WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.740 Okay, so. Welcome back to the deep dive. And 00:00:03.740 --> 00:00:06.900 today, we're really diving into something that 00:00:06.900 --> 00:00:09.339 sounds like it's straight out of science fiction, 00:00:09.380 --> 00:00:11.619 right? It's the whole quantum computing and AI 00:00:11.619 --> 00:00:13.080 thing. You know how they're all tangled up together. 00:00:13.480 --> 00:00:16.620 Yeah. And you're here because you're the kind 00:00:16.620 --> 00:00:18.460 of person who wants to get right to the heart 00:00:18.460 --> 00:00:19.899 of it all, right? You want to know what's really 00:00:19.899 --> 00:00:21.940 going on and what it all means. So we've been 00:00:21.940 --> 00:00:23.820 digging through some really interesting stuff. 00:00:23.859 --> 00:00:26.699 Right. And we're going to try to bring you the 00:00:26.699 --> 00:00:28.920 key takeaways, right? The stuff that really matters. 00:00:28.980 --> 00:00:31.000 Absolutely. And for this one, we've been mainly 00:00:31.019 --> 00:00:33.880 focusing on this discussion with Fernando Dominguez 00:00:33.880 --> 00:00:38.140 -Pinauga from Sandbox AQ. And the main thing 00:00:38.140 --> 00:00:40.520 we're going to try to do here is we want to get 00:00:40.520 --> 00:00:43.200 past all the hype. You hear so much about quantum 00:00:43.200 --> 00:00:45.799 this, quantum that. What's the reality? What's 00:00:45.799 --> 00:00:48.759 actually happening with quantum computing? And 00:00:48.759 --> 00:00:51.179 how is AI playing a role in all this? And what's 00:00:51.179 --> 00:00:53.500 it all going to mean for? you know, businesses 00:00:53.500 --> 00:00:56.659 and for us regular folks in the years to come. 00:00:57.020 --> 00:00:58.500 Right. Yeah, it's interesting because I think 00:00:58.500 --> 00:01:01.439 a lot of times the first time that people encounter 00:01:01.439 --> 00:01:05.019 quantum physics is through science fiction. Oh 00:01:05.019 --> 00:01:07.219 yeah, for sure. You see shows like Devs and they 00:01:07.219 --> 00:01:09.299 present it as like this mystical force, almost 00:01:09.299 --> 00:01:12.519 like magic. Right. But the reality is... Quantum 00:01:12.519 --> 00:01:14.980 mechanics are just the fundamental rules of the 00:01:14.980 --> 00:01:17.340 universe at the atomic level, right? It's not 00:01:17.340 --> 00:01:20.799 some sort of distant fantasy It's it's it's the 00:01:20.799 --> 00:01:23.379 basis for a lot of the technology that we use 00:01:23.379 --> 00:01:26.680 every day, you know from photonics transistors 00:01:26.680 --> 00:01:29.930 GPS even MRI machines. OK, so it's not magic, 00:01:29.989 --> 00:01:32.769 but it is kind of like the bedrock, the foundation 00:01:32.769 --> 00:01:35.609 of so much of our technology today, right? Absolutely. 00:01:36.129 --> 00:01:39.129 And now what's really changing things up is that 00:01:39.129 --> 00:01:41.430 AI is getting more powerful and that's really 00:01:41.430 --> 00:01:43.549 accelerating the development of quantum computers 00:01:43.549 --> 00:01:45.709 and also helping us figure out what we can actually 00:01:45.709 --> 00:01:48.609 do with them. Yeah, exactly. AI is becoming sort 00:01:48.609 --> 00:01:51.530 of like the key to unlocking the potential of 00:01:51.530 --> 00:01:53.969 quantum mechanics and helping us see what are 00:01:53.969 --> 00:01:56.810 the most promising areas where we can actually 00:01:56.810 --> 00:02:00.700 apply it. OK, so when it comes to quantum computers, 00:02:00.819 --> 00:02:02.340 when are we actually going to see them doing 00:02:02.340 --> 00:02:05.719 things that matter, that have an impact on businesses 00:02:05.719 --> 00:02:09.400 and people's daily lives? Fernando seems to think 00:02:09.400 --> 00:02:13.419 that around 2028 to 2030, that's when we might 00:02:13.419 --> 00:02:16.599 start seeing what he calls viable or business 00:02:16.599 --> 00:02:19.520 useful quantum computers. Right, right. There's 00:02:19.520 --> 00:02:21.379 a lot of excitement around that sort of near 00:02:21.379 --> 00:02:24.229 term future. It's important to remember that 00:02:24.229 --> 00:02:26.030 the quantum computers that we have today are 00:02:26.030 --> 00:02:28.550 still basically in the research phase. They're 00:02:28.550 --> 00:02:31.930 very error prone. So that really limits their 00:02:31.930 --> 00:02:34.189 widespread use at this point. Right. You can 00:02:34.189 --> 00:02:36.330 kind of think of them like super powerful calculators, 00:02:36.610 --> 00:02:38.449 but they still make a lot of mistakes. I see. 00:02:38.629 --> 00:02:41.150 I see. So we're not quite there yet. But the 00:02:41.150 --> 00:02:43.449 progress is happening very rapidly. Yeah, that 00:02:43.449 --> 00:02:44.849 makes sense. That makes sense. And this kind 00:02:44.849 --> 00:02:47.810 of brings us to this whole debate about quantum 00:02:47.810 --> 00:02:50.430 supremacy versus actually solving real world 00:02:50.430 --> 00:02:52.509 problems, right? I mean, we all remember back 00:02:52.509 --> 00:02:54.810 in 2019 when Google made that big announcement 00:02:54.810 --> 00:02:57.490 about their Sycamore chip. Doing that calculation 00:02:57.490 --> 00:03:01.169 in like 200 seconds, that would take a supercomputer 00:03:01.169 --> 00:03:03.289 10 ,000 years or something like that. I mean, 00:03:03.409 --> 00:03:06.150 that sounds like a huge leap forward. Absolutely, 00:03:06.250 --> 00:03:09.490 it was a landmark demonstration of the raw power 00:03:09.490 --> 00:03:12.669 that quantum computing has. But it's important 00:03:12.669 --> 00:03:14.669 to note that the problem that the Sycamore chip 00:03:14.669 --> 00:03:17.610 solved was very specific. It was like this very 00:03:17.610 --> 00:03:20.050 specialized mathematical problem, kind of designed 00:03:20.050 --> 00:03:23.169 to showcase the speed advantage. It wasn't actually 00:03:23.169 --> 00:03:25.030 solving any real -world problems that humans 00:03:25.030 --> 00:03:27.050 were facing at that time. It was more like proving 00:03:27.050 --> 00:03:30.030 a concept than actually giving us a solution 00:03:30.030 --> 00:03:32.830 that we could use right away. Exactly. And it's 00:03:32.830 --> 00:03:34.710 really interesting that Google even offered a 00:03:34.710 --> 00:03:37.509 $5 million prize for anyone who could use a quantum 00:03:37.509 --> 00:03:40.379 computer to solve a truly... Useful problem, 00:03:40.560 --> 00:03:42.560 right? I mean that kind of highlights how much 00:03:42.560 --> 00:03:45.000 work still needs to be done Yeah, absolutely. 00:03:45.020 --> 00:03:47.719 It really underscores the the gap that still 00:03:47.719 --> 00:03:49.960 exists between the potential of quantum computing 00:03:49.960 --> 00:03:52.719 Yeah, and the actual practical application to 00:03:52.719 --> 00:03:55.740 real -world problems I see but you know, it's 00:03:55.740 --> 00:03:57.620 likely that in the future we'll see a sort of 00:03:57.620 --> 00:04:00.819 hybrid approach right where we have CPUs and 00:04:00.819 --> 00:04:04.710 GPUs working together with these QPUs and will 00:04:04.710 --> 00:04:06.550 break down problems into their different parts. 00:04:07.030 --> 00:04:09.169 And each part will be handled by the type of 00:04:09.169 --> 00:04:11.710 processor that's best suited for the job. That 00:04:11.710 --> 00:04:13.310 makes a lot of sense. So that makes a lot of 00:04:13.310 --> 00:04:16.939 sense. So are there any particular types of problems 00:04:16.939 --> 00:04:18.920 where you think quantum computers are really 00:04:18.920 --> 00:04:21.379 going to excel? Oh, yeah, absolutely. Fernando 00:04:21.379 --> 00:04:24.019 talks about things like optimization problems. 00:04:24.800 --> 00:04:27.379 So think about optimizing logistics for a huge 00:04:27.379 --> 00:04:30.759 supply chain or solving that classic traveling 00:04:30.759 --> 00:04:34.319 salesman problem in a really efficient way. And 00:04:34.319 --> 00:04:36.300 also cryptography, that's another area where 00:04:36.300 --> 00:04:38.439 quantum computers have the potential to really 00:04:38.439 --> 00:04:40.579 shake things up. Okay, okay, so speaking of shaking 00:04:40.579 --> 00:04:42.879 things up, let's talk about Sandbox AQ, right? 00:04:42.879 --> 00:04:44.680 This is the company that Fernando was a part 00:04:44.680 --> 00:04:47.279 of. And it's got this really interesting origin 00:04:47.279 --> 00:04:49.139 story. It started out in Google X, you know, 00:04:49.139 --> 00:04:52.779 that's their moonshot factory. And then it spun 00:04:52.779 --> 00:04:55.819 out into its own company in 2022, and they just 00:04:55.819 --> 00:04:59.399 got this massive $300 million funding round, 00:04:59.399 --> 00:05:01.860 you know, with some really big names like Mark 00:05:01.860 --> 00:05:05.439 Benioff, Eric Schmidt, Jan LeCun. I mean, when 00:05:05.439 --> 00:05:08.079 you see that kind of backing, you know, they're 00:05:08.079 --> 00:05:09.750 on to something. something, right? Yeah, for 00:05:09.750 --> 00:05:11.550 sure. It definitely raises eyebrows. Yeah. And 00:05:11.550 --> 00:05:14.250 the thing is, the AQ in sandbox AQ, it's not 00:05:14.250 --> 00:05:16.610 just a random name. Right. It stands for artificial 00:05:16.610 --> 00:05:19.810 quantum. And their whole vision, what they've 00:05:19.810 --> 00:05:22.029 been working on for over seven years now, is 00:05:22.029 --> 00:05:25.230 this idea of combining artificial intelligence 00:05:25.230 --> 00:05:28.389 with quantum technologies. Absolutely. And a 00:05:28.389 --> 00:05:31.009 key part of their work is what they call large 00:05:31.009 --> 00:05:35.069 quantitative models. These are AI models that 00:05:35.069 --> 00:05:38.149 go beyond just crunching numbers and data. They 00:05:38.149 --> 00:05:40.589 actually incorporate the fundamental laws of 00:05:40.589 --> 00:05:43.300 nature. like mathematical, physical, biological, 00:05:43.560 --> 00:05:46.420 chemical, even quantum physics principles. It's 00:05:46.420 --> 00:05:48.300 built into the structure of the model itself. 00:05:48.439 --> 00:05:51.139 So it's like they're teaching the AI the actual 00:05:51.139 --> 00:05:53.860 laws of physics. Exactly. Yeah, it's not just 00:05:53.860 --> 00:05:57.040 about statistical probabilities. It's about understanding 00:05:57.040 --> 00:05:59.720 the underlying equations that govern the universe. 00:06:00.000 --> 00:06:02.600 Wow. So how is that different from the large 00:06:02.600 --> 00:06:04.459 language models, the LLMs, that we're hearing 00:06:04.459 --> 00:06:07.000 so much about? Right. Well, LLMs are really good 00:06:07.000 --> 00:06:10.480 at processing text. generating text based on 00:06:10.480 --> 00:06:13.560 patterns and probabilities. But LQMs are different. 00:06:13.639 --> 00:06:15.800 They're built to solve problems based on the 00:06:15.800 --> 00:06:18.199 actual equations of the universe. Fernando gives 00:06:18.199 --> 00:06:21.500 this great example with like two plus two. In 00:06:21.500 --> 00:06:23.839 LM, I predict four because it's seen that pattern 00:06:23.839 --> 00:06:27.120 a million times. But an LQM would actually perform 00:06:27.120 --> 00:06:29.620 the mathematical operation of addition to get 00:06:29.620 --> 00:06:31.620 to the answer. So it's a fundamentally different 00:06:31.620 --> 00:06:33.639 way of understanding. I see. So it's not just 00:06:33.639 --> 00:06:35.699 pattern matching. It's actually like understanding 00:06:35.699 --> 00:06:38.740 the underlying principles, right? Exactly. And 00:06:38.740 --> 00:06:41.420 that's how they avoid those weird hallucinations 00:06:41.420 --> 00:06:43.899 that we sometimes see with LLMs, right? Right, 00:06:44.060 --> 00:06:46.680 yeah. That's a big advantage of LQMs. They're 00:06:46.680 --> 00:06:49.139 less prone to making those kinds of mistakes 00:06:49.139 --> 00:06:51.139 because they're grounded in the actual laws of 00:06:51.139 --> 00:06:54.170 physics. That's fascinating. And is Sandbox AQ 00:06:54.170 --> 00:06:56.350 the only company that's really pursuing this 00:06:56.350 --> 00:06:58.889 approach? Well, Fernando points out that there 00:06:58.889 --> 00:07:01.189 aren't a lot of direct competitors working on 00:07:01.189 --> 00:07:04.230 this specific combination of AI and quantum physics 00:07:04.230 --> 00:07:06.629 in the same way that they are. Right. You know, 00:07:06.730 --> 00:07:08.550 obviously the big tech companies have their own 00:07:08.550 --> 00:07:11.129 internal research going on. Sure. But Sandbox 00:07:11.129 --> 00:07:13.430 AQ seems to be kind of carving out their own 00:07:13.430 --> 00:07:16.040 niche. in this space and you know it's interesting 00:07:16.040 --> 00:07:18.459 because it seems like this whole think big mentality 00:07:18.459 --> 00:07:21.060 is just baked into their dna from their time 00:07:21.060 --> 00:07:23.680 at google x oh yeah absolutely the whole culture 00:07:23.680 --> 00:07:26.680 at x is about focusing on these massive global 00:07:26.680 --> 00:07:29.600 problems trying to solve things that could impact 00:07:29.600 --> 00:07:32.319 billions of people right it's about finding those 00:07:32.319 --> 00:07:35.620 problems that if you can solve them It's a game 00:07:35.620 --> 00:07:37.699 changer for the entire world. Yeah, he really 00:07:37.699 --> 00:07:39.579 emphasized that billion number, didn't he? He 00:07:39.579 --> 00:07:41.439 did, yeah, he's really passionate about that. 00:07:41.459 --> 00:07:44.060 Yeah, and he used Google Maps as an example, 00:07:44.180 --> 00:07:46.540 right? Yeah, yeah, Google Maps was this massive 00:07:46.540 --> 00:07:50.360 undertaking, took years to develop, no clear 00:07:50.360 --> 00:07:53.079 path to profit in the beginning, but the idea 00:07:53.079 --> 00:07:55.620 was that if they could create something truly 00:07:55.620 --> 00:07:58.730 valuable, a comprehensive map of the world, the 00:07:58.730 --> 00:08:01.250 monetization would come later. Right, and at 00:08:01.250 --> 00:08:03.389 the time it sounded crazy, right? Driving around 00:08:03.389 --> 00:08:05.910 with cameras on cars mapping every single street. 00:08:06.189 --> 00:08:07.730 Yeah, a lot of people thought it was a crazy 00:08:07.730 --> 00:08:10.269 idea, but, you know, look at it now. Yeah, exactly, 00:08:10.550 --> 00:08:12.730 exactly. And it seems like that same kind of 00:08:12.730 --> 00:08:14.769 long -term vision is also behind projects like 00:08:14.769 --> 00:08:17.149 Project Loon, you know, trying to deliver internet 00:08:17.149 --> 00:08:20.009 access via balloons. Right. And the early work 00:08:20.009 --> 00:08:22.730 on self -driving cars that eventually led to 00:08:22.730 --> 00:08:26.129 Waymo. Yeah, and even if Waymo doesn't end up 00:08:26.129 --> 00:08:28.750 being the... top dog in the self -driving car 00:08:28.750 --> 00:08:31.009 market. Right. The work that they did really 00:08:31.009 --> 00:08:33.529 pushed the whole industry forward and has the 00:08:33.529 --> 00:08:36.049 potential to make our roads much safer and save 00:08:36.049 --> 00:08:38.629 lives. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, even if they're not 00:08:38.629 --> 00:08:40.830 the ones who ultimately win, they've kind of 00:08:40.830 --> 00:08:42.690 paved the way for everybody else. Absolutely. 00:08:42.990 --> 00:08:46.990 And it's fascinating how Sandbox AQ itself came 00:08:46.990 --> 00:08:49.509 out of this think big culture, right? I mean, 00:08:49.529 --> 00:08:52.070 it was Sergey Brin himself, Google's co -founder, 00:08:52.549 --> 00:08:54.429 who really pushed for this. Yeah. Initially, 00:08:54.450 --> 00:08:56.860 he even called it Sergey Sandbox. That's funny. 00:08:57.019 --> 00:08:59.779 And he brought in all these top professors to 00:08:59.779 --> 00:09:02.299 teach the software engineers about advanced science 00:09:02.299 --> 00:09:05.240 and mathematics. Wow. The goal was to give them 00:09:05.240 --> 00:09:07.860 this deep understanding of these really complex 00:09:07.860 --> 00:09:10.779 fields so they could then go and apply that knowledge 00:09:10.779 --> 00:09:13.320 to real world problems. That's amazing. And so 00:09:13.320 --> 00:09:14.899 what kinds of things did they start exploring? 00:09:15.460 --> 00:09:17.179 Well, they went into all sorts of different areas 00:09:17.179 --> 00:09:19.039 of quantum technologies, you know, things like 00:09:19.039 --> 00:09:21.740 advanced sensing, quantum simulation of materials, 00:09:22.519 --> 00:09:25.659 cyber security, quantum communications. even 00:09:25.659 --> 00:09:27.980 the groundwork for a future quantum internet. 00:09:28.419 --> 00:09:30.799 Wow. The underlying idea was always, how can 00:09:30.799 --> 00:09:34.159 we combine these quantum capabilities with artificial 00:09:34.159 --> 00:09:36.720 intelligence to really amplify their impact? 00:09:36.899 --> 00:09:39.080 So they were thinking about the synergy between 00:09:39.080 --> 00:09:41.379 these two fields from the very beginning. Absolutely. 00:09:41.419 --> 00:09:43.240 That was a core part of their vision from day 00:09:43.240 --> 00:09:45.559 one. So this brings us to what Fernando calls 00:09:45.559 --> 00:09:48.899 physical AI, which really aligns with a lot of 00:09:48.899 --> 00:09:51.960 the ideas that Nvidia's CEO Jensen Hong has been 00:09:51.960 --> 00:09:53.960 talking about. Right. It's about AI that isn't 00:09:53.960 --> 00:09:56.960 just stuck in the digital world, it's AI that 00:09:56.960 --> 00:09:59.059 interacts with and shapes the physical world. 00:10:00.200 --> 00:10:02.059 robotics and quantum physics are going to be 00:10:02.059 --> 00:10:04.259 key parts of this. So it's like AI that can actually 00:10:04.259 --> 00:10:06.740 do things in the real world. Exactly. It's about 00:10:06.740 --> 00:10:09.340 AI that can build things, move things, create 00:10:09.340 --> 00:10:11.600 things in the physical world. And we're already 00:10:11.600 --> 00:10:13.700 seeing this happening, right? Like Sandbox IQ 00:10:13.700 --> 00:10:17.080 is working with NVIDIA. Their engineers are collaborating 00:10:17.080 --> 00:10:20.019 to get those powerful GPUs from NVIDIA to run 00:10:20.019 --> 00:10:23.539 those complex quantum computing equations and 00:10:23.539 --> 00:10:26.740 to speed up the training and development of those 00:10:26.740 --> 00:10:29.629 large quantitative models. Absolutely. Yeah, 00:10:29.789 --> 00:10:32.110 that kind of co -engineering is really essential 00:10:32.110 --> 00:10:35.009 to bridging that gap between the theoretical 00:10:35.009 --> 00:10:37.169 models and the actual practical applications. 00:10:37.509 --> 00:10:39.370 So it's like they're building the hardware and 00:10:39.370 --> 00:10:43.169 software together to make this physical AI a 00:10:43.169 --> 00:10:44.889 reality. Right. Yeah, it's all about making those 00:10:44.889 --> 00:10:47.110 models work in the real world, not just on paper. 00:10:47.309 --> 00:10:49.710 So in a way, physical AI is about taking the 00:10:49.710 --> 00:10:52.450 insights from those LQMs and applying them to 00:10:52.450 --> 00:10:54.970 things like robots, right? Exactly. Yeah, robots 00:10:54.970 --> 00:10:56.889 that can do really complex tasks in the real 00:10:56.889 --> 00:11:00.019 world. I guess that's where LLMs, those large 00:11:00.019 --> 00:11:02.259 language models, I kind of fall short, right? 00:11:02.320 --> 00:11:04.240 I mean, they're great at understanding and generating 00:11:04.240 --> 00:11:07.320 text. Right. But when it comes to like core industrial 00:11:07.320 --> 00:11:11.059 applications, things like energy, oil and gas, 00:11:11.519 --> 00:11:15.320 finance, automotive, aerospace. Yeah, those are 00:11:15.320 --> 00:11:17.980 the areas where you really need that precise 00:11:17.980 --> 00:11:20.679 quantitative understanding that LQMs provide. 00:11:21.000 --> 00:11:22.840 Right, right. Because those industries are all 00:11:22.840 --> 00:11:25.200 about interacting with the physical world. Exactly. 00:11:25.399 --> 00:11:28.379 Yeah. And Fernando highlights some of the work 00:11:28.379 --> 00:11:30.019 that they're doing. Like they're working with 00:11:30.019 --> 00:11:32.820 the Army to develop new lightweight materials 00:11:32.820 --> 00:11:35.899 with specific properties. Wow. And they're collaborating 00:11:35.899 --> 00:11:38.080 with pharmaceutical companies on drug discovery 00:11:38.080 --> 00:11:40.799 and development, even working on improving energy 00:11:40.799 --> 00:11:43.000 storage solutions like better batteries. That's 00:11:43.000 --> 00:11:44.720 amazing. And it sounds like those are all areas 00:11:44.720 --> 00:11:46.600 where you really need that deep understanding 00:11:46.600 --> 00:11:49.059 of physics and chemistry that those LQMs can 00:11:49.059 --> 00:11:51.639 provide. Absolutely. Yeah. You can't just brute 00:11:51.639 --> 00:11:53.840 force your way through those problems. You need 00:11:53.840 --> 00:11:57.179 to understand the underlying science. So physical 00:11:57.179 --> 00:12:00.700 AI is really about creating AI that understands 00:12:00.700 --> 00:12:03.440 the world in a way that's similar to how humans 00:12:03.440 --> 00:12:05.879 understand it, right? Exactly. Yeah, it's about 00:12:05.879 --> 00:12:08.860 learning from real world data. understanding 00:12:08.860 --> 00:12:11.580 the fundamental principles of science, and then 00:12:11.580 --> 00:12:14.639 using that knowledge to control and improve physical 00:12:14.639 --> 00:12:19.059 systems. So how does Sandbox AQ actually operate 00:12:19.059 --> 00:12:21.600 as a business? I mean do they build quantum computers? 00:12:22.659 --> 00:12:24.799 No, they don't actually build the quantum computers 00:12:24.799 --> 00:12:27.639 themselves. Right now the business models in 00:12:27.639 --> 00:12:29.820 the quantum computing space are mostly focused 00:12:29.820 --> 00:12:33.399 on research and development contracts. with companies 00:12:33.399 --> 00:12:36.360 that want to explore the technology and also 00:12:36.360 --> 00:12:38.980 providing access to quantum computing hardware 00:12:38.980 --> 00:12:42.139 for research labs, often through cloud platforms. 00:12:42.240 --> 00:12:44.100 I see, I see. For now, it makes a really good 00:12:44.100 --> 00:12:46.139 point that most companies don't need to go out 00:12:46.139 --> 00:12:48.059 and buy their own quantum computer right now. 00:12:48.179 --> 00:12:50.500 Right. Given the current state of the technology 00:12:50.500 --> 00:12:52.559 and the availability of cloud access. Yeah, it's 00:12:52.559 --> 00:12:53.779 kind of like the early days of the internet, 00:12:53.879 --> 00:12:55.820 right? Nobody needed to buy their own server. 00:12:55.879 --> 00:12:57.919 They could just access it through a service provider. 00:12:58.159 --> 00:13:00.019 Exactly. Yeah, it's a very similar situation 00:13:00.019 --> 00:13:02.440 with quantum computing right now. So what's the 00:13:02.440 --> 00:13:05.139 point of all these partnerships then? If nobody's 00:13:05.139 --> 00:13:07.500 actually using quantum computers in their day 00:13:07.500 --> 00:13:09.460 -to -day business, why are companies willing 00:13:09.460 --> 00:13:13.480 to pay for access? It's all about gaining knowledge, 00:13:13.980 --> 00:13:16.159 experimenting, and positioning themselves to 00:13:16.159 --> 00:13:19.440 be early adopters of a potentially game -changing 00:13:19.440 --> 00:13:21.559 technology. Right, right. So it's kind of like 00:13:21.559 --> 00:13:24.279 getting a head start on the competition. Exactly. 00:13:24.480 --> 00:13:27.509 And Sandbox AQ's advice is very clear. Don't 00:13:27.509 --> 00:13:29.789 rush out and buy a quantum computer today. OK. 00:13:30.110 --> 00:13:33.210 But definitely invest in building a team with 00:13:33.210 --> 00:13:35.990 the expertise to experiment via the cloud and 00:13:35.990 --> 00:13:37.769 really understand what this technology can do. 00:13:38.029 --> 00:13:40.409 I see. I see. And you know, Sandbox AQ is really 00:13:40.409 --> 00:13:43.129 focused on those other areas of quantum technologies 00:13:43.129 --> 00:13:45.509 that are already delivering value today. Like 00:13:45.509 --> 00:13:47.889 that. So things like advanced quantum sensors. 00:13:48.230 --> 00:13:51.210 These sensors have unprecedented precision. Quantum 00:13:51.210 --> 00:13:53.850 simulation for designing new materials and molecules. 00:13:53.870 --> 00:13:56.950 Right. And also quantum safe cryptography. and 00:13:56.950 --> 00:13:59.549 cybersecurity solutions to protect against those 00:13:59.549 --> 00:14:02.070 future quantum attacks. Right, right. Because 00:14:02.070 --> 00:14:04.690 those are real threats that we need to be prepared 00:14:04.690 --> 00:14:06.769 for. Absolutely. And they've actually structured 00:14:06.769 --> 00:14:08.909 their company into four different business units. 00:14:09.439 --> 00:14:12.620 each one focused on one of these key areas. Wow. 00:14:12.720 --> 00:14:14.740 So they're really covering all the bases. Yeah. 00:14:14.740 --> 00:14:16.820 And they're also very committed to education. 00:14:16.919 --> 00:14:18.960 They have a YouTube channel with all sorts of 00:14:18.960 --> 00:14:21.500 content. Oh, that's cool. From short explainers 00:14:21.500 --> 00:14:24.139 to really in -depth discussions with experts, 00:14:24.240 --> 00:14:26.659 like they have this one with Jack Hadary and 00:14:26.659 --> 00:14:29.600 Eric Schmidt talking about the synergy between 00:14:29.600 --> 00:14:33.480 LQMs and AI quantum technologies. OK, I'll have 00:14:33.480 --> 00:14:34.779 to check that out. Yeah, it's definitely worth 00:14:34.779 --> 00:14:37.460 a watch. So let's talk about this whole quantum 00:14:37.460 --> 00:14:39.559 computing and cybersecurity. issue, because that's 00:14:39.559 --> 00:14:41.659 a big one, right? Oh, yeah, absolutely. I mean, 00:14:41.659 --> 00:14:43.980 the idea that quantum computers could break our 00:14:43.980 --> 00:14:47.480 current encryption methods is pretty scary. It 00:14:47.480 --> 00:14:50.600 is, yeah. And you know, the theoretical possibility 00:14:50.600 --> 00:14:53.200 of quantum computers has been around for decades. 00:14:53.259 --> 00:14:55.899 Right. But it was Peter Shor's algorithm back 00:14:55.899 --> 00:15:00.139 in 1994 that really raised the alarm bells. This 00:15:00.139 --> 00:15:02.639 algorithm, if you could run it on a powerful 00:15:02.639 --> 00:15:06.120 enough quantum computer, could crack the public 00:15:06.120 --> 00:15:09.129 key encryption that we use for pretty much everything 00:15:09.129 --> 00:15:13.190 online today. Wow. And with the rapid advancements 00:15:13.190 --> 00:15:14.970 in quantum computing that we've seen in the last 00:15:14.970 --> 00:15:18.070 few years, it seems like that threat is becoming 00:15:18.070 --> 00:15:21.049 more and more real. Yeah. A lot of experts think 00:15:21.049 --> 00:15:23.129 that we could have those kinds of quantum computers 00:15:23.129 --> 00:15:26.190 within the next five to seven years, around that 00:15:26.190 --> 00:15:29.190 2029, 2030 time frame that we talked about earlier. 00:15:29.789 --> 00:15:31.570 So what are the implications of that? I mean, 00:15:31.690 --> 00:15:34.659 what's the worst case scenario here? Well, Fernando 00:15:34.659 --> 00:15:37.580 talks about this store now, decrypt later scenario. 00:15:37.940 --> 00:15:40.799 Store now, decrypt later. OK. So basically, nation 00:15:40.799 --> 00:15:43.519 states or sophisticated hackers are collecting 00:15:43.519 --> 00:15:46.379 vast amounts of encrypted data today with the 00:15:46.379 --> 00:15:47.759 expectation that they'll be able to decrypt it 00:15:47.759 --> 00:15:49.500 in the future once they have access to these 00:15:49.500 --> 00:15:51.980 powerful quantum computers. So even data from 00:15:51.980 --> 00:15:54.440 the past could be vulnerable. Exactly. Yeah. 00:15:54.539 --> 00:15:56.200 It's a really serious threat that we need to 00:15:56.200 --> 00:15:58.740 be taking steps to address right now. So what 00:15:58.740 --> 00:16:00.820 can we do about it? Well, the challenge is that 00:16:00.820 --> 00:16:02.840 most organizations don't even have a good understanding 00:16:02.840 --> 00:16:05.419 of their own encryption infrastructure. Right. 00:16:06.200 --> 00:16:09.000 And migrating to post -quantum cryptography, 00:16:09.639 --> 00:16:12.539 which means adopting new quantum -resistant algorithms, 00:16:13.100 --> 00:16:15.899 that's a really complex and time -consuming process. 00:16:16.100 --> 00:16:18.720 So it's not just like installing a software update. 00:16:19.159 --> 00:16:20.919 No, it's much more involved than that. It can 00:16:20.919 --> 00:16:23.519 take years, depending on the size and complexity 00:16:23.519 --> 00:16:26.440 of the organization. And the US government is 00:16:26.440 --> 00:16:28.299 taking this seriously, right? I mean, they've 00:16:28.299 --> 00:16:30.639 mandated that all Department of Defense agencies 00:16:30.639 --> 00:16:33.620 have to have a plan in place to migrate to post 00:16:33.620 --> 00:16:35.480 -quantum cryptography. Yeah, they're definitely 00:16:35.480 --> 00:16:37.299 taking it seriously. It's a top priority for 00:16:37.299 --> 00:16:39.899 national security. And it makes you wonder what's 00:16:39.899 --> 00:16:42.340 going on in other countries, right? I mean, especially 00:16:42.340 --> 00:16:44.259 China. They've been making a lot of progress 00:16:44.259 --> 00:16:46.960 in quantum computing. Yeah, Fernando frames it 00:16:46.960 --> 00:16:50.450 as a global race. Kind of like the space race 00:16:50.450 --> 00:16:53.450 of the 20th century, with both Western countries 00:16:53.450 --> 00:16:56.309 and China making advancements and trying to stay 00:16:56.309 --> 00:16:58.809 ahead of each other. And it's like a secret race 00:16:58.809 --> 00:17:01.250 in a way, because nobody wants to reveal their 00:17:01.250 --> 00:17:03.610 hand, right? If you've got a breakthrough in 00:17:03.610 --> 00:17:05.430 decryption capabilities, you probably want to 00:17:05.430 --> 00:17:07.789 keep that quiet. Exactly. It's a very strategic 00:17:07.789 --> 00:17:10.430 area, so the true state of affairs might be a 00:17:10.430 --> 00:17:12.589 bit murky. It makes you think about that whole 00:17:12.589 --> 00:17:15.470 enigma code situation in World War II, right? 00:17:15.670 --> 00:17:18.410 Yeah, that's a great analogy. The side that could 00:17:18.410 --> 00:17:20.710 secretly decrypt their enemy's communications 00:17:20.710 --> 00:17:24.079 had a huge advantage. Exactly, and it could be 00:17:24.079 --> 00:17:26.779 the same with quantum computing, the nation or 00:17:26.779 --> 00:17:29.299 organization that has a powerful quantum computer 00:17:29.299 --> 00:17:32.099 and the ability to decrypt everyone else's secrets. 00:17:32.279 --> 00:17:34.319 Right, it would be a very powerful position to 00:17:34.319 --> 00:17:37.079 be in. Okay, so let's shift gears a little bit 00:17:37.079 --> 00:17:40.220 and talk about some of the more speculative but 00:17:40.220 --> 00:17:42.380 exciting possibilities, you know, like potential 00:17:42.380 --> 00:17:44.559 breakthroughs and discoveries. Okay, yeah, let's 00:17:44.559 --> 00:17:47.339 get into that. Fernando mentioned Sandbox AQ's 00:17:47.339 --> 00:17:50.180 work on magnetic navigation, like a backup system 00:17:50.180 --> 00:17:53.349 for GPS in case GPS goes... down right and they're 00:17:53.349 --> 00:17:55.630 also doing research on advanced cryptography 00:17:55.630 --> 00:17:57.650 yeah lots of interesting stuff going on there 00:17:57.650 --> 00:18:00.029 and it's easy to get caught up in all the sci 00:18:00.029 --> 00:18:03.410 -fi scenarios right like AI and quantum computing 00:18:03.410 --> 00:18:06.450 leading to all these amazing discoveries yeah 00:18:06.450 --> 00:18:08.150 and that ties into what you were talking about 00:18:08.150 --> 00:18:10.990 earlier those aha moments those sudden flashes 00:18:10.990 --> 00:18:13.470 of insight right right like those breakthroughs 00:18:13.470 --> 00:18:15.750 that completely change our understanding of the 00:18:15.750 --> 00:18:19.470 world exactly and you know, the combination of 00:18:19.470 --> 00:18:22.230 AI's analytical power and quantum computing's 00:18:22.230 --> 00:18:25.730 ability to tackle these incredibly complex calculations, 00:18:26.210 --> 00:18:29.029 it really has the potential to accelerate scientific 00:18:29.029 --> 00:18:31.369 discovery in all sorts of fields. You know, everything 00:18:31.369 --> 00:18:34.630 from developing new medicines to understanding 00:18:34.630 --> 00:18:36.670 the fundamental laws of the universe. And that 00:18:36.670 --> 00:18:38.170 kind of leads us to the big question, right? 00:18:38.190 --> 00:18:40.250 The one that everybody's talking about. The singularity. 00:18:40.369 --> 00:18:43.549 Yeah, or artificial superintelligence, you know. 00:18:44.079 --> 00:18:47.779 What happens when AI becomes smarter than humans? 00:18:48.200 --> 00:18:49.799 Is that something that could actually happen? 00:18:50.019 --> 00:18:52.539 And if so, is it something that we should be 00:18:52.539 --> 00:18:55.099 afraid of? It's definitely a hot topic. And Fernando 00:18:55.099 --> 00:18:57.279 acknowledges that even defining what we mean 00:18:57.279 --> 00:18:59.779 by artificial general intelligence, AGI, and 00:18:59.779 --> 00:19:01.720 super intelligence, it's not straightforward. 00:19:02.039 --> 00:19:04.099 There's no universally agreed upon definition. 00:19:04.490 --> 00:19:08.349 But generally speaking, AGI would be AI that 00:19:08.349 --> 00:19:11.710 can perform any intellectual task that a human 00:19:11.710 --> 00:19:15.109 can. Right. And super intelligence would be AI 00:19:15.109 --> 00:19:17.470 that surpasses human intelligence across the 00:19:17.470 --> 00:19:20.619 board. So it's that transition from... AGI to 00:19:20.619 --> 00:19:22.240 super intelligence. That's where things could 00:19:22.240 --> 00:19:23.880 get really interesting, right? Yeah, that's the 00:19:23.880 --> 00:19:26.460 point where AI potentially goes beyond anything 00:19:26.460 --> 00:19:28.960 that we can even imagine. And some people think 00:19:28.960 --> 00:19:31.200 that quantum computers might be the key to making 00:19:31.200 --> 00:19:33.019 that happen, right? That they'll provide the 00:19:33.019 --> 00:19:36.220 raw computing power that AI needs to reach that 00:19:36.220 --> 00:19:39.400 level. It's definitely a possibility. But Sandbox 00:19:39.400 --> 00:19:43.519 AQ's focus is really on the more immediate positive 00:19:43.519 --> 00:19:45.640 impacts that these technologies can have. Right. 00:19:45.779 --> 00:19:48.450 They're working on things like protecting sensitive 00:19:48.450 --> 00:19:50.789 information, creating advanced medical devices, 00:19:51.289 --> 00:19:53.710 like they're collaborating with Nobel laureate 00:19:53.710 --> 00:19:56.349 Stanley Prusiner on Alzheimer's research. They're 00:19:56.349 --> 00:19:59.069 using LQMs to speed up the simulations of those 00:19:59.069 --> 00:20:01.329 complex molecules, trying to understand how the 00:20:01.329 --> 00:20:03.450 disease works. They're also working on improving 00:20:03.450 --> 00:20:06.049 navigation systems, making them more resilient 00:20:06.049 --> 00:20:08.410 and developing sustainable solutions, you know, 00:20:08.430 --> 00:20:10.250 like designing catalysts that can break down 00:20:10.250 --> 00:20:12.789 plastics. That's great. And it seems like that 00:20:12.789 --> 00:20:15.990 focus on creating a positive impact is something 00:20:15.990 --> 00:20:18.970 that really attracts top talent to companies 00:20:18.970 --> 00:20:21.809 like Sandbox AQ. Absolutely. People want to work 00:20:21.809 --> 00:20:23.910 on things that are going to make a difference 00:20:23.910 --> 00:20:25.809 in the world. Yeah. They want to be part of something 00:20:25.809 --> 00:20:28.990 bigger than themselves. Exactly. And Fernando 00:20:28.990 --> 00:20:32.269 emphasizes that Sandbox AQ's belief is that the 00:20:32.269 --> 00:20:35.450 convergence of AI, quantum technologies, and 00:20:35.450 --> 00:20:39.009 those large quantitative models it offers a more 00:20:39.009 --> 00:20:42.230 hopeful and impactful path forward. Focusing 00:20:42.230 --> 00:20:45.410 on solving those big human challenges, rather 00:20:45.410 --> 00:20:47.230 than just worrying about the potential risks 00:20:47.230 --> 00:20:49.190 of super intelligence. It's like he's saying, 00:20:49.690 --> 00:20:51.509 let's use these tools to make the world a better 00:20:51.509 --> 00:20:53.829 place. Yeah, exactly. Let's focus on the good 00:20:53.829 --> 00:20:56.410 that we can do right now. He also draws a parallel 00:20:56.410 --> 00:20:58.210 to the internet, right? Right. The internet has 00:20:58.210 --> 00:21:01.069 its downsides, obviously. Sure. But overall, 00:21:01.250 --> 00:21:03.390 it's brought a lot of positive things to humanity. 00:21:03.829 --> 00:21:06.150 Yeah. I think that's a fair assessment. And I 00:21:06.150 --> 00:21:08.309 think the same could be said for AI and quantum 00:21:08.309 --> 00:21:11.490 computing. You know, there are risks, but there's 00:21:11.490 --> 00:21:14.650 also tremendous potential for good. And what 00:21:14.650 --> 00:21:16.890 about those big questions about the universe? 00:21:17.430 --> 00:21:19.170 You know, the things that have always fascinated 00:21:19.170 --> 00:21:22.049 humans, like the nature of black holes or the 00:21:22.049 --> 00:21:24.589 possibility of faster -than -light travel? Right, 00:21:24.670 --> 00:21:26.750 well, those are definitely big questions. And 00:21:26.750 --> 00:21:29.430 AI and quantum computing are powerful tools that 00:21:29.430 --> 00:21:31.440 could help us answer them. Yeah. You know, the 00:21:31.440 --> 00:21:34.000 ability to perform these complex simulations 00:21:34.000 --> 00:21:36.960 and analyze massive amounts of data, it's going 00:21:36.960 --> 00:21:39.140 to be essential for scientific discovery. Right. 00:21:39.759 --> 00:21:42.259 But the universe is vast, and those questions 00:21:42.259 --> 00:21:44.519 are deep, so it might be a while before we have 00:21:44.519 --> 00:21:46.720 definitive answers. Yeah, those are like those 00:21:46.720 --> 00:21:49.259 really long -term research projects, right? Exactly. 00:21:49.319 --> 00:21:51.440 It's going to take time and patience. And it 00:21:51.440 --> 00:21:53.000 seems like there's still so much that we don't 00:21:53.000 --> 00:21:55.680 even know about quantum physics itself, right? 00:21:55.720 --> 00:21:57.799 I mean, those experiments they're doing on superposition 00:21:57.799 --> 00:22:01.769 and entanglement just... mind -boggling. Absolutely. 00:22:02.009 --> 00:22:03.450 Yeah, we're still learning about the fundamental 00:22:03.450 --> 00:22:06.430 nature of reality. And Fernando makes this really 00:22:06.430 --> 00:22:09.109 interesting point that human intelligence, as 00:22:09.109 --> 00:22:12.089 amazing as it is, it might have its limits. Right. 00:22:12.309 --> 00:22:14.710 And AI, especially when it's combined with the 00:22:14.710 --> 00:22:17.950 power of quantum computers, that could be the 00:22:17.950 --> 00:22:21.079 key to pushing past those limits, to expanding 00:22:21.079 --> 00:22:22.819 our knowledge in ways that we can't even imagine 00:22:22.819 --> 00:22:25.119 right now. Yeah, it's really exciting to think 00:22:25.119 --> 00:22:28.759 about what we might be able to achieve with these 00:22:28.759 --> 00:22:31.599 tools in the years to come. So wrapping things 00:22:31.599 --> 00:22:34.299 up, it's clear that AI and quantum computing, 00:22:34.559 --> 00:22:36.200 they're not just science fiction anymore. No, 00:22:36.380 --> 00:22:38.220 they're very real and they're going to have a 00:22:38.220 --> 00:22:40.769 profound impact on our world. They have the potential 00:22:40.769 --> 00:22:42.890 to change everything from how we do business 00:22:42.890 --> 00:22:45.490 to how we understand the universe itself. Absolutely. 00:22:45.690 --> 00:22:47.430 And it's something that everyone should be paying 00:22:47.430 --> 00:22:49.170 attention to, even if you're not a scientist 00:22:49.170 --> 00:22:51.170 or an engineer. Yeah, it's going to affect all 00:22:51.170 --> 00:22:53.309 of us in one way or another. And for those who 00:22:53.309 --> 00:22:55.109 want to learn more, I highly recommend checking 00:22:55.109 --> 00:22:58.430 out Sandbox AQ's YouTube channel and their website. 00:22:58.549 --> 00:23:00.789 They have tons of great information and resources. 00:23:00.970 --> 00:23:03.019 We'll put those links in the show notes. And 00:23:03.019 --> 00:23:05.019 they also have partnerships with universities 00:23:05.019 --> 00:23:07.200 and residency programs. So if you're interested 00:23:07.200 --> 00:23:09.220 in getting involved in this field, that's a great 00:23:09.220 --> 00:23:12.059 place to start. Yeah, there are so many opportunities 00:23:12.059 --> 00:23:13.900 out there for people who want to get involved 00:23:13.900 --> 00:23:16.940 in this exciting field. Absolutely. And the pace 00:23:16.940 --> 00:23:19.359 of discovery is only accelerating. So who knows? 00:23:19.559 --> 00:23:21.759 what the future holds. That's the most exciting 00:23:21.759 --> 00:23:23.759 part, right? We're just at the beginning of this 00:23:23.759 --> 00:23:26.779 journey, and the possibilities are endless. Yeah, 00:23:26.880 --> 00:23:28.400 it's going to be an amazing ride, that's for 00:23:28.400 --> 00:23:30.680 sure. So thanks for joining us on this deep dive 00:23:30.680 --> 00:23:33.539 into the world of quantum computing and AI. And 00:23:33.539 --> 00:23:36.539 until next time, keep exploring. Keep those brains 00:23:36.539 --> 00:23:39.019 firing. Exactly. And we'll see you on the next 00:23:39.019 --> 00:23:40.960 deep dive. All right, see you later. Take care. 00:23:41.220 --> 00:23:41.519 Bye.