WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.259 All right, so we've got this whole stack of materials 00:00:03.259 --> 00:00:05.960 here all about drug manufacturing. Yeah. I mean, 00:00:06.019 --> 00:00:08.220 it's kind of wild to think about, you know, that 00:00:08.220 --> 00:00:10.580 little pill you swallow. Yeah. It's got quite 00:00:10.580 --> 00:00:13.000 the journey behind it from like the lab bench 00:00:13.000 --> 00:00:16.699 to, you know, a full blown factory. Oh, yeah, 00:00:16.800 --> 00:00:20.500 for sure. It's a really complex process. OK, 00:00:20.559 --> 00:00:22.300 so can you kind of walk me through that? Like, 00:00:22.420 --> 00:00:23.940 what's the what's the big picture here? Sure. 00:00:24.079 --> 00:00:26.339 So I think what's interesting is that it's not 00:00:26.339 --> 00:00:28.879 just, you know, making a bigger batch. Right 00:00:28.879 --> 00:00:31.379 not just like upsizing the recipe. Yeah, exactly. 00:00:31.379 --> 00:00:34.359 You've got to think about You know things like 00:00:34.359 --> 00:00:37.359 enabling chemistry. That's a big labeling chemistry. 00:00:37.619 --> 00:00:38.960 Okay. Yeah, I saw that in the materials But what 00:00:38.960 --> 00:00:41.159 does that even mean so enabling chemistry? It's 00:00:41.159 --> 00:00:44.259 like um, it's the steps, you know that maybe 00:00:44.259 --> 00:00:47.119 you don't see it first Okay, but it's about making 00:00:47.119 --> 00:00:51.880 sure you can produce that drug efficiently and 00:00:51.880 --> 00:00:54.299 and with the right purity even when you're making 00:00:54.570 --> 00:00:56.530 you know, tons of it. On a massive scale, yeah. 00:00:56.929 --> 00:01:00.369 Exactly. Like, you know, finding the right catalyst 00:01:00.369 --> 00:01:02.909 to speed up a reaction. Okay. Or figuring out 00:01:02.909 --> 00:01:05.870 how to purify the compounds. Oh, so it's like 00:01:05.870 --> 00:01:08.510 having the right tools and techniques. Yeah. 00:01:08.670 --> 00:01:10.989 To go from, like, your kitchen to a huge bakery. 00:01:11.180 --> 00:01:13.640 Exactly. Yeah, you said it perfectly. Okay, cool. 00:01:14.859 --> 00:01:16.459 So, what are some of the, like, what are the 00:01:16.459 --> 00:01:18.400 real challenges? Oh, there are a bunch. When 00:01:18.400 --> 00:01:20.280 you're trying to scale up like that. Yeah, so, 00:01:20.280 --> 00:01:22.939 like, imagine going from a little flask in the 00:01:22.939 --> 00:01:26.379 lab to, like, a giant reactor vessel. Oh, wow. 00:01:26.719 --> 00:01:29.519 It's a totally different ball game. Yeah. Like, 00:01:29.599 --> 00:01:31.760 just keeping the temperature consistent. Right. 00:01:31.760 --> 00:01:34.959 It's a huge engineering challenge. And then mixing, 00:01:35.140 --> 00:01:38.189 like, imagine stirring... You know, a swimming 00:01:38.189 --> 00:01:40.650 pool versus a cup of coffee. Right, completely 00:01:40.650 --> 00:01:42.689 different. Yeah, it's way more complicated than 00:01:42.689 --> 00:01:45.829 you think. Wow, okay, so are there any examples 00:01:45.829 --> 00:01:48.450 from the research? Oh yeah, for sure. That really 00:01:48.450 --> 00:01:50.590 show these challenges? So there's this one article 00:01:50.590 --> 00:01:54.650 that talks about an anti -cancer drug and they 00:01:54.650 --> 00:01:57.430 were synthesizing it in the lab using a very 00:01:57.430 --> 00:01:59.609 specific type of glassware. Okay. But then when 00:01:59.609 --> 00:02:02.430 they tried to scale up, it totally messed things 00:02:02.430 --> 00:02:05.510 up. Yeah, it turned out the material of the reactor 00:02:05.510 --> 00:02:08.719 in the plant It was like subtly impacting the 00:02:08.719 --> 00:02:10.199 reaction. They were getting all these impurities. 00:02:10.580 --> 00:02:12.780 Oh, so even the container matters. Yeah, like 00:02:12.780 --> 00:02:16.759 big time. Wow. Wow. OK, so how do they make sure? 00:02:16.979 --> 00:02:18.800 Well, that's where pilot plants come in. OK, 00:02:18.960 --> 00:02:21.699 pilot plants, what are those? They're like scaled 00:02:21.699 --> 00:02:23.900 down versions. Let me test run. Yeah, exactly, 00:02:24.120 --> 00:02:26.360 like a grass rehearsal before you go full scale. 00:02:26.500 --> 00:02:28.500 Oh, that makes sense. So you can try things out. 00:02:28.500 --> 00:02:32.319 Yeah. iron out any kinks before you invest millions 00:02:32.319 --> 00:02:35.379 of dollars. Right, okay, smart. So there's also 00:02:35.379 --> 00:02:39.020 something called a CDMO. Oh yeah. What is that? 00:02:39.539 --> 00:02:43.199 So CDMOs are the specialists. They're the ones 00:02:43.199 --> 00:02:46.340 who have all the expertise and the resources 00:02:46.340 --> 00:02:49.960 to handle all the crazy details of scaling up 00:02:49.960 --> 00:02:53.639 and manufacturing on a commercial scale. So they're 00:02:53.639 --> 00:02:56.879 like the master chefs who come in and make sure 00:02:56.879 --> 00:03:00.639 the giant bakery runs smoothly. Exactly. It's 00:03:00.639 --> 00:03:04.080 a great analogy. But with life -saving medicines. 00:03:04.240 --> 00:03:08.710 Yeah, exactly. High stakes. Yeah, for sure. I'm 00:03:08.710 --> 00:03:11.490 guessing all of this is super regulated. Oh yeah, 00:03:11.569 --> 00:03:13.569 definitely. Right, to keep things safe and high 00:03:13.569 --> 00:03:16.349 quality. Absolutely, you've got your CGMPs. CGMPs, 00:03:16.449 --> 00:03:19.389 okay, break that down for us. So CGMPs, they're 00:03:19.389 --> 00:03:21.729 like the rules. They make sure everything's up 00:03:21.729 --> 00:03:25.490 to snuff. Right. Like the FDA enforces them to 00:03:25.490 --> 00:03:29.210 guarantee quality in... every single step. So 00:03:29.210 --> 00:03:31.889 it's not just about like a clean factory? No. 00:03:32.090 --> 00:03:34.289 No, it's way more than that. It's like a whole 00:03:34.289 --> 00:03:36.930 system, you know, checks and balances. OK. Everything 00:03:36.930 --> 00:03:40.150 from facility design to like training the staff 00:03:40.150 --> 00:03:42.729 and keeping super detailed records. So it's really 00:03:42.729 --> 00:03:45.569 about minimizing any risk. Exactly. You got it. 00:03:45.650 --> 00:03:47.650 That could affect the final drug. Yeah, exactly. 00:03:47.949 --> 00:03:50.490 Safety and effectiveness are key. It sounds really 00:03:50.490 --> 00:03:52.150 thorough. It has to be, you know, we're talking 00:03:52.150 --> 00:03:54.789 about people's health here. That's true. Yeah. 00:03:55.629 --> 00:03:58.469 On top of those regulations, I saw something 00:03:58.469 --> 00:04:01.169 about international guidelines. Right. Like from 00:04:01.169 --> 00:04:04.090 the ICH. Yeah. So the ICH, that's the International 00:04:04.090 --> 00:04:06.349 Council for Harmonization. OK. They're all about 00:04:06.349 --> 00:04:08.949 making sure drugs are safe and effective. OK. 00:04:09.289 --> 00:04:13.210 And high quality globally. Globally. OK. And 00:04:13.210 --> 00:04:16.810 one of their big things is this idea of quality 00:04:16.810 --> 00:04:19.790 by design. Quality by design. OK. What's that 00:04:19.790 --> 00:04:22.610 all about? So it's like, instead of just checking 00:04:22.610 --> 00:04:25.430 for quality at the end, you're building it into 00:04:25.430 --> 00:04:27.910 the process. From the very beginning. Yeah, exactly. 00:04:27.990 --> 00:04:29.829 So you're thinking about quality every step of 00:04:29.829 --> 00:04:31.829 the way. Oh, OK. So instead of like checking 00:04:31.829 --> 00:04:34.470 the cookies after they're baked, you're making 00:04:34.470 --> 00:04:37.009 sure the whole baking process is perfect. Exactly. 00:04:37.129 --> 00:04:39.209 You nailed it. And this is where it gets really 00:04:39.209 --> 00:04:40.850 cool. All right. I'm intrigued. Tell me more. 00:04:41.310 --> 00:04:44.129 So they use this thing called design of experiments. 00:04:44.410 --> 00:04:47.560 Design of experiments. Yeah. They like, uh, test 00:04:47.560 --> 00:04:51.199 different variables to figure out the perfect 00:04:51.199 --> 00:04:53.980 conditions. So like finding the sweet spot for 00:04:53.980 --> 00:04:56.740 every setting on your oven. Yeah, exactly. That's 00:04:56.740 --> 00:04:59.199 a great way to think about it. Cool. And technology 00:04:59.199 --> 00:05:01.959 plays a huge role here. OK, how so? Well, you 00:05:01.959 --> 00:05:05.120 can use these statistical techniques to actually 00:05:05.120 --> 00:05:07.920 model the entire manufacturing process. Wow. 00:05:08.100 --> 00:05:10.660 It's called response surface methodology. Response 00:05:10.660 --> 00:05:12.459 surface methodology. Yeah. All right, I need 00:05:12.459 --> 00:05:14.519 you to break that down for me. OK, so it's like 00:05:14.519 --> 00:05:18.980 a Imagine creating a 3D map. OK, a 3D map. Of 00:05:18.980 --> 00:05:22.220 the whole process. You can see how all the different 00:05:22.220 --> 00:05:25.579 variables. Oh, so cool. Interact and affect the 00:05:25.579 --> 00:05:28.740 final product. Wow, so it's like a visual guide. 00:05:28.779 --> 00:05:31.160 Yeah. To like fine tune the recipe. Exactly. 00:05:31.939 --> 00:05:33.879 Awesome. OK, and then you were saying AI is being 00:05:33.879 --> 00:05:37.839 used now too. Oh yeah, AI is like becoming essential. 00:05:38.060 --> 00:05:40.439 especially with all the data that's generated 00:05:40.439 --> 00:05:44.300 during manufacturing. So these AI algorithms 00:05:44.300 --> 00:05:48.040 can sift through all that data and find patterns 00:05:48.040 --> 00:05:51.500 or problems that humans might miss. So it's like 00:05:51.500 --> 00:05:55.060 having this incredibly attentive quality control 00:05:55.060 --> 00:05:57.399 supervisor. Exactly, and they never get tired. 00:05:57.800 --> 00:06:00.439 That's amazing. OK, so we've got all these guidelines 00:06:00.439 --> 00:06:03.939 and tools, and now AI is stepping in. It sounds 00:06:03.939 --> 00:06:06.019 like drug manufacturing is going through some 00:06:06.019 --> 00:06:08.860 huge advancements. It really is, and it's all 00:06:08.860 --> 00:06:13.600 about making medicines safer, more effective, 00:06:14.180 --> 00:06:17.199 and more accessible to everyone. Okay, but before 00:06:17.199 --> 00:06:19.220 we get too far ahead, let's go back to some of 00:06:19.220 --> 00:06:21.259 those key concepts we mentioned. Yeah, sure. 00:06:21.959 --> 00:06:27.819 Like all those acronyms CMA, CPP, CQAA. Right, 00:06:27.939 --> 00:06:29.839 all those critical details. Let's break those 00:06:29.839 --> 00:06:31.939 down and really understand. Yeah, that's a great 00:06:31.939 --> 00:06:34.279 idea. What they mean for drug manufacturing. 00:06:34.480 --> 00:06:36.800 So let's start with CMA. CMA, OK, so those are 00:06:36.800 --> 00:06:39.259 like the quality checks. Yeah. For the ingredients 00:06:39.259 --> 00:06:41.060 themselves, right? Exactly. Tell me more about 00:06:41.060 --> 00:06:43.959 that. It's like, you know those critical qualities 00:06:43.959 --> 00:06:46.379 of the raw materials you're using? OK. It's got 00:06:46.379 --> 00:06:48.220 to be the good stuff. You know, like when you're 00:06:48.220 --> 00:06:51.160 baking a cake, you wouldn't use like rancid butter 00:06:51.160 --> 00:06:53.720 or stale flour. Right. You want the best ingredients? 00:06:54.019 --> 00:06:57.139 Exactly. Yeah. So CMA, it's all. It's all about 00:06:57.139 --> 00:06:59.540 making sure those raw materials are top notch. 00:06:59.740 --> 00:07:01.620 Okay, so like purity particle size, that kind 00:07:01.620 --> 00:07:03.620 of thing? Yeah, things like that, even where 00:07:03.620 --> 00:07:06.579 the material comes from, can be super important. 00:07:07.120 --> 00:07:12.779 So, before you even start making the drug, there's 00:07:12.779 --> 00:07:14.740 already... a ton of quality control going on. 00:07:14.740 --> 00:07:16.980 Oh, yeah, absolutely. It's all about setting 00:07:16.980 --> 00:07:19.199 those standards. Right, right. OK, so then we've 00:07:19.199 --> 00:07:21.980 got those CPPs. Right, the critical process parameters. 00:07:22.160 --> 00:07:24.899 So those are more about like the actual manufacturing 00:07:24.899 --> 00:07:28.300 process. Yeah, like the recipe and how you execute 00:07:28.300 --> 00:07:30.160 it. OK, give me some examples. So temperature 00:07:30.160 --> 00:07:32.620 is a big one, you know. Got to make sure it's 00:07:32.620 --> 00:07:35.319 just right. Mixing speed, how fast you're stirring 00:07:35.319 --> 00:07:38.560 things. OK. Even the order you add the ingredients 00:07:38.560 --> 00:07:41.100 can make a difference. Wow. So it's like if you're 00:07:41.100 --> 00:07:43.920 baking a cake and the oven's too hot, it'll get 00:07:43.920 --> 00:07:46.079 all burnt. Exactly. You don't want that happening 00:07:46.079 --> 00:07:48.420 with your medicine. No, definitely not. Yeah. 00:07:48.540 --> 00:07:51.899 Okay. So controlling those CPPs is super important 00:07:51.899 --> 00:07:54.439 for the final product. It's all about consistency, 00:07:55.040 --> 00:07:56.920 you know, making sure every batch is the same. 00:07:57.000 --> 00:08:00.120 Right. But then how do you know the final product 00:08:00.120 --> 00:08:02.379 is actually good? That's where those CQAs come 00:08:02.379 --> 00:08:05.480 in. CQAs. Yeah. Your critical quality attributes. 00:08:05.759 --> 00:08:08.209 Okay. So that's like the final inspection. Yeah, 00:08:08.490 --> 00:08:10.449 exactly, like those characteristics of the final 00:08:10.449 --> 00:08:13.949 drug that determine if it's going to work. So 00:08:13.949 --> 00:08:16.670 things like potency and purity? Yeah, and stability. 00:08:16.670 --> 00:08:18.689 You don't want it to break down on the shelf. 00:08:18.829 --> 00:08:21.089 Right. And even how fast it dissolves in the 00:08:21.089 --> 00:08:24.610 body. Oh, so CQAs are really making sure those 00:08:24.610 --> 00:08:27.170 pills are ready to do their job. You got it. 00:08:27.170 --> 00:08:30.029 And that's where all those earlier steps on controlling 00:08:30.029 --> 00:08:33.429 those CMAs and CPPs, it all comes together to 00:08:33.429 --> 00:08:36.289 guarantee those CQAs. OK, I'm starting to see 00:08:36.289 --> 00:08:38.740 the whole picture here. How do they even decide? 00:08:38.820 --> 00:08:41.500 That's a good question. Which attributes and 00:08:41.500 --> 00:08:43.940 parameters are the most critical? Well, you know, 00:08:43.940 --> 00:08:45.799 there are a lot of variables to think about. 00:08:45.879 --> 00:08:49.500 Yeah, I bet. So that's where this idea of QTPP 00:08:49.500 --> 00:08:52.570 comes in. QTPP, what's that stand for? Quality 00:08:52.570 --> 00:08:54.649 target product profile. Okay, so that's like 00:08:54.649 --> 00:08:57.009 the ideal drug profile. Yeah, it's like the blueprint, 00:08:57.190 --> 00:08:59.450 you know, for what you're aiming for. Oh, cool. 00:08:59.509 --> 00:09:02.210 It outlines all those desired qualities. Based 00:09:02.210 --> 00:09:04.350 on what the drug's supposed to do? Exactly, and 00:09:04.350 --> 00:09:09.309 who it's for. Oh, that makes sense. Okay, so... 00:09:15.440 --> 00:09:17.220 Right, because you can't focus on everything. 00:09:17.340 --> 00:09:19.100 Right, you gotta pick your battles. Exactly, 00:09:19.240 --> 00:09:21.360 and remember those design of experiments we talked 00:09:21.360 --> 00:09:23.659 about? Oh yeah, the DOE. That's where you really 00:09:23.659 --> 00:09:26.799 figure out how different factors impact those 00:09:26.799 --> 00:09:28.990 CQAs. So you're running all these experiments 00:09:28.990 --> 00:09:31.110 to find the optimal settings for everything. 00:09:31.330 --> 00:09:33.690 It's a lot of science, you know? Yeah, it's pretty 00:09:33.690 --> 00:09:36.129 amazing when you think about it. It is, and to 00:09:36.129 --> 00:09:38.129 help make sense of all that data. OK. There's 00:09:38.129 --> 00:09:41.289 this cool technique called response surface methodology. 00:09:41.730 --> 00:09:44.350 Response surface methodology, RSM. Yeah, that's 00:09:44.350 --> 00:09:46.049 the one. OK, remind me what that does again. 00:09:46.289 --> 00:09:49.700 It's like, um. creating a visual representation 00:09:49.700 --> 00:09:53.000 of the whole process, like a 3D map almost. Oh, 00:09:53.000 --> 00:09:55.080 that's cool. You can see how all those variables 00:09:55.080 --> 00:09:58.539 interact and affect those CQAs. So like you can 00:09:58.539 --> 00:10:02.100 see how changing the temperature and mixing speed 00:10:02.100 --> 00:10:04.820 might affect how fast the drug dissolves. Exactly. 00:10:04.940 --> 00:10:08.240 And the cool thing is you can use software to 00:10:08.240 --> 00:10:11.059 model it all. Oh, wow. Run simulations predict 00:10:11.059 --> 00:10:14.200 outcomes. So it's like a crystal ball. Yeah, 00:10:14.200 --> 00:10:17.470 kind of. It's pretty powerful stuff. Incredible. 00:10:17.850 --> 00:10:20.409 Yeah. Okay, but it's not all about predictions, 00:10:20.590 --> 00:10:22.350 right? Right. You mentioned AI playing a role, 00:10:22.409 --> 00:10:24.850 too. Oh, yeah. AI is a game changer. Okay. How 00:10:24.850 --> 00:10:27.769 so? Well, it can analyze all that data, you know, 00:10:27.850 --> 00:10:31.230 that's generated during production way faster 00:10:31.230 --> 00:10:33.470 and more thoroughly than a human could. Okay. 00:10:33.470 --> 00:10:36.830 So it can spot problems, sometimes even before 00:10:36.830 --> 00:10:40.090 they happen. Wow. So it's like having this incredibly 00:10:40.090 --> 00:10:43.330 meticulous quality control supervisor. Exactly. 00:10:43.389 --> 00:10:45.409 And they never take a break. That's amazing. 00:10:46.279 --> 00:10:50.860 All of this, from CGMPs to DOE to AI, it's really 00:10:50.860 --> 00:10:52.899 about making sure those medicines are safe and 00:10:52.899 --> 00:10:54.620 effective. That's the whole point, right? We 00:10:54.620 --> 00:10:56.679 want to make sure those pills are doing what 00:10:56.679 --> 00:10:58.559 they're supposed to do. Exactly, and that they're 00:10:58.559 --> 00:11:02.179 reliable. Absolutely. Consistency is key. Patients 00:11:02.179 --> 00:11:04.759 need to be able to trust that their medication 00:11:04.759 --> 00:11:07.919 is going to work the same way every time. That 00:11:07.919 --> 00:11:10.740 makes sense. It's amazing how far we've come. 00:11:11.250 --> 00:11:13.889 It really is, you know, the science and technology 00:11:13.889 --> 00:11:16.830 behind drug manufacturing. It's just incredible. 00:11:17.110 --> 00:11:18.970 Yeah, but it's not just technology, right? There's 00:11:18.970 --> 00:11:21.070 the human element, too. Oh, yeah, for sure. All 00:11:21.070 --> 00:11:23.389 those scientists and engineers and technicians, 00:11:24.529 --> 00:11:26.629 they're the ones who make it all happen. That's 00:11:26.629 --> 00:11:28.889 a great point. It's easy to get caught up in 00:11:28.889 --> 00:11:31.590 all the tech, but we can't forget about the people. 00:11:31.740 --> 00:11:34.080 Right, they're the brains behind the operation. 00:11:34.299 --> 00:11:36.720 So what kind of expertise do you need to work 00:11:36.720 --> 00:11:38.759 in this world of drug manufacturing? I mean, 00:11:38.799 --> 00:11:41.559 you definitely need a good grasp of chemistry, 00:11:42.360 --> 00:11:45.039 understanding those reactions, how to synthesize 00:11:45.039 --> 00:11:47.379 the drug. But you also need that engineering 00:11:47.379 --> 00:11:51.139 side, designing the equipment, operating, all 00:11:51.139 --> 00:11:53.580 that stuff. And then you've got the statistics 00:11:53.580 --> 00:11:56.440 for analyzing the data and making sure everything's 00:11:56.440 --> 00:11:58.860 up to par. So it's like a super interdisciplinary 00:11:58.860 --> 00:12:00.879 field. Totally. You got to wear a lot of hats. 00:12:01.039 --> 00:12:02.899 You gotta be a jack of all trades in the science 00:12:02.899 --> 00:12:05.039 world. Yeah, that's a good way to put it. And 00:12:05.039 --> 00:12:07.019 on top of all that, I bet there's a lot of pressure. 00:12:07.100 --> 00:12:09.039 Oh yeah, for sure. Knowing that you're making 00:12:09.039 --> 00:12:11.519 medicine. Yeah, it's a big responsibility, you 00:12:11.519 --> 00:12:14.100 know? Yeah, that people rely on. Yeah, people's 00:12:14.100 --> 00:12:16.980 lives are at stake. But it must be really rewarding, 00:12:17.240 --> 00:12:20.139 too. It is, it is, you know, to know that you're 00:12:20.139 --> 00:12:22.899 part of something. Right. That's helping people, 00:12:22.899 --> 00:12:25.340 you know, developing life -saving medications. 00:12:26.120 --> 00:12:28.970 That's amazing. Okay, so... We've talked about 00:12:28.970 --> 00:12:31.929 AI and all these advanced techniques. What else 00:12:31.929 --> 00:12:34.750 is coming down the pipeline for drug manufacturing? 00:12:35.429 --> 00:12:37.289 Well, one thing that's really cool is continuous 00:12:37.289 --> 00:12:39.750 manufacturing. Continuous manufacturing. OK, 00:12:39.789 --> 00:12:42.700 what's that? So traditionally, drug production 00:12:42.700 --> 00:12:46.360 has been a batch process. You do one step, then 00:12:46.360 --> 00:12:49.080 the next, then the next. But continuous manufacturing, 00:12:49.440 --> 00:12:51.659 it's more like an assembly line. Oh, interesting. 00:12:51.779 --> 00:12:54.259 Things are flowing constantly through the system. 00:12:54.500 --> 00:12:57.159 Oh, so it's like, instead of baking one batch 00:12:57.159 --> 00:13:00.200 of cookies at a time, you've got a continuous 00:13:00.200 --> 00:13:02.860 stream of dough going through the oven. Exactly, 00:13:03.039 --> 00:13:04.799 yeah, you got it. And that can really sped things 00:13:04.799 --> 00:13:07.500 up. Reduce waste, make the whole process more 00:13:07.500 --> 00:13:09.570 efficient. Wow, so it's all about streamlining. 00:13:09.769 --> 00:13:11.710 Yeah, and you can monitor things in real time. 00:13:11.830 --> 00:13:15.330 OK. Which is great for quality control. That's 00:13:15.330 --> 00:13:18.450 cool. Yeah. Any other trends we should know about? 00:13:18.970 --> 00:13:21.389 Oh, yeah, there's personalized medicine. Personalized 00:13:21.389 --> 00:13:23.490 medicine. OK, that sounds futuristic. It kind 00:13:23.490 --> 00:13:27.889 of is, but imagine, you know, medications that 00:13:27.889 --> 00:13:31.049 are tailored to your specific needs. Wow. Like 00:13:31.049 --> 00:13:33.470 your genes or your health conditions. So like 00:13:33.470 --> 00:13:36.740 a custom made suit. But for medicine. Yeah, exactly. 00:13:36.899 --> 00:13:39.320 It could totally change how we treat diseases. 00:13:39.899 --> 00:13:42.100 That's wild. OK, so how do we get there? How 00:13:42.100 --> 00:13:44.610 do we make personalized medicine happen? Well, 00:13:44.710 --> 00:13:47.809 we need flexible manufacturing systems that can 00:13:47.809 --> 00:13:51.590 handle smaller batches of these specialized drugs. 00:13:52.309 --> 00:13:54.070 And that's where things like 3D printing and 00:13:54.070 --> 00:13:56.309 microfluidics come in. Oh, wow. Those technologies 00:13:56.309 --> 00:13:58.309 are really going to shake things up. Oh, yeah, 00:13:58.350 --> 00:14:00.029 for sure. It's pretty mind blowing when you think 00:14:00.029 --> 00:14:02.049 about it. It is. It's an exciting time to be 00:14:02.049 --> 00:14:04.990 in this field. Yeah, for sure. Who knows what 00:14:04.990 --> 00:14:07.029 we'll be able to do in the future? Well, this 00:14:07.029 --> 00:14:09.629 has been an amazing deep dive. Glad you enjoyed 00:14:09.629 --> 00:14:12.370 it. I've learned so much. Good, good. It's incredible, 00:14:12.490 --> 00:14:14.169 you know, all the work that goes into making 00:14:14.169 --> 00:14:16.470 those little pills. Yeah, the whole hidden world. 00:14:16.789 --> 00:14:18.830 It really is. Thank you so much for walking us 00:14:18.830 --> 00:14:21.009 through it all. My pleasure. Anytime. And for 00:14:21.009 --> 00:14:23.129 our listeners, if you're as fascinated by this 00:14:23.129 --> 00:14:25.049 as we are. Yeah, definitely check out. You sure 00:14:25.049 --> 00:14:26.610 to check out the show notes? Yeah. We've got 00:14:26.610 --> 00:14:28.389 links to some of the resources we talked about. 00:14:28.610 --> 00:14:32.070 Yeah, tons of great information out there. Awesome. 00:14:32.789 --> 00:14:34.909 Well, that's it for this deep dive. Until next 00:14:34.909 --> 00:14:36.309 time. Stay curious out there.