WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.980 Hey, everyone. Welcome to the show. Glad to be 00:00:01.980 --> 00:00:04.620 here. Imagine surrendering. You're under a flag 00:00:04.620 --> 00:00:06.879 of truce. You think safety is finally at hand. 00:00:06.960 --> 00:00:10.619 Yeah. Only to be met with just, well, a brutal, 00:00:10.740 --> 00:00:13.300 merciless slaughter. It's hard to even picture. 00:00:13.560 --> 00:00:16.719 That betrayal, that kind of unpunished violence, 00:00:17.140 --> 00:00:19.460 it really lies at the heart of the historical 00:00:19.460 --> 00:00:23.429 account we're delving into today. This deep dive 00:00:23.429 --> 00:00:26.010 explores a really pivotal period in American 00:00:26.010 --> 00:00:29.350 history, the tumultuous Reconstruction era. It 00:00:29.350 --> 00:00:31.609 was such a complex time. Yeah, full of political 00:00:31.609 --> 00:00:34.729 intrigue, the struggle for civil rights, and 00:00:34.729 --> 00:00:37.710 fierce contests over how the law itself was applied. 00:00:37.969 --> 00:00:40.659 Absolutely. So if you're ready to unpack this 00:00:40.659 --> 00:00:43.520 critical and frankly often overlooked chapter, 00:00:43.759 --> 00:00:45.719 definitely hit that like button and subscribe 00:00:45.719 --> 00:00:48.280 for more explorations into the stories that shaped 00:00:48.280 --> 00:00:51.679 us. And today we're digging into unpunished murder. 00:00:52.219 --> 00:00:54.359 By Goldstone Lawrence. We've put a link in the 00:00:54.359 --> 00:00:55.759 description below if you want to check it out. 00:00:55.799 --> 00:00:57.840 Great recommendation. Yeah, it's a vital work. 00:00:57.920 --> 00:01:00.500 And this book isn't just, you know, a dry list 00:01:00.500 --> 00:01:03.340 of dates and facts. It's really an unflinching 00:01:03.340 --> 00:01:05.840 investigation into the raw exercise of power, 00:01:06.040 --> 00:01:10.079 the fragility of newly won rights. Especially 00:01:10.079 --> 00:01:13.079 then. Exactly. And the enduring consequences 00:01:13.079 --> 00:01:16.010 when justice is denied. particularly in that 00:01:16.010 --> 00:01:18.890 long pursuit of equality. So we'll be focusing 00:01:18.890 --> 00:01:21.329 specifically on the Colfax massacre and its aftermath. 00:01:21.390 --> 00:01:24.989 We'll draw on Lawrence's detailed research to 00:01:24.989 --> 00:01:27.569 understand this pivotal moment. And the cast 00:01:27.569 --> 00:01:29.950 of characters is, well, diverse presidents, Supreme 00:01:29.950 --> 00:01:33.030 Court justices, but also just ordinary people 00:01:33.030 --> 00:01:35.790 fighting for their place. OK, let's set the scene 00:01:35.790 --> 00:01:38.469 then. Grant Parish, Louisiana. Right. Now, this 00:01:38.469 --> 00:01:41.129 wasn't some old established place. It was actually 00:01:41.129 --> 00:01:43.950 created pretty recently back in 1869. By the 00:01:43.950 --> 00:01:46.109 Republican controlled state legislature, which 00:01:46.109 --> 00:01:49.390 is key. Explain that significance. Why was that 00:01:49.390 --> 00:01:51.670 key? Well, the intent seems pretty clear. It 00:01:51.670 --> 00:01:53.569 was a deliberate effort to carve out a space 00:01:53.569 --> 00:01:56.030 where a newly freedman could actually exercise 00:01:56.030 --> 00:01:59.469 political power. And they even named it after 00:01:59.469 --> 00:02:02.310 President Grant and Vice President Colfax. Yeah. 00:02:02.430 --> 00:02:04.549 Nailing their colors to the mast, so to speak. 00:02:04.969 --> 00:02:07.349 And what's really striking is the contrast, isn't 00:02:07.349 --> 00:02:09.550 it? Between Grant Parish and the surrounding 00:02:09.550 --> 00:02:12.650 parishes like Wynn and Rapides. Oh, absolutely. 00:02:12.949 --> 00:02:16.129 Those were predominantly white, much more aligned 00:02:16.129 --> 00:02:18.969 with the old order. Grant Parish was sort of 00:02:18.969 --> 00:02:21.310 an island. And a significant chunk of it was 00:02:21.310 --> 00:02:23.930 land formerly owned by Willie Calhoun. Tell us 00:02:23.930 --> 00:02:27.090 about him. He's a fascinating figure. A southern 00:02:27.090 --> 00:02:30.250 white man, which was rare in this context, who 00:02:30.250 --> 00:02:32.530 genuinely seemed to believe in equal rights. 00:02:32.669 --> 00:02:36.020 Really? Yeah, he actively championed creating 00:02:36.020 --> 00:02:38.620 this new parish. He was definitely an outlier 00:02:38.620 --> 00:02:41.599 for his time and place. His actions must have 00:02:41.599 --> 00:02:44.560 really stood out. I bet. And within Colfax, the 00:02:44.560 --> 00:02:46.840 main town, there was an armed black militia. 00:02:46.879 --> 00:02:49.319 That's right. Armed with Enfield rifles, trying 00:02:49.319 --> 00:02:51.259 to protect the new Republican leadership there. 00:02:51.400 --> 00:02:53.939 So it paints a picture of a community actively 00:02:53.939 --> 00:02:56.919 trying to, well... Defend the foothold they'd 00:02:56.919 --> 00:02:59.139 gained? Definitely. Building a foundation for 00:02:59.139 --> 00:03:01.199 their rights, but doing so against some serious 00:03:01.199 --> 00:03:03.439 and growing opposition. Which connects to the 00:03:03.439 --> 00:03:06.500 bigger picture that contested 1872 governor's 00:03:06.500 --> 00:03:08.960 election in Louisiana. Exactly. Kellogg, the 00:03:08.960 --> 00:03:11.560 Republican, versus McHenry, who led a fusionist 00:03:11.560 --> 00:03:14.900 ticket. Fusionist. So like a coalition. Yeah, 00:03:14.939 --> 00:03:17.599 basically a mix of Democrats and anti -Grant 00:03:17.599 --> 00:03:20.139 Republicans, anyone opposed to the Reconstruction 00:03:20.139 --> 00:03:23.080 government. It created this incredibly fractured 00:03:23.080 --> 00:03:25.080 political environment. And that played out locally. 00:03:25.659 --> 00:03:28.240 In Grant Parish. Directly. You ended up with 00:03:28.240 --> 00:03:30.460 two sets of local officials claiming legitimacy. 00:03:31.400 --> 00:03:33.979 The Republicans held the courthouse, the official 00:03:33.979 --> 00:03:37.060 seat of power. But the fusionists organized their 00:03:37.060 --> 00:03:39.280 own shadow government, essentially challenging 00:03:39.280 --> 00:03:41.939 them at every turn. Wow. So competing authorities 00:03:41.939 --> 00:03:43.819 right there. And the white opposition, people 00:03:43.819 --> 00:03:47.139 like Hadnot and Nash, their response wasn't just 00:03:47.139 --> 00:03:49.740 political debate, was it? Not at all. Lawrence 00:03:49.740 --> 00:03:52.400 details how they were actively using intimidation, 00:03:52.460 --> 00:03:55.520 direct threats, trying to undermine the Republican 00:03:55.520 --> 00:03:57.639 officials. And this is where groups like the 00:03:57.639 --> 00:03:59.759 Klan come in. Yes. The Klan and the Knights of 00:03:59.759 --> 00:04:01.860 the White Camellia were very active, especially 00:04:01.860 --> 00:04:04.759 in neighboring Rapides parishes. terrorizing 00:04:04.759 --> 00:04:06.639 black voters, trying to stop them from participating 00:04:06.639 --> 00:04:08.800 at all. Just creating this pervasive atmosphere 00:04:08.800 --> 00:04:11.780 of fear. It wasn't just disagreement. It was 00:04:11.780 --> 00:04:15.199 a deliberate campaign of violence, trying to 00:04:15.199 --> 00:04:17.540 dismantle the progress made during Reconstruction. 00:04:17.779 --> 00:04:20.300 And then there's Dallas White, the unionist sheriff. 00:04:20.519 --> 00:04:22.240 Right. He was appointed because the previous 00:04:22.240 --> 00:04:24.579 sheriff, Shelby, had actually sided with the 00:04:24.579 --> 00:04:26.500 opposition. So White was trying to protect the 00:04:26.500 --> 00:04:29.139 freedmen? He was. He was committed to it. And 00:04:29.139 --> 00:04:31.160 tragically, that commitment cost him his life. 00:04:31.800 --> 00:04:34.439 He was murdered by C .C. Nash. The same Nash 00:04:34.439 --> 00:04:37.819 leading the opposition. The very same. White's 00:04:37.819 --> 00:04:40.800 murder was a huge escalation. Really showed how 00:04:40.800 --> 00:04:42.540 dangerous things were getting for anyone standing 00:04:42.540 --> 00:04:44.379 up for black rights. And that happened right 00:04:44.379 --> 00:04:47.639 before. Right before. Had not a Nash attempted 00:04:47.639 --> 00:04:50.060 their coup, as Lawrence describes it, trying 00:04:50.060 --> 00:04:52.839 to physically seize the courthouse just before 00:04:52.839 --> 00:04:56.620 Easter Sunday, 1873. Making a direct, forceful 00:04:56.620 --> 00:04:58.839 move. No question about it. They wanted control. 00:04:59.100 --> 00:05:01.720 Which brings us to that horrific day. Easter 00:05:01.720 --> 00:05:06.279 Sunday, April 13th, 1873. The Colfax Massacre. 00:05:06.459 --> 00:05:10.160 A heavily armed white mob led by C .C. Nash descended 00:05:10.160 --> 00:05:12.319 on the courthouse. And the difference in firepower 00:05:12.319 --> 00:05:15.500 was just stark. Completely overwhelming. The 00:05:15.500 --> 00:05:17.240 attackers didn't just have rifles. They brought 00:05:17.240 --> 00:05:20.040 a cannon. Like a cannon. Yeah. The black men 00:05:20.040 --> 00:05:22.000 defending the courthouse, mostly the militia 00:05:22.000 --> 00:05:24.399 we mentioned, they were just outgunned. So eventually 00:05:24.399 --> 00:05:27.019 they surrendered. They did. Under a white flag. 00:05:27.259 --> 00:05:29.220 Yeah. Believing they'd been promised safety. 00:05:29.439 --> 00:05:34.029 But that promise. It was a lie. A complete devastating 00:05:34.029 --> 00:05:37.050 lie. Once they surrendered and gave up their 00:05:37.050 --> 00:05:40.189 weapons. Oh no. They were executed. Just shot 00:05:40.189 --> 00:05:44.350 down in cold blood. How many? The accounts, including 00:05:44.350 --> 00:05:45.850 reports in the New York Times that eventually 00:05:45.850 --> 00:05:49.790 came out, are just harrowing. Over 100 black 00:05:49.790 --> 00:05:53.009 men. Over 100? Brutally shot after they had surrendered. 00:05:53.730 --> 00:05:55.829 Some were trapped inside the courthouse when 00:05:55.829 --> 00:05:59.459 it was set on fire. Burned alive. The killing 00:05:59.459 --> 00:06:01.620 didn't stop there. The mob hunted down others 00:06:01.620 --> 00:06:03.939 who tried to flee into the woods. Just went on 00:06:03.939 --> 00:06:05.600 through the night. It's almost impossible to 00:06:05.600 --> 00:06:07.759 comprehend that level of brutality. And because 00:06:07.759 --> 00:06:10.379 Colfax was so remote. Right. You mentioned that. 00:06:10.560 --> 00:06:13.639 It took days for army units or reporters to even 00:06:13.639 --> 00:06:16.779 get there. Imagine what they found. The Times 00:06:16.779 --> 00:06:19.759 called the details positively appalling in their 00:06:19.759 --> 00:06:22.360 atrocity. And didn't one of the mob leaders had 00:06:22.360 --> 00:06:25.939 not get killed? Ironically, yes. James Hadnott 00:06:25.939 --> 00:06:28.240 was likely killed by friendly fire in the chaos. 00:06:28.439 --> 00:06:32.199 Just underscores the sheer frenzy and lack of 00:06:32.199 --> 00:06:34.420 control. That there were survivors, people who 00:06:34.420 --> 00:06:37.680 saw what happened. Yes, crucially. Levi Nelson's 00:06:37.680 --> 00:06:40.019 testimony is incredibly powerful. He survived 00:06:40.019 --> 00:06:42.000 being shot after the surrender. He testified 00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:44.319 in court? He did. He witnessed the whole thing, 00:06:44.420 --> 00:06:47.079 the surrender, the killings, and he identified 00:06:47.079 --> 00:06:49.300 the men responsible. That must have taken immense 00:06:49.300 --> 00:06:51.939 courage. Unbelievable courage. And there were 00:06:51.939 --> 00:06:54.120 other accounts, like from Clement Penn's partner, 00:06:54.300 --> 00:06:56.660 who witnessed his execution. Just heartbreaking. 00:06:56.759 --> 00:06:59.759 And the physical evidence, the discovery of the 00:06:59.759 --> 00:07:02.279 remains. Dozens of black men, some burned so 00:07:02.279 --> 00:07:04.379 badly they couldn't be recognized, in and around 00:07:04.379 --> 00:07:07.060 that courthouse. It paints a truly gruesome picture. 00:07:07.300 --> 00:07:10.500 So after this massacre, who tries to bring these 00:07:10.500 --> 00:07:13.139 people to justice. That enormous task fell to 00:07:13.139 --> 00:07:15.600 J .R. Beckwith, the U .S. attorney. An almost 00:07:15.600 --> 00:07:18.600 impossible job, you'd think. Absolutely. Trying 00:07:18.600 --> 00:07:21.740 to prosecute these men in a climate. just steeped 00:07:21.740 --> 00:07:24.560 in white supremacy, where witness intimidation 00:07:24.560 --> 00:07:26.899 was basically guaranteed. How did he even get 00:07:26.899 --> 00:07:29.300 witnesses? It was incredibly difficult. People 00:07:29.300 --> 00:07:32.500 were terrified, and for good reason. The first 00:07:32.500 --> 00:07:35.819 trial really relied heavily on Levi Nilsen's 00:07:35.819 --> 00:07:38.839 testimony. The survivor. Yes. He recounted everything 00:07:38.839 --> 00:07:41.560 and identified the defendants. But even then. 00:07:41.720 --> 00:07:44.300 What happened? It ended in a mistrial. The jury 00:07:44.300 --> 00:07:46.379 was divided. Tells you a lot about the biases 00:07:46.379 --> 00:07:49.019 of the time, doesn't it? Yeah, clearly. But Beckwith 00:07:49.019 --> 00:07:51.899 didn't give up. No, incredibly. He pushed for 00:07:51.899 --> 00:07:54.579 a retrial. He even tried to get a more representative 00:07:54.579 --> 00:07:57.180 jury pool, which was a battle in itself. But 00:07:57.180 --> 00:07:59.459 then a Supreme Court justice got involved. Yes, 00:07:59.519 --> 00:08:02.639 Joseph P. Bradley. And his intervention was, 00:08:02.879 --> 00:08:06.160 let's say, unexpected and ultimately devastating 00:08:06.160 --> 00:08:09.000 for the prosecution. How so? Mid -trial, the 00:08:09.000 --> 00:08:11.639 second trial. Bradley allowed the defense to 00:08:11.639 --> 00:08:13.759 suddenly argue that the federal government had 00:08:13.759 --> 00:08:16.259 no jurisdiction, that this wasn't a federal case. 00:08:16.379 --> 00:08:19.459 Wait, mid -trial? Yes. It completely disrupted 00:08:19.459 --> 00:08:23.860 things. And Bradley, well, he had strong states' 00:08:23.980 --> 00:08:25.740 rights beliefs. He wasn't a fan of reconstruction 00:08:25.740 --> 00:08:28.740 measures. So he was predisposed against federal 00:08:28.740 --> 00:08:31.459 intervention? It certainly seems that way. He 00:08:31.459 --> 00:08:33.960 even thought former slaveholders should be compensated. 00:08:34.440 --> 00:08:36.960 So his allowing this jurisdictional challenge 00:08:36.960 --> 00:08:39.980 wasn't entirely surprising, perhaps. So what 00:08:39.980 --> 00:08:41.879 happened in the second trial? Did they get convictions? 00:08:42.360 --> 00:08:45.019 They actually did. Guilty verdicts for Cruikshank 00:08:45.019 --> 00:08:47.720 and two others. So some measure of justice. You'd 00:08:47.720 --> 00:08:51.159 think so. But then Justice Bradley himself overturned 00:08:51.159 --> 00:08:53.559 the convictions. He overturned them? On what 00:08:53.559 --> 00:08:56.779 grounds? His reasoning was very narrow. He argued 00:08:56.779 --> 00:08:58.460 the federal government couldn't prosecute because 00:08:58.460 --> 00:09:00.840 the victims' rights weren't violated solely because 00:09:00.840 --> 00:09:03.269 of their race. What does that even mean? They 00:09:03.269 --> 00:09:06.370 were targeted because they were black men trying 00:09:06.370 --> 00:09:09.850 to hold political office. Exactly. But Bradley 00:09:09.850 --> 00:09:12.110 used this incredibly restrictive interpretation 00:09:12.110 --> 00:09:15.250 of the 14th and 15th Amendments, basically saying 00:09:15.250 --> 00:09:18.309 private individuals attacking other private individuals, 00:09:18.509 --> 00:09:21.690 even racially motivated, wasn't the federal government's 00:09:21.690 --> 00:09:23.809 problem unless the state itself was involved 00:09:23.809 --> 00:09:27.029 or the motive was only race, nothing else like 00:09:27.029 --> 00:09:29.730 politics. That sounds like a legal loophole to 00:09:29.730 --> 00:09:32.980 deny justice. It effectively acted as one. And 00:09:32.980 --> 00:09:36.159 it was a huge blow. Then came the full Supreme 00:09:36.159 --> 00:09:38.759 Court decision in United States v. Cruikshank, 00:09:38.899 --> 00:09:41.379 led by Chief Justice Wade. What did that do? 00:09:41.799 --> 00:09:44.139 It cemented Bradley's view and went even further. 00:09:44.279 --> 00:09:46.460 It essentially bedded the Enforcement Acts of 00:09:46.460 --> 00:09:49.379 1870. Those were the laws meant to protect civil 00:09:49.379 --> 00:09:51.639 rights. Yes, meant to give the federal government 00:09:51.639 --> 00:09:54.279 teeth to prosecute Klan violence and protect 00:09:54.279 --> 00:09:57.340 black voting rights. Cruikshank severely limited 00:09:57.340 --> 00:09:59.519 federal power to protect citizens from violations 00:09:59.519 --> 00:10:02.340 by other individuals. It basically said protecting 00:10:02.340 --> 00:10:04.600 citizens from each other was the state's job. 00:10:04.970 --> 00:10:06.690 Not the federal governments. Even if the state 00:10:06.690 --> 00:10:08.789 was unwilling or unable to do it. Precisely. 00:10:08.889 --> 00:10:11.250 Which was often the case in the South. So these 00:10:11.250 --> 00:10:14.149 Supreme Court decisions, they just pulled the 00:10:14.149 --> 00:10:16.529 rug out from under federal protection for African 00:10:16.529 --> 00:10:19.309 -Americans. In many ways, yes. They dismantled 00:10:19.309 --> 00:10:21.889 a key part of the legal framework of Reconstruction. 00:10:22.250 --> 00:10:25.029 It sent a clear signal that the federal government 00:10:25.029 --> 00:10:27.809 was backing away from protecting black citizens 00:10:27.809 --> 00:10:30.549 in the South. How must the white community there 00:10:30.549 --> 00:10:33.830 have reacted first to Beckwith trying to prosecute 00:10:33.830 --> 00:10:36.110 and then to these rulings? Probably with initial 00:10:36.110 --> 00:10:39.309 outrage at Beckwith's efforts, followed by, I 00:10:39.309 --> 00:10:42.149 imagine, relief and a sense of vindication when 00:10:42.149 --> 00:10:43.830 the convictions were overturned and Cruikshank 00:10:43.830 --> 00:10:47.029 came down. It essentially validated their resistance. 00:10:47.490 --> 00:10:49.549 And this all fits into the broader context, doesn't 00:10:49.549 --> 00:10:51.690 it? The shift in the political climate. Definitely. 00:10:51.750 --> 00:10:53.830 Support for Reconstruction was fading up north. 00:10:53.970 --> 00:10:55.889 People were getting tired of the cost and the 00:10:55.889 --> 00:10:58.980 conflict. And in the South... The Redeemer movement 00:10:58.980 --> 00:11:01.919 was gaining steam. Right. Democrats aiming to 00:11:01.919 --> 00:11:04.120 restore white supremacy and redeem the South 00:11:04.120 --> 00:11:07.100 from Republican rule. Violence and intimidation 00:11:07.100 --> 00:11:10.279 were key tools. Then came the 1876 election. 00:11:10.679 --> 00:11:14.159 Highly contested, messy, leading to the Compromise 00:11:14.159 --> 00:11:17.139 of 1877. Which effectively ended Reconstruction. 00:11:17.320 --> 00:11:20.019 That's the general consensus. Federal troops 00:11:20.019 --> 00:11:22.480 were withdrawn from the South in exchange for 00:11:22.480 --> 00:11:25.340 Hayes getting the presidency. It basically left 00:11:25.340 --> 00:11:27.279 Southern Republicans and African -Americans to 00:11:27.279 --> 00:11:30.620 fend for themselves. And C .C. Nash, the leader 00:11:30.620 --> 00:11:32.840 of the massacre, faced no real consequences, 00:11:33.179 --> 00:11:36.639 remained a powerful figure in Grant Parish. It's 00:11:36.639 --> 00:11:38.879 a stark reminder of where the power truly lay. 00:11:39.259 --> 00:11:41.500 It's also important, isn't it, to push back against 00:11:41.500 --> 00:11:43.600 that old narrative that Reconstruction was just 00:11:43.600 --> 00:11:46.159 a total failure doomed from the start. Absolutely. 00:11:46.360 --> 00:11:48.340 That narrative was often pushed by those who 00:11:48.340 --> 00:11:50.820 wanted it to fail. There were genuine efforts, 00:11:51.120 --> 00:11:54.220 real progress made towards equality, even if 00:11:54.220 --> 00:11:56.480 it was ultimately rolled back by violence and, 00:11:56.580 --> 00:11:59.529 well, decisions like Crookshank. And that monument 00:11:59.529 --> 00:12:03.049 in Colfax erected decades later in 1922. Yeah, 00:12:03.149 --> 00:12:05.590 presenting a completely biased pro -white mob 00:12:05.590 --> 00:12:08.269 version of events, calling it a riot where black 00:12:08.269 --> 00:12:10.889 people died, not a massacre. It just shows how 00:12:10.889 --> 00:12:13.210 contested this memory still is. So how do we 00:12:13.210 --> 00:12:14.710 grapple with this, with moments where justice 00:12:14.710 --> 00:12:17.629 was so clearly denied? That's the crucial question, 00:12:17.710 --> 00:12:19.990 isn't it? Yeah. I think understanding events 00:12:19.990 --> 00:12:23.009 like Colfax and the legal decisions that followed 00:12:23.009 --> 00:12:26.090 forces us to see how fragile justice can be and 00:12:26.090 --> 00:12:29.769 how the fight for equal rights is an ongoing 00:12:29.769 --> 00:12:32.029 process. It wasn't settled then and it requires 00:12:32.029 --> 00:12:34.909 constant vigilance. Absolutely. Well, thank you 00:12:34.909 --> 00:12:37.250 for joining us for this deep dive into the Colfax 00:12:37.250 --> 00:12:40.669 massacre. Really powerful and disturbing history. 00:12:40.830 --> 00:12:43.629 Important history to confront. definitely what 00:12:43.629 --> 00:12:45.549 stands out to you most from this we'd love to 00:12:45.549 --> 00:12:47.190 hear your thoughts on the unpunished violence 00:12:47.190 --> 00:12:49.289 and its impact let us know in the comments below 00:12:49.289 --> 00:12:51.210 yeah please share your though and if this deep 00:12:51.210 --> 00:12:53.570 dive sparked your curiosity or maybe anger or 00:12:53.570 --> 00:12:55.870 just a desire to know more please share it with 00:12:55.870 --> 00:12:58.210 others let's keep these vital conversations about 00:12:58.210 --> 00:13:00.850 our past going agreed because the story of colfax 00:13:00.850 --> 00:13:03.710 really is a stark reminder isn't it how fragile 00:13:03.710 --> 00:13:06.350 justice can be how the struggle for equality 00:13:06.350 --> 00:13:09.610 needs that constant vigilance you mentioned maybe 00:13:09.610 --> 00:13:12.610 consider how the echoes of this unpunished murder, 00:13:12.769 --> 00:13:15.529 this denial of rights, might resonate even today 00:13:15.529 --> 00:13:18.169 in our ongoing pursuit of a more just society. 00:13:18.509 --> 00:13:19.370 Something to think about.