Points so you'll see
Okay, so if you look at these graphs, you'll
see that there's a lot of data points that are
between zero and, say, 5 ,000 kilometers in range.
And that distance you see there is basically
the length of the United States. It's the farthest
you can get from one point in the United States
to another is about 5 ,000 kilometers. So it's
really interesting that you can see that cutoff
so clearly in the data. Then after that, you
see another group of data points that goes from
about 5 ,000 kilometers out to, say, 10 ,000
kilometers. You can see there that those are
the connections into Europe. These plots show
not only what was going on in the United States,
but it also shows some connections into Europe.
Along with that, when we made these plots, it's
required that either the transmitter or the receiver
is in an area that's roughly around North America,
and that was to try and capture most of the eclipse
effects. It's just interesting in these plots
and in some of the other plots that I've made
that we see less of the European signals. in
the eclipse plot versus the control. And some
of that could just be because the control group's
much bigger, but there's also some possibility
that the eclipse actually caused those distant
contacts to not be able to be made even later
in the evening. But that's something we're still
looking at right now more closely. So we'll see
where that goes. All right. Well, that's some
really interesting stuff and look forward to
seeing where all this data ends up leading you
in the future. And it's good to get a little
bit of a peek in what you've been able to do
so far. And so thank you so much for coming on
the show and explaining all of that and sharing
it with us. And we look forward to hearing more
from HamSci. Alright, thank you very much Neil.
It's been a pleasure being on your show. Alright,
that's Dr. Nathaniel Frisell, W2NAF, one of the
assistant research professors at the New Jersey
Institute of Technology Center for Solar Terrestrial
Research. And we want to thank him again for
being on the show tonight. And that's going to
be a wrap. for this week's HamTalk Live, and
I'd also like to thank everybody out there in
cyberspace for listening, calling in, writing
in, and invite you back next Thursday night at
9 p .m. Eastern time. For a list of all of our
upcoming guests, just go to HamTalkLive .com
and click on the show schedule link. So for now,
this is Neil Rapp, WB9VPG, saying seven three,
seven five, and may the good DX. Be yours. 73,
and good luck from HamTalk Live.