WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.240 Welcome back to The Deep Dive. Today, we're going 00:00:03.240 --> 00:00:06.940 to be tackling the fascinating world of drug 00:00:06.940 --> 00:00:10.220 discovery. Oh, very cool. Specifically, that 00:00:10.220 --> 00:00:13.380 initial spark of an idea. OK. And the journey 00:00:13.380 --> 00:00:16.719 from, you know, wouldn't it be cool if? Right. 00:00:17.039 --> 00:00:20.420 To actually pinpointing a target for a new medicine. 00:00:20.820 --> 00:00:22.579 It's a bit like setting out on an expedition, 00:00:23.239 --> 00:00:25.640 you know? You know, you want to discover something 00:00:25.640 --> 00:00:28.280 valuable. Right. But first, you have to choose 00:00:28.280 --> 00:00:31.519 the right terrain to explore. OK. I like where 00:00:31.519 --> 00:00:33.880 this is going. Yeah. So we're talking about the 00:00:33.880 --> 00:00:36.820 very early stages, even before scientists start 00:00:36.820 --> 00:00:39.780 tinkering in the lab. Exactly. Our source material, 00:00:39.979 --> 00:00:42.579 pharmaceutical product development, in vitro. 00:00:42.759 --> 00:00:46.079 in vivo correlation, right, emphasizes the crucial 00:00:46.079 --> 00:00:49.979 role of unmet medical needs and deep biological 00:00:49.979 --> 00:00:53.020 insights in shaping these initial steps. You've 00:00:53.020 --> 00:00:55.179 piqued my curiosity. Good. What kind of needs 00:00:55.179 --> 00:00:57.280 are we talking about and how do they spark ideas 00:00:57.280 --> 00:01:00.159 for new drugs? Well, imagine a disease with no 00:01:00.159 --> 00:01:02.700 effective treatments or a treatment that's effective 00:01:02.700 --> 00:01:04.799 but comes with a laundry list of side effects. 00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:07.680 Oh gosh. Those are glaring needs that scream 00:01:07.680 --> 00:01:10.540 for innovation. So it's like finding a problem 00:01:10.540 --> 00:01:13.180 that's begging for a solution. Yeah. A medical 00:01:13.180 --> 00:01:15.900 mystery waiting to be solved. Precisely. Okay. 00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:18.959 Let's take digoxin. Okay. A heart failure medication. 00:01:19.390 --> 00:01:23.129 Scientists knew it was effective, but also that 00:01:23.129 --> 00:01:26.349 its absorption varied wildly depending on the 00:01:26.349 --> 00:01:29.390 formulation. Interesting. That unmet need for 00:01:29.390 --> 00:01:32.049 consistent delivery -fueled research into how 00:01:32.049 --> 00:01:35.349 particle size affects digoxin's dissolution and 00:01:35.349 --> 00:01:37.890 bioavailability. Fascinating. So recognizing 00:01:37.890 --> 00:01:40.989 those unmet needs helps set the stage for drug 00:01:40.989 --> 00:01:43.670 discovery. Yes. But how do scientists actually 00:01:43.670 --> 00:01:47.250 go from a broad need to a specific target for 00:01:47.250 --> 00:01:49.620 a new medicine? Think of it like choosing the 00:01:49.620 --> 00:01:51.879 right lock to pick. Okay. First you need to understand 00:01:51.879 --> 00:01:53.480 how the lock works, right? Okay, I'm following. 00:01:53.560 --> 00:01:56.340 Okay. So in this case, the lock is the disease 00:01:56.340 --> 00:01:59.239 mechanism and the key is the drug. Brilliant 00:01:59.239 --> 00:02:01.859 analogy. Thanks. Scientists need to delve into 00:02:01.859 --> 00:02:05.040 the intricate biological pathways behind a disease. 00:02:05.920 --> 00:02:08.379 Pinpointing the molecules or processes that are 00:02:08.379 --> 00:02:10.860 going haywire and contributing to the problem. 00:02:11.240 --> 00:02:13.879 That's how they find potential drug targets. 00:02:14.039 --> 00:02:16.240 It sounds like detective work at the cellular 00:02:16.240 --> 00:02:18.740 level. Yes. Looking for those. molecular culprits. 00:02:18.979 --> 00:02:22.060 It absolutely is. Take the antifungal medication 00:02:22.060 --> 00:02:25.219 grusofolvin. It was initially plagued by poor 00:02:25.219 --> 00:02:28.259 absorption. Oh wow. By understanding that the 00:02:28.259 --> 00:02:31.370 drug itself wasn't the issue. But rather, it's 00:02:31.370 --> 00:02:34.990 low solubility. Scientists were able to create 00:02:34.990 --> 00:02:38.169 a micronized formulation that dramatically increased 00:02:38.169 --> 00:02:40.669 its effectiveness. So it's not just about finding 00:02:40.669 --> 00:02:44.150 a target. It's also about understanding the target's 00:02:44.150 --> 00:02:46.810 quirks and how a drug might interact with it. 00:02:46.949 --> 00:02:49.689 Exactly. Once potential targets are identified, 00:02:49.969 --> 00:02:52.490 they need to be rigorously evaluated. Remember, 00:02:52.650 --> 00:02:55.189 not all targets are created equal. So what makes 00:02:55.189 --> 00:02:57.909 a good drug target? What are scientists looking 00:02:57.909 --> 00:03:00.990 for? in this molecular lineup? Think of it as 00:03:00.990 --> 00:03:04.389 a three -legged stool. Okay. Drugability, safety, 00:03:04.789 --> 00:03:07.330 and efficacy. Okay, break that down for me. What 00:03:07.330 --> 00:03:11.030 does it mean for a target to be drugable? A drugable 00:03:11.030 --> 00:03:14.349 target is one that can be effectively modulated 00:03:14.349 --> 00:03:17.370 by a drug molecule. Okay. Imagine trying to open 00:03:17.370 --> 00:03:19.810 a lock with a key that's the wrong shape. It 00:03:19.810 --> 00:03:22.509 just won't work. Oh, I see. Right. So the grug 00:03:22.509 --> 00:03:25.750 needs to be able to fit the target and have a 00:03:25.750 --> 00:03:28.330 real impact on its activity. Precisely. And of 00:03:28.330 --> 00:03:31.409 course, safety is paramount. Right. Interfering 00:03:31.409 --> 00:03:33.509 with the target shouldn't cause unacceptable 00:03:33.509 --> 00:03:36.129 side effects. You don't want to fix one problem 00:03:36.129 --> 00:03:38.629 only to create a host of new ones. Right. It's 00:03:38.629 --> 00:03:40.550 like making sure the key doesn't accidentally 00:03:40.550 --> 00:03:43.430 unlock a bunch of other doors and cause chaos. 00:03:43.750 --> 00:03:47.139 Exactly. What about efficacy? Efficacy means 00:03:47.139 --> 00:03:49.780 that hitting the target should have a real meaningful 00:03:49.780 --> 00:03:52.840 impact on the disease. Okay. The key needs to 00:03:52.840 --> 00:03:55.300 actually open the right door and lead to the 00:03:55.300 --> 00:03:58.120 desired outcome. Finding a target that checks 00:03:58.120 --> 00:04:01.830 all those boxes? drugable, safe, and efficacious. 00:04:02.449 --> 00:04:04.750 That's gotta be like finding a needle in a haystack. 00:04:04.889 --> 00:04:07.030 It's one of the biggest challenges in drug development, 00:04:07.210 --> 00:04:09.449 no question. Scientists are constantly pushing 00:04:09.449 --> 00:04:11.930 the boundaries using cutting edge technologies 00:04:11.930 --> 00:04:14.509 and insights to sift through potential targets 00:04:14.509 --> 00:04:16.790 and identify the most promising candidates. Wow. 00:04:16.930 --> 00:04:19.430 Yeah. So finding those ideal targets is like 00:04:19.430 --> 00:04:22.810 a high stakes treasure hunt with scientific ingenuity 00:04:22.810 --> 00:04:24.949 as the map. I like that analogy. But let's dive 00:04:24.949 --> 00:04:26.850 a little deeper into this idea of drugability. 00:04:26.949 --> 00:04:31.420 Okay. What are some of the factors that determine 00:04:31.420 --> 00:04:34.060 whether a target can actually be modulated by 00:04:34.060 --> 00:04:36.240 a drug? That's a great question. Thanks. One 00:04:36.240 --> 00:04:39.560 key factor is the target's structure. Think of 00:04:39.560 --> 00:04:42.120 a drug molecule like a puzzle piece. Okay. And 00:04:42.120 --> 00:04:45.259 the target, like a puzzle board. Right. For the 00:04:45.259 --> 00:04:48.519 drug to work, it needs to fit snugly into a specific 00:04:48.519 --> 00:04:50.680 spot on the target. So the target needs to have 00:04:50.680 --> 00:04:53.730 a binding site. Yes. A pocket or a groove where 00:04:53.730 --> 00:04:56.149 the drug can latch on. Exactly. Okay. And that 00:04:56.149 --> 00:04:58.350 binding site needs to be accessible to the drug. 00:04:58.470 --> 00:05:00.769 Right. If it's buried deep inside the target 00:05:00.769 --> 00:05:03.069 molecule, the drug might not be able to reach 00:05:03.069 --> 00:05:05.329 it. It's like trying to fit a key into a lock 00:05:05.329 --> 00:05:07.350 that's hidden behind a wall. Right. No matter 00:05:07.350 --> 00:05:09.910 how perfectly the key matches the lock, it's 00:05:09.910 --> 00:05:12.889 useless if you can't get to it. That's a perfect 00:05:12.889 --> 00:05:16.350 analogy. Another important factor is the target's 00:05:16.350 --> 00:05:20.069 function. Ideally, you want to target a molecule 00:05:20.069 --> 00:05:23.290 that plays a key role in the disease process, 00:05:23.810 --> 00:05:26.129 something that's essential for the disease to 00:05:26.129 --> 00:05:28.170 thrive. So it's like finding the weak link in 00:05:28.170 --> 00:05:30.870 the chain, the Achilles heel of the disease. 00:05:31.410 --> 00:05:33.910 Precisely. And you want to make sure that hitting 00:05:33.910 --> 00:05:37.550 that target will have a significant impact on 00:05:37.550 --> 00:05:40.910 the disease, ideally stopping it in its tracks 00:05:40.910 --> 00:05:43.370 or at least slowing it down. But how do scientists 00:05:43.370 --> 00:05:45.970 actually figure out which targets are worth pursuing? 00:05:46.139 --> 00:05:48.579 Right. It seems like a daunting task sifting 00:05:48.579 --> 00:05:50.720 through all those molecular suspects. It is a 00:05:50.720 --> 00:05:53.000 challenge. But thankfully, scientists have a 00:05:53.000 --> 00:05:55.319 growing arsenal of tools and technologies to 00:05:55.319 --> 00:05:58.779 help them. OK. One powerful approach is high 00:05:58.779 --> 00:06:00.839 throughput screening. High throughput screening. 00:06:00.920 --> 00:06:04.699 What's that? Imagine a giant library filled with 00:06:04.699 --> 00:06:07.360 millions of potential drug compounds. Oh, wow. 00:06:07.459 --> 00:06:10.100 Each one slightly different from the next. High 00:06:10.100 --> 00:06:12.879 throughput screening allows scientists to test 00:06:12.879 --> 00:06:15.899 these compounds against a target. in a very rapid 00:06:15.899 --> 00:06:18.060 and automated way. So it's like speed dating 00:06:18.060 --> 00:06:21.459 for drugs. Uh -huh, yeah. Trying to find the 00:06:21.459 --> 00:06:23.500 perfect match for the target. That's a fun way 00:06:23.500 --> 00:06:25.839 to think about it. Yeah. And once they've identified 00:06:25.839 --> 00:06:29.540 some promising hits, they can then start to optimize 00:06:29.540 --> 00:06:32.040 those compounds, tweaking their structure to 00:06:32.040 --> 00:06:34.720 improve their binding affinity, their potency, 00:06:35.000 --> 00:06:38.319 and their overall drug -like properties. It sounds 00:06:38.319 --> 00:06:41.329 like a process of refinement. Yes. Starting with 00:06:41.329 --> 00:06:44.149 a rough diamond and carefully shaping it into 00:06:44.149 --> 00:06:46.430 a brilliant gem. That's a beautiful analogy. 00:06:46.829 --> 00:06:48.449 And of course, throughout this entire process, 00:06:48.709 --> 00:06:51.250 safety is always top of mind. Scientists are 00:06:51.250 --> 00:06:53.949 constantly evaluating the potential toxicity 00:06:53.949 --> 00:06:56.410 of these compounds, making sure they're not causing 00:06:56.410 --> 00:06:59.370 harm while trying to do good. So it's a delicate 00:06:59.370 --> 00:07:03.870 balancing act, trying to maximize efficacy. while 00:07:03.870 --> 00:07:06.430 minimizing risk. Exactly. And it's a process 00:07:06.430 --> 00:07:09.029 that requires incredible precision ingenuity 00:07:09.029 --> 00:07:12.470 and a deep understanding of both biology and 00:07:12.470 --> 00:07:15.649 chemistry. Okay, so we've talked about unmet 00:07:15.649 --> 00:07:18.970 medical needs, the characteristics of good drug 00:07:18.970 --> 00:07:22.149 targets, and the tools scientists use to find 00:07:22.149 --> 00:07:25.290 and refine those targets. But our source material 00:07:25.290 --> 00:07:27.910 also mentioned something called the biopharmaceutics 00:07:27.910 --> 00:07:31.189 classification system, BCS. How does this fit 00:07:31.189 --> 00:07:35.019 into the picture? The BCS is a brilliant system 00:07:35.019 --> 00:07:38.980 that helps us understand how a drug's properties 00:07:38.980 --> 00:07:42.620 influence its journey through the body, specifically 00:07:42.620 --> 00:07:45.839 how well it gets absorbed from the gut into the 00:07:45.839 --> 00:07:47.959 bloodstream. So it's like a roadmap for drug 00:07:47.959 --> 00:07:51.079 absorption, helping scientists predict how a 00:07:51.079 --> 00:07:53.620 drug will behave based on its inherent characteristics. 00:07:54.199 --> 00:07:57.279 Exactly. The BCS classifies drugs into four categories 00:07:57.279 --> 00:08:00.560 based on their solubility and permeability. Solubility, 00:08:00.620 --> 00:08:02.740 as we've discussed, is how well a drug dissolves 00:08:02.740 --> 00:08:05.300 in fluids, and permeability is how easily it 00:08:05.300 --> 00:08:07.600 crosses biological membranes. Right, those are 00:08:07.600 --> 00:08:10.100 two key hurdles a drug needs to overcap to get 00:08:10.100 --> 00:08:12.899 into the system. Absolutely. Class I drugs are 00:08:12.899 --> 00:08:16.980 the superstars. High solubility and high permeability. 00:08:17.399 --> 00:08:20.180 They dissolve easily and zip across membranes 00:08:20.180 --> 00:08:22.300 without a hitch. So those are the drugs that 00:08:22.300 --> 00:08:25.339 have an easy time getting absorbed. No special 00:08:25.339 --> 00:08:27.620 tricks needed. You got it. Great. Then we have 00:08:27.620 --> 00:08:31.300 class II drugs, which have Low solubility, but 00:08:31.300 --> 00:08:34.700 high permeability. They can cross membranes readily, 00:08:35.620 --> 00:08:38.200 but their absorption is limited by how well they 00:08:38.200 --> 00:08:40.379 dissolve. So it's like having a sports car with 00:08:40.379 --> 00:08:43.460 a flat tire. It has the potential for speed, 00:08:43.480 --> 00:08:45.950 but it needs a little help to get rolling. That's 00:08:45.950 --> 00:08:48.470 a great analogy. Thanks. And this is where formulation 00:08:48.470 --> 00:08:50.889 strategies become crucial for class II drugs. 00:08:51.230 --> 00:08:53.690 OK. Scientists can use techniques like particle 00:08:53.690 --> 00:08:57.049 size reduction or special excipients to boost 00:08:57.049 --> 00:08:58.870 their solubility and improve their absorption. 00:08:59.169 --> 00:09:01.129 So it's like giving that sports car a new set 00:09:01.129 --> 00:09:03.190 of tires allowing it to reach its full potential. 00:09:03.409 --> 00:09:06.490 Precisely. OK. Then we have class III drugs. 00:09:06.570 --> 00:09:10.750 OK. High solubility but low permeability. They 00:09:10.750 --> 00:09:13.409 dissolve well. But they have a harder time crossing 00:09:13.409 --> 00:09:15.610 those biological barriers. So it's like having 00:09:15.610 --> 00:09:18.269 a key that fits the lock but can't quite turn 00:09:18.269 --> 00:09:20.870 it. It needs an extra push to unlock the door. 00:09:21.169 --> 00:09:24.230 Exactly. And in this case, scientists might explore 00:09:24.230 --> 00:09:27.669 strategies like permeation enhancers, substances 00:09:27.669 --> 00:09:30.230 that can temporarily increase the permeability 00:09:30.230 --> 00:09:33.690 of membranes, giving those class III drugs a 00:09:33.690 --> 00:09:35.990 helping hand. It's like lubricating the lock, 00:09:36.169 --> 00:09:38.250 making it easier for the key to turn. Perfect 00:09:38.250 --> 00:09:40.730 analogy. OK. And finally, we have the class IV 00:09:40.730 --> 00:09:44.610 drugs. OK. low solubility and low permeability. 00:09:45.149 --> 00:09:48.730 They face an uphill battle on both fronts, making 00:09:48.730 --> 00:09:50.909 them the most challenging to work with. It's 00:09:50.909 --> 00:09:53.029 like having a rusty key that can't quite fit 00:09:53.029 --> 00:09:55.610 a stubborn lock. You need a whole toolbox of 00:09:55.610 --> 00:09:57.610 tricks to get that door open. That's a great 00:09:57.610 --> 00:10:00.570 way to visualize it. Developing effective formulations 00:10:00.570 --> 00:10:02.929 for class IV drugs often requires a combination 00:10:02.929 --> 00:10:06.049 of strategies. And even then, achieving adequate 00:10:06.049 --> 00:10:08.919 absorption can be tricky. So understanding the 00:10:08.919 --> 00:10:12.340 BCS classification is like having a cheat sheet 00:10:12.340 --> 00:10:15.440 for drug absorption. Yeah. Helping scientists 00:10:15.440 --> 00:10:18.539 anticipate potential hurdles and design strategies 00:10:18.539 --> 00:10:21.179 to overcome them. Absolutely. OK. It's a powerful 00:10:21.179 --> 00:10:23.720 tool that helps guide the development process 00:10:23.720 --> 00:10:26.000 and ensures that scientists are choosing the 00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:28.419 right approaches for each drug. Right. Ultimately 00:10:28.419 --> 00:10:30.679 increasing the chances of getting effective treatments 00:10:30.679 --> 00:10:33.980 to patients. OK. So we've explored how unmet 00:10:33.980 --> 00:10:38.139 needs spark drug discovery. Right. the intricate 00:10:38.139 --> 00:10:41.659 process of target selection, and the importance 00:10:41.659 --> 00:10:44.159 of understanding drug properties through the 00:10:44.159 --> 00:10:47.600 BCS. But our journey isn't over yet. There's 00:10:47.600 --> 00:10:49.960 one more fascinating area we need to delve into, 00:10:50.559 --> 00:10:56.240 in vitro, in vivo correlation, or IVIVC. IVIVC, 00:10:56.360 --> 00:10:58.320 the bridge between the lab bench and the human 00:10:58.320 --> 00:11:01.899 body. It's like having a crystal ball. OK. That 00:11:01.899 --> 00:11:04.179 helps us predict how a drug will behave in the 00:11:04.179 --> 00:11:06.460 real world based on its performance in laboratory 00:11:06.460 --> 00:11:09.299 tests. That sounds incredibly powerful. But how 00:11:09.299 --> 00:11:11.659 does it actually work? How can we connect the 00:11:11.659 --> 00:11:14.059 dots between what happens in a test tube and 00:11:14.059 --> 00:11:17.090 what happens in a living, breathing person? It 00:11:17.090 --> 00:11:19.830 all starts with dissolution testing, which we've 00:11:19.830 --> 00:11:22.789 touched upon already. Remember, dissolution is 00:11:22.789 --> 00:11:25.429 the process of a drug dissolving in a fluid, 00:11:25.629 --> 00:11:28.370 like those found in our gastrointestinal tract. 00:11:28.610 --> 00:11:32.190 It's a crucial step for absorption, as a drug 00:11:32.190 --> 00:11:35.049 needs to dissolve before it can enter the bloodstream. 00:11:35.169 --> 00:11:37.710 It's like making a cup of tea. The tea leaves 00:11:37.710 --> 00:11:39.950 need to infuse into the hot water before you 00:11:39.950 --> 00:11:42.330 can enjoy the flavor. Exactly. And just like 00:11:42.330 --> 00:11:44.629 you can control the strength of your tea by adjusting 00:11:44.629 --> 00:11:47.580 the brewing time. Scientists can assess the rate 00:11:47.580 --> 00:11:50.019 and extent of drug dissolution using carefully 00:11:50.019 --> 00:11:53.500 controlled laboratory tests. So these tests help 00:11:53.500 --> 00:11:56.419 us understand how quickly and completely a drug 00:11:56.419 --> 00:11:59.139 dissolves outside of the body. Yes. Giving us 00:11:59.139 --> 00:12:02.179 clues about how it might behave inside. Precisely. 00:12:02.279 --> 00:12:05.399 And here's where IVIVC comes in by comparing 00:12:05.399 --> 00:12:08.639 dissolution data from these in vitro tests with 00:12:08.639 --> 00:12:12.059 data from in vivo studies like clinical trials. 00:12:12.600 --> 00:12:15.200 We can build a predictive model. So it's like 00:12:15.200 --> 00:12:18.500 finding a pattern. Yes. A correlation between 00:12:18.500 --> 00:12:21.220 how a drug dissolves in the lab and how it gets 00:12:21.220 --> 00:12:23.600 absorbed in the human body. You got it. OK. And 00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:26.240 the stronger that correlation, the more confident 00:12:26.240 --> 00:12:28.320 we can be in predicting a drug's performance 00:12:28.320 --> 00:12:31.639 based on its dissolution profile. This has huge 00:12:31.639 --> 00:12:34.200 implications for drug development. OK, I'm seeing 00:12:34.200 --> 00:12:38.759 the potential. So how does IVIVC actually help 00:12:38.759 --> 00:12:41.860 scientists create better medicines? In several 00:12:41.860 --> 00:12:45.100 ways. First, it can help optimize drug formulations. 00:12:45.159 --> 00:12:48.460 By understanding how dissolution influences absorption, 00:12:49.080 --> 00:12:50.799 scientists can fine -tune the composition of 00:12:50.799 --> 00:12:53.379 a drug product to achieve the desired release 00:12:53.379 --> 00:12:56.259 profile. So if a drug is dissolving too quickly 00:12:56.259 --> 00:12:59.259 or too slowly, they can tweak the formulation 00:12:59.259 --> 00:13:02.179 to get it just right. Exactly. Cool. IVIVC can 00:13:02.179 --> 00:13:04.279 also play a role in reducing the need for certain 00:13:04.279 --> 00:13:06.659 clinical trials. Really? If we have a strong 00:13:06.659 --> 00:13:09.419 correlation between in vitro and in vivo data, 00:13:09.820 --> 00:13:12.240 some bioequivalence studies might be waived. 00:13:12.320 --> 00:13:14.580 bioequivalent studies. Those are the ones that 00:13:14.580 --> 00:13:17.980 compare generic drugs to brand name drugs. Yes. 00:13:18.179 --> 00:13:19.899 To make sure they work the same way, right? That's 00:13:19.899 --> 00:13:23.600 right. And if we can demonstrate bioequivalence 00:13:23.600 --> 00:13:27.279 through dissolution testing alone, it can save 00:13:27.279 --> 00:13:29.740 time and resources, ultimately getting those 00:13:29.740 --> 00:13:32.320 generic medications to patients faster. That's 00:13:32.320 --> 00:13:35.110 a win for everyone. less expensive medications, 00:13:35.330 --> 00:13:38.110 and a faster path to market. Exactly. Are there 00:13:38.110 --> 00:13:41.529 any examples of how IVIVC has been used to improve 00:13:41.529 --> 00:13:44.149 real -world drugs? Absolutely. Remember that 00:13:44.149 --> 00:13:46.330 heart failure medication digoxin we talked about 00:13:46.330 --> 00:13:49.909 earlier? Its bioavailability can vary significantly 00:13:49.909 --> 00:13:52.909 depending on how quickly it dissolves. By establishing 00:13:52.909 --> 00:13:56.269 an IVIVC model, scientists were able to develop 00:13:56.269 --> 00:13:58.970 a formulation with more consistent dissolution, 00:13:59.450 --> 00:14:01.370 leading to more predictable therapeutic effects. 00:14:01.629 --> 00:14:05.110 So IVIVC helped create a more reliable and effective 00:14:05.110 --> 00:14:08.889 treatment for heart failure patients. Yes. That's 00:14:08.889 --> 00:14:10.769 incredible. It's a testament to the power of 00:14:10.769 --> 00:14:12.830 understanding drug properties and their impact 00:14:12.830 --> 00:14:15.629 on the human body. Wow. And, you know, as we 00:14:15.629 --> 00:14:18.409 wrap up this deep dive. Yeah, I'm struck by the 00:14:18.409 --> 00:14:20.950 intricate web of knowledge that underpins drug 00:14:20.950 --> 00:14:23.470 development. I know what you mean. We've journeyed 00:14:23.470 --> 00:14:26.370 from unmet needs to target selection. Right. 00:14:26.470 --> 00:14:29.009 From the complexities of drug properties to the 00:14:29.009 --> 00:14:32.700 predictive power of IVIVC. Uh -huh. It's a remarkable 00:14:32.700 --> 00:14:35.399 process that blends scientific ingenuity with 00:14:35.399 --> 00:14:38.080 a profound commitment to improving human health. 00:14:38.259 --> 00:14:40.519 It truly is. Wow. And at the heart of it all 00:14:40.519 --> 00:14:44.320 is the desire to alleviate suffering to extend 00:14:44.320 --> 00:14:47.960 lives and to empower people to live healthier 00:14:47.960 --> 00:14:50.139 and more fulfilling lives. So the next time you 00:14:50.139 --> 00:14:53.139 take a medication... Remember the incredible 00:14:53.139 --> 00:14:55.620 journey it took to get there. Yes. From the initial 00:14:55.620 --> 00:14:58.159 spark of an idea to the rigorous testing and 00:14:58.159 --> 00:15:00.600 refinement, it's a testament to the boundless 00:15:00.600 --> 00:15:03.179 potential of human curiosity and the unwavering 00:15:03.179 --> 00:15:05.860 pursuit of a healthier world. Absolutely. Thanks 00:15:05.860 --> 00:15:07.259 for joining us on this Deep Dive.