1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,320 Imagine, just picture this. 2 00:00:03,320 --> 00:00:05,120 You're on a spaceship, right? 3 00:00:05,120 --> 00:00:06,560 And you're leaving Earth behind. 4 00:00:06,560 --> 00:00:07,400 Okay. 5 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:09,440 And as you journey outward, 6 00:00:09,440 --> 00:00:11,880 the sun shrinks to a pinprick. 7 00:00:11,880 --> 00:00:12,720 Right. 8 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:14,440 And ahead of you loom these two giants. 9 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:15,280 Yeah. 10 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:16,760 Jupiter and Saturn, the gas giants. 11 00:00:16,760 --> 00:00:17,600 Yeah. 12 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:19,760 They've fascinated us humans for millennia. 13 00:00:19,760 --> 00:00:20,900 They have. 14 00:00:20,900 --> 00:00:22,180 And today we're taking a deep dive 15 00:00:22,180 --> 00:00:24,320 into the missions that dared to explore them. 16 00:00:24,320 --> 00:00:25,400 I love it. 17 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:26,400 Welcome to Cosmos, 18 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:28,040 in a part of the Space and Astronomy series. 19 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:28,880 Yes. 20 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:30,120 Come and share and subscribe. 21 00:00:30,120 --> 00:00:30,960 Absolutely. 22 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:32,240 Okay, so let's unpack this, right? 23 00:00:32,240 --> 00:00:33,080 Right. 24 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:34,320 We've got Jupiter, the big boss. 25 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:35,160 He is. 26 00:00:35,160 --> 00:00:36,120 And Saturn, the ring king. 27 00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:36,960 That's right. 28 00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:41,120 But before we launch into the missions themselves, 29 00:00:41,120 --> 00:00:44,160 what makes these gas giants so different from, say, 30 00:00:44,160 --> 00:00:46,600 our rocky neighbor Mars? 31 00:00:46,600 --> 00:00:48,360 Well, what's really captivating about them 32 00:00:48,360 --> 00:00:49,760 is their sheer scale. 33 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:51,760 I mean, Jupiter's mass is greater 34 00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:53,760 than all the other planets combined. 35 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:54,600 Really? 36 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:55,440 Think about that for a second. 37 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:57,160 It's a giant among giants. 38 00:00:57,160 --> 00:00:58,000 That's incredible. 39 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:01,240 And its atmosphere is a constantly shifting canvas 40 00:01:01,240 --> 00:01:02,880 of color and storms. 41 00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:04,800 You've probably heard of the Great Red Spot, right? 42 00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:06,960 Yeah, the super storm that's been raging for centuries. 43 00:01:06,960 --> 00:01:07,800 Yeah. 44 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:08,800 Is it really bigger than Earth? 45 00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:09,760 Oh, it's much bigger. 46 00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:11,400 It's like a swirling hurricane 47 00:01:11,400 --> 00:01:12,840 that dwarfs our entire planet. 48 00:01:12,840 --> 00:01:13,680 Oh, wow. 49 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:17,120 And then you have Saturn with its iconic rings. 50 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:17,940 Yeah. 51 00:01:17,940 --> 00:01:19,000 These aren't solid, by the way. 52 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:19,840 Right. 53 00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:21,220 They're made up of countless icy particles, 54 00:01:21,220 --> 00:01:24,120 ranging in size from dust grains to small mountains. 55 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:25,760 Wow, okay, so I'm starting to get a sense 56 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:28,520 of just how huge and complex these planets are. 57 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:29,360 Yeah. 58 00:01:29,360 --> 00:01:31,520 But there must be a whole other challenge, right? 59 00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:33,720 Exactly, it's not like hopping over to Mars. 60 00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:34,560 No. 61 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:36,000 Years to reach Jupiter. 62 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:36,840 Wow. 63 00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:38,360 Almost a decade to Saturn. 64 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:39,200 Really? 65 00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:42,480 These missions are true feats of engineering and endurance. 66 00:01:42,480 --> 00:01:44,000 That's amazing. 67 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:47,360 So who were the first brave souls 68 00:01:47,360 --> 00:01:49,640 to attempt this cosmic journey? 69 00:01:49,640 --> 00:01:52,440 It all began back in the late 1960s. 70 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:53,280 Okay. 71 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:56,000 NASA, ambitious as ever, decided to look beyond 72 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:57,240 the inner solar system. 73 00:01:57,240 --> 00:01:58,080 Right. 74 00:01:58,080 --> 00:01:59,480 That's how the Pioneer missions were born. 75 00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:00,320 Okay. 76 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:02,920 Pioneer 10 and 11, humanity's first emissaries 77 00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:04,920 to venture past the asteroid belt. 78 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:07,140 The asteroid belt, wasn't that a pretty risky move 79 00:02:07,140 --> 00:02:07,980 back then? 80 00:02:07,980 --> 00:02:11,100 It was, no one really knew what dangers lurked 81 00:02:11,100 --> 00:02:13,200 within that belt of space debris. 82 00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:14,040 Yeah. 83 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:17,320 But Pioneer 10 launched in 1972, braved it. 84 00:02:17,320 --> 00:02:18,160 Wow. 85 00:02:18,160 --> 00:02:20,360 And became the first spacecraft to reach Jupiter. 86 00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:21,200 Really? 87 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:23,520 It sent back over 500 images. 88 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:24,360 Wow. 89 00:02:24,360 --> 00:02:27,880 Giving us our first real look at Jupiter's swirling clouds 90 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:29,880 and its powerful magnetic field. 91 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:31,600 It must have been like seeing an alien world 92 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:32,440 for the first time. 93 00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:33,260 Absolutely. 94 00:02:33,260 --> 00:02:35,960 Then came Pioneer 11, launching in 1973. 95 00:02:35,960 --> 00:02:36,800 Okay. 96 00:02:36,800 --> 00:02:38,400 It followed its sibling to Jupiter. 97 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:39,240 Right. 98 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:40,060 But then did something really clever. 99 00:02:40,060 --> 00:02:40,900 What's that? 100 00:02:40,900 --> 00:02:42,840 It used Jupiter's gravity like a slingshot 101 00:02:42,840 --> 00:02:44,880 to propel itself onwards to Saturn. 102 00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:46,720 What you could do that use a planet's gravity 103 00:02:46,720 --> 00:02:47,800 to speed up a spacecraft. 104 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:49,520 It's called a gravity assist. 105 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:51,680 It's like stealing a bit of the planet's momentum 106 00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:53,200 to give your spacecraft a boost. 107 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:54,040 Oh wow. 108 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:55,880 It's a pretty common technique in space travel, 109 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:57,640 especially for long distance missions. 110 00:02:57,640 --> 00:02:58,480 Yeah. 111 00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:00,600 It allowed Pioneer 11 to become the first probe 112 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:03,720 to reach Saturn, sending back the first closeup images 113 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:05,600 of its rings in 1979. 114 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:06,800 That's so ingenious. 115 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:07,640 Yeah. 116 00:03:07,640 --> 00:03:09,840 It makes you wonder what else we can use gravity for 117 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:10,680 in space. 118 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:11,500 Right. 119 00:03:11,500 --> 00:03:14,040 But these pioneers, they were just the beginning, right? 120 00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:17,080 Right, they proved outer solar system travel was possible. 121 00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:17,920 Okay. 122 00:03:17,920 --> 00:03:20,160 What came next was even more ambitious, 123 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:21,480 the Voyager missions. 124 00:03:21,480 --> 00:03:25,240 Ah, the Voyager, the rock stars of space probes. 125 00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:27,080 Didn't they have a pretty unique opportunity? 126 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:27,920 They did. 127 00:03:27,920 --> 00:03:30,520 It was like the universe was giving us a cosmic gift. 128 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:31,360 Okay. 129 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:35,000 In the late 70s, a rare planetary alignment occurred. 130 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:35,840 Right. 131 00:03:35,840 --> 00:03:37,840 Meaning all four gas giants. 132 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:38,680 Wow. 133 00:03:38,680 --> 00:03:40,960 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 134 00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:41,800 Yeah. 135 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:43,360 Could be visited in a single mission. 136 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:44,200 Really? 137 00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:45,840 That's how Voyager 1 and 2 were born. 138 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:46,680 Wow. 139 00:03:46,680 --> 00:03:48,280 And Voyager 1, where did it head first? 140 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:50,600 It arrived at Jupiter in 1979. 141 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:51,440 Okay. 142 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:54,360 Capturing those iconic images of its swirling atmosphere 143 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:55,600 and its great red spot. 144 00:03:55,600 --> 00:03:56,440 Yeah. 145 00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:57,260 But it didn't stop there. 146 00:03:57,260 --> 00:03:58,100 No. 147 00:03:58,100 --> 00:04:00,920 It also beamed back detailed images of Jupiter's moons. 148 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:01,760 Okay. 149 00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:04,440 Including Europa, a moon with an icy surface. 150 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:05,280 Right. 151 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:07,200 And a potentially hidden ocean beneath. 152 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:08,720 Europa, that's the one that scientists 153 00:04:08,720 --> 00:04:09,920 are really excited about, right? 154 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:11,880 Because of the possibility of life. 155 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:12,720 Exactly. 156 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:14,640 Voyager 1 provided our first hints 157 00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:17,160 that Europa might have a vast global ocean 158 00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:18,360 hidden under its ice. 159 00:04:18,360 --> 00:04:19,200 Yeah. 160 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:21,680 Sparking the search for extraterrestrial life 161 00:04:21,680 --> 00:04:23,000 in our own solar system. 162 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:23,840 Wow. 163 00:04:23,840 --> 00:04:26,200 Then Voyager 1 continued on to Saturn. 164 00:04:26,200 --> 00:04:27,040 Okay. 165 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:29,360 Becoming the first probe to capture detailed images 166 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:30,840 of the planet's stunning rings 167 00:04:30,840 --> 00:04:34,520 and revealing the hazy atmosphere of its largest moon, Titan. 168 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:35,360 Titan? 169 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:37,480 I've heard it's like an early Earth in some ways. 170 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:38,320 Is that true? 171 00:04:38,320 --> 00:04:39,480 It's a fascinating place. 172 00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:40,840 That's for sure. 173 00:04:40,840 --> 00:04:44,240 Voyager 1 discovered that Titan has a dense atmosphere. 174 00:04:44,240 --> 00:04:45,080 Okay. 175 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:45,920 Thicker than Earth's. 176 00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:46,740 Wow. 177 00:04:46,740 --> 00:04:48,560 Made up mostly of nitrogen with hints of methane 178 00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:50,400 and other organic molecules. 179 00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:51,240 Interesting. 180 00:04:51,240 --> 00:04:53,520 It's suggested Titan might have weather patterns 181 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:54,960 and surface liquids. 182 00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:55,800 Okay. 183 00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:56,620 But not water methane. 184 00:04:56,620 --> 00:04:58,120 Methane, methane lakes. 185 00:04:58,120 --> 00:04:58,960 That's wild. 186 00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:02,000 Okay, so Voyager 1 visited Jupiter and Saturn. 187 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:02,840 Right. 188 00:05:02,840 --> 00:05:03,660 What about Voyager 2? 189 00:05:03,660 --> 00:05:04,680 Did it follow the same path? 190 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:06,520 Voyager 2 took the scenic route 191 00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:08,560 visiting all four gas giants. 192 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:09,400 Wow. 193 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:10,720 It's actually the only spacecraft 194 00:05:10,720 --> 00:05:12,440 to have achieved this remarkable feat. 195 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:13,280 That's amazing. 196 00:05:13,280 --> 00:05:15,520 It flew past Jupiter and Saturn, 197 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:17,780 capturing data and images, 198 00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:20,760 then continued on to Uranus and Neptune. 199 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:21,600 Wow. 200 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:23,580 Giving us our first closeup glimpses 201 00:05:23,580 --> 00:05:25,800 of these distant ice giants. 202 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:29,380 It was like a grand tour of the outer solar system. 203 00:05:29,380 --> 00:05:32,280 It's amazing to think that these little probes 204 00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:34,760 launched in the 70s are still out there 205 00:05:34,760 --> 00:05:36,400 traveling through interstellar space. 206 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:37,240 I know. 207 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:38,520 But before we get ahead of ourselves. 208 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:39,360 Okay. 209 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:40,720 Let's go back to Jupiter and Saturn. 210 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:41,560 Okay. 211 00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:42,840 The Voyagers were flybys, right? 212 00:05:42,840 --> 00:05:43,680 Just quick glances. 213 00:05:43,680 --> 00:05:44,520 Yeah. 214 00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:45,340 But we wanted to learn more. 215 00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:46,180 Right. 216 00:05:46,180 --> 00:05:48,080 To really delve into the secrets of these giants. 217 00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:48,920 Of course. 218 00:05:48,920 --> 00:05:50,920 And that's where our next deep dive takes us. 219 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:51,760 Okay. 220 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:54,260 From flybys to orbiter's missions, 221 00:05:54,260 --> 00:05:56,360 designed to spend years studying 222 00:05:56,360 --> 00:05:58,240 Jupiter and Saturn up close. 223 00:05:58,240 --> 00:05:59,080 Awesome. 224 00:05:59,080 --> 00:05:59,900 Yeah. 225 00:05:59,900 --> 00:06:02,480 Yeah, the Voyagers gave us those incredible snapshots. 226 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:03,320 They did. 227 00:06:03,320 --> 00:06:06,360 But to truly unravel the mysteries of Jupiter and Saturn. 228 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:07,200 Yeah. 229 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:09,040 We needed missions that could stick around, 230 00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:11,760 you know, orbit these planets for years. 231 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:12,600 Right. 232 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:13,440 And really dig deep. 233 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:14,260 Okay. 234 00:06:14,260 --> 00:06:15,100 So that's where the orbiters come in, right? 235 00:06:15,100 --> 00:06:15,940 That's precise. 236 00:06:15,940 --> 00:06:17,960 Missions like Galileo, which focused on Jupiter. 237 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:18,800 Exactly. 238 00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:20,640 Launched in 1989. 239 00:06:20,640 --> 00:06:22,560 Galileo wasn't just a quick visitor. 240 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:23,400 Right. 241 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:25,160 It was designed to be a long-term resident 242 00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:26,560 in the Jovian system. 243 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:27,380 I see. 244 00:06:27,380 --> 00:06:30,640 It arrived at Jupiter in 1995 after a six-year journey. 245 00:06:30,640 --> 00:06:31,480 Wow. 246 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:33,620 And what followed was a scientific bonanza. 247 00:06:33,620 --> 00:06:35,300 Okay. So Galileo's at Jupiter. 248 00:06:35,300 --> 00:06:36,720 Where do you even begin? 249 00:06:36,720 --> 00:06:38,800 When you have a whole giant planet 250 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:40,720 and its system of moons to study. 251 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:43,240 Well, Galileo did something incredibly daring 252 00:06:43,240 --> 00:06:44,080 right off the bat. 253 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:44,900 Okay. 254 00:06:44,900 --> 00:06:47,180 It released a probe that plunged straight 255 00:06:47,180 --> 00:06:48,680 into Jupiter's atmosphere. 256 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:50,800 Into that swirling chaos of storms 257 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:52,960 and intense pressure that's brave. 258 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:54,140 What did the probe find? 259 00:06:54,140 --> 00:06:55,680 It survived for about an hour, 260 00:06:55,680 --> 00:06:57,560 sending back data as it descended. 261 00:06:57,560 --> 00:06:58,400 Wow. 262 00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:02,400 Imagine enduring winds of over 600 kilometers per hour. 263 00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:03,220 Oh my gosh. 264 00:07:03,220 --> 00:07:04,960 And temperatures hot enough to melt iron. 265 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:05,800 Wow. 266 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:07,320 This little probe gave us our first taste 267 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:09,400 of what it's like inside Jupiter's atmosphere. 268 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:10,820 That's some extreme weather reporting, 269 00:07:10,820 --> 00:07:14,320 but Galileo's main focus was on Jupiter's moons, wasn't it? 270 00:07:14,320 --> 00:07:15,160 It was. 271 00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:17,560 Especially Europa, with its tantalizing hints 272 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:18,720 of a hidden ocean. 273 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:20,640 Europa became a star of the show. 274 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:23,780 Galileo made multiple flybys of this icy moon 275 00:07:23,780 --> 00:07:26,800 mapping its surface and measuring its magnetic field. 276 00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:27,640 Right. 277 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:28,560 And the data was compelling. 278 00:07:28,560 --> 00:07:29,480 What did it show? 279 00:07:29,480 --> 00:07:32,760 It strongly suggested a vast salty ocean 280 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:36,000 beneath Europa's icy shell, potentially even larger 281 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:38,640 than all of Earth's oceans combined. 282 00:07:38,640 --> 00:07:40,720 So we went from hints of an ocean 283 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:43,480 to strong evidence of a global ocean 284 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:45,600 that must have been a game changer for scientists 285 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:47,120 looking for life beyond Earth. 286 00:07:47,120 --> 00:07:48,240 It was a paradigm shift. 287 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:50,960 Suddenly, here is a place in our own solar system 288 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:52,800 that might have the conditions necessary 289 00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:54,080 for life as we know it. 290 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:54,900 Wow. 291 00:07:54,900 --> 00:07:57,840 It made Europa a top priority for future exploration. 292 00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:00,120 But Galileo didn't just study Europa, did it? 293 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:02,180 What about those other Jovian moons, 294 00:08:02,180 --> 00:08:04,000 the ones Voyager gave us glimpses of? 295 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:05,600 Galileo gave us a front row seat 296 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:07,760 to the volcanic fury of Io, 297 00:08:07,760 --> 00:08:10,560 the most geologically active body in the solar system. 298 00:08:10,560 --> 00:08:11,400 Wow. 299 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:13,360 Imagine a moon covered in volcanoes 300 00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:15,960 spewing lava plumes hundreds of kilometers high. 301 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:16,880 That's incredible. 302 00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:19,360 Galileo witnessed these eruptions up close. 303 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:20,200 Wow. 304 00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:23,120 Revealing just how dynamic and fiery Io truly is. 305 00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:27,120 Volcanoes on Io, a possible ocean on Europa Jupiter's system 306 00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:28,840 is turning out to be pretty incredible. 307 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:30,560 And we can't forget about Ganymede. 308 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:31,400 Right. 309 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:33,640 The largest moon in our solar system, Galileo, 310 00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:36,520 discovered that Ganymede has its own magnetic field. 311 00:08:36,520 --> 00:08:37,360 Really? 312 00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:38,960 Quite unusual for a moon. 313 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:39,800 Yeah. 314 00:08:39,800 --> 00:08:42,920 It also found evidence of a possible subsurface ocean 315 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:46,000 on Ganymede, adding yet another potential habitat 316 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:46,880 to the list. 317 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:49,700 So many moons, so many potential secrets. 318 00:08:49,700 --> 00:08:51,760 Galileo really opened our eyes 319 00:08:51,760 --> 00:08:53,240 to the wonders of the Jovian system. 320 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:54,200 It did. 321 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:55,120 But what about Saturn? 322 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:57,020 Did it get its own dedicated orbiter? 323 00:08:57,020 --> 00:08:59,520 It did, and it was a mission for the ages, 324 00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:00,760 Cassini-Huygens. 325 00:09:00,760 --> 00:09:01,600 Okay. 326 00:09:01,600 --> 00:09:04,880 A joint effort between NASA, the European Space Agency, 327 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:06,720 and the Italian Space Agency. 328 00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:08,080 That's a lot of collaboration. 329 00:09:08,080 --> 00:09:08,920 It was. 330 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:10,400 It launched in 1997. 331 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:13,960 And arrived at Saturn in 2004 after a seven-year journey. 332 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:16,000 Cassini-Huygens, that name rings a bell. 333 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:17,560 Wasn't it a two-for-one mission? 334 00:09:17,560 --> 00:09:18,400 You got it. 335 00:09:18,400 --> 00:09:20,840 Cassini was the orbiter designed to study Saturn itself, 336 00:09:20,840 --> 00:09:21,840 its rings and its moons. 337 00:09:21,840 --> 00:09:22,680 Right. 338 00:09:22,680 --> 00:09:24,120 Huygens was a lander. 339 00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:27,840 Specifically designed to touch down on the surface of Titan, 340 00:09:27,840 --> 00:09:30,880 Saturn's largest and most mysterious moon. 341 00:09:30,880 --> 00:09:32,200 Okay, let's start with Cassini. 342 00:09:32,200 --> 00:09:34,040 What did it reveal about Saturn? 343 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:36,880 Cassini spent 13 years orbiting Saturn, 344 00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:40,400 sending back a treasure trove of data and images. 345 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:41,220 Wow. 346 00:09:41,220 --> 00:09:44,000 It gave us an unprecedented view of Saturn's rings, 347 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:46,360 revealing their intricate structure, 348 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:48,120 their complex dynamics, 349 00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:51,600 and even the presence of tiny moonlets embedded within them. 350 00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:53,240 Moonlets within the rings. 351 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:55,920 It's like a miniature solar system within Saturn's rings. 352 00:09:55,920 --> 00:09:56,800 Exactly. 353 00:09:56,800 --> 00:09:59,760 Cassini also witnessed massive storms 354 00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:01,920 raging in Saturn's atmosphere. 355 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:02,760 Wow. 356 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:04,400 It's a bizarre hexagonal storm 357 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,720 that swirls around the planet's north pole. 358 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:07,560 Rude. 359 00:10:07,560 --> 00:10:08,400 It's a storm bigger than Earth 360 00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:11,040 with six perfectly straight sides. 361 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:12,040 That's wild. 362 00:10:12,040 --> 00:10:13,520 Scientists are still trying to figure out 363 00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:15,880 how such a geometrically perfect storm can form. 364 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:18,000 Saturn's weather is definitely weird and wild, 365 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:19,080 but let's talk about Titan. 366 00:10:19,080 --> 00:10:20,640 That's the moon that Voyager hinted 367 00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:22,840 might have methane lakes and rivers. 368 00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:24,280 Did Huygens confirm this? 369 00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:25,120 It did. 370 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:28,080 In 2005, Huygens descended through Titan's hazy atmosphere, 371 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:31,720 revealing a landscape unlike anything we'd ever seen. 372 00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:33,680 It landed on a dry riverbed 373 00:10:33,680 --> 00:10:36,320 strewn with smooth, rounded pebbles, 374 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:39,080 evidence that liquid methane had flowed there in the past. 375 00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:40,000 Wow. 376 00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:42,400 Cassini from orbit later confirmed the presence 377 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:45,680 of vast methane lakes and seas on Titan's surface. 378 00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:48,280 So it's like Earth, but with methane instead of water. 379 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:49,360 It's just mind blowing. 380 00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:51,560 What does a methane lake even look like? 381 00:10:51,560 --> 00:10:55,040 The images Cassini sent back showed dark, smooth surfaces 382 00:10:55,040 --> 00:10:56,720 reflecting the hazy sunlight 383 00:10:56,720 --> 00:10:58,960 filtering through Titan's atmosphere. 384 00:10:58,960 --> 00:10:59,800 I see. 385 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:01,080 It's a cold, alien landscape. 386 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:01,920 Yeah. 387 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:04,280 But those lakes and seas are real. 388 00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:05,120 Wow. 389 00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:08,200 Filled with liquid methane fed by methane rain 390 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:09,920 and flowing through methane rivers. 391 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:11,480 It's like an alternate reality version 392 00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:13,000 of Earth's water cycle. 393 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:13,840 Yeah. 394 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:15,280 Did Cassini discover anything else about Titan? 395 00:11:15,280 --> 00:11:18,200 It found evidence of vast underground reservoirs 396 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:19,280 of liquid water. 397 00:11:19,280 --> 00:11:20,120 Really? 398 00:11:20,120 --> 00:11:20,960 Suggesting that Titan 399 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:23,600 might have two potential environments for life. 400 00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:25,440 A methane-based one on the surface 401 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:27,800 and a water-based one deep underground. 402 00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:30,800 It's a moon of incredible diversity and potential. 403 00:11:30,800 --> 00:11:33,040 Titan is definitely moving up on my list of places 404 00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:35,640 to visit in the solar system, even if it is a bit chilly. 405 00:11:35,640 --> 00:11:38,440 Did Cassini explore any of Saturn's other moons? 406 00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:39,280 Oh, definitely. 407 00:11:39,280 --> 00:11:41,440 It made some amazing discoveries about Enceladus. 408 00:11:41,440 --> 00:11:42,280 Okay. 409 00:11:42,280 --> 00:11:45,280 A small icy moon that turned out to be much more active 410 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:46,480 than anyone expected. 411 00:11:46,480 --> 00:11:47,440 Okay, how so? 412 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:50,960 In 2005, Cassini observed clumes of water vapor 413 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:53,840 erupting from Enceladus' south polar region. 414 00:11:53,840 --> 00:11:54,680 Okay. 415 00:11:54,680 --> 00:11:56,160 Like geysers shooting into space. 416 00:11:56,160 --> 00:11:57,760 The geysers on an icy moon? 417 00:11:57,760 --> 00:11:58,680 That doesn't sound right. 418 00:11:58,680 --> 00:11:59,920 It was a huge surprise. 419 00:11:59,920 --> 00:12:02,160 Further observations revealed that those plumes 420 00:12:02,160 --> 00:12:04,600 were coming from a vast global ocean 421 00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:07,280 hidden beneath Enceladus' icy shell. 422 00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:08,120 Really? 423 00:12:08,120 --> 00:12:10,040 An analysis of the plumes showed they contain 424 00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:13,720 organic molecules, the building blocks of life. 425 00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:14,920 Another ocean world. 426 00:12:14,920 --> 00:12:18,560 And this one is spewing its contents into space. 427 00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:20,160 It seems like every time we look closer 428 00:12:20,160 --> 00:12:22,200 at these gas giants and their moons, 429 00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:25,520 we find more and more evidence of potential habitability. 430 00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:27,840 It's a testament to the incredible diversity 431 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:29,800 and complexity of our solar system. 432 00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:30,640 It is. 433 00:12:30,640 --> 00:12:32,680 And the discoveries made by Galileo and Cassini 434 00:12:32,680 --> 00:12:36,040 have only fueled our desire to explore these worlds further 435 00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:38,160 to see what other secrets they might hold. 436 00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:40,480 Well, these orbiters have certainly lived up to their names 437 00:12:40,480 --> 00:12:44,000 revealing the hidden depths of Jupiter and Saturn. 438 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:47,120 But as we know, their missions eventually came to an end. 439 00:12:47,120 --> 00:12:50,000 They did, but their legacies live on. 440 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:50,840 Right. 441 00:12:50,840 --> 00:12:52,960 Paving the way for even more ambitious missions 442 00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:56,120 to explore these gas giants and their intriguing moons. 443 00:12:56,120 --> 00:12:58,520 And that's where our next deep dive takes us. 444 00:12:58,520 --> 00:12:59,360 Okay. 445 00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:01,440 The future of gas giant exploration. 446 00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:04,320 Okay, so we've journeyed from flybys to orbiters. 447 00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:05,160 Yeah. 448 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:07,320 Peeling back the layers of Jupiter and Saturn. 449 00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:08,720 That's right. 450 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:10,480 But the story doesn't end there, does it? 451 00:13:10,480 --> 00:13:11,320 It doesn't. 452 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:14,040 What's next in our quest to understand these giants? 453 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:16,880 Well, the thirst for knowledge never really ends. 454 00:13:16,880 --> 00:13:17,720 Right. 455 00:13:17,720 --> 00:13:20,480 While Galileo and Cassini completed their missions, 456 00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:23,440 they sparked a whole new wave of exploration. 457 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:24,280 Okay. 458 00:13:24,280 --> 00:13:27,120 Right now, there's a spacecraft orbiting Jupiter. 459 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:27,960 Really? 460 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:29,840 It's carrying on the legacy of discovery. 461 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:30,920 You're talking about Juno, right? 462 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:31,760 Yes. 463 00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:33,120 The mission that's been beaming back 464 00:13:33,120 --> 00:13:36,520 those incredible images of Jupiter swirling clouds. 465 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:39,320 That's when Juno arrived at Jupiter in 2016. 466 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:42,240 And its mission is to peer deep beneath 467 00:13:42,240 --> 00:13:43,920 those colorful cloud tops. 468 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:44,760 Right. 469 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:47,200 To understand what makes Jupiter tick. 470 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:49,480 It's like taking an X-ray of the planet. 471 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:51,360 So it's not just about pretty pictures though. 472 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:52,440 Those are definitely bonus. 473 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:53,280 Yeah. 474 00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:55,280 What's Juno looking for beneath the surface? 475 00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:58,560 Juno is probing Jupiter's deep atmosphere. 476 00:13:58,560 --> 00:13:59,400 Okay. 477 00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:01,520 Mapping its magnetic and gravity fields. 478 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:02,360 Right. 479 00:14:02,360 --> 00:14:03,880 And trying to determine the structure of its core. 480 00:14:03,880 --> 00:14:04,720 Oh wow. 481 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:05,960 We want to know, for example, 482 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:08,120 whether Jupiter has a solid core. 483 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:08,960 Right. 484 00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:10,800 Or if it's more of a fuzzy fluid center. 485 00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:12,520 It seems like such a basic question. 486 00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:14,680 Does a giant planet have a solid core? 487 00:14:14,680 --> 00:14:15,560 Right. 488 00:14:15,560 --> 00:14:17,560 But I guess those are the fundamental mysteries 489 00:14:17,560 --> 00:14:18,480 we're still trying to solve. 490 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:19,320 Exactly. 491 00:14:19,320 --> 00:14:21,080 And Juno is giving us clues. 492 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:21,920 What kind of clues? 493 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:24,400 It's already revealed that Jupiter's magnetic field 494 00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:27,880 is far more complex and intense than we ever imagined. 495 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:28,720 Wow. 496 00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:31,960 And its atmospheric dynamics are full of surprises. 497 00:14:31,960 --> 00:14:33,360 It's challenging our assumptions 498 00:14:33,360 --> 00:14:35,040 about how gas giants work. 499 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:38,400 So Juno's still busy up there gathering data. 500 00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:39,480 What about the future? 501 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:41,200 Are there any missions in the pipeline 502 00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:42,720 that are going to blow our minds? 503 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:44,840 Oh, there are some exciting missions 504 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:47,400 on the horizon missions that are going to take us back 505 00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:49,000 to those intriguing moons 506 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,760 that Galileo and Cassini revealed to us. 507 00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:52,600 Yep. 508 00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,360 Remember Europa with its potential ocean. 509 00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:56,720 Of course, who could forget Europa? 510 00:14:56,720 --> 00:14:58,280 Is there a mission going there soon? 511 00:14:58,280 --> 00:15:00,320 There are actually two missions in the works 512 00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:01,560 that will target Europa. 513 00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:02,400 Two? Wow. 514 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:06,120 One is the European Space Agency's GYC mission. 515 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:06,960 Okay. 516 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:09,120 The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer. 517 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:10,400 That name says it all. 518 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:13,920 So GYC is going to explore Europa and other icy moons? 519 00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:14,760 Yes. 520 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:16,880 It's scheduled to arrive at Jupiter in 2031. 521 00:15:16,880 --> 00:15:17,720 Wow. 522 00:15:17,720 --> 00:15:20,600 And it will focus on three of Jupiter's largest moons. 523 00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:21,440 Okay. 524 00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:23,160 Ganymede and Callisto. 525 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:24,000 Wow. 526 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:26,200 All three are thought to have subsurface oceans. 527 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:27,040 Okay. 528 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:28,440 And G.U. ice will try to determine 529 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:30,960 whether those oceans could harbor life. 530 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:33,480 Three ocean worlds around one planet, it seems like. 531 00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:36,360 The more we explore, the more potential habitats we find. 532 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:38,280 It's a fascinating trend, isn't it? 533 00:15:38,280 --> 00:15:39,120 It is. 534 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:40,360 And while G.U. ice is on its way, 535 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:42,160 NASA is developing its own missions 536 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:44,480 specifically dedicated to Europa. 537 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:45,300 Okay. 538 00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:46,140 The Europa Clipper. 539 00:15:46,140 --> 00:15:48,360 Europa Clipper, that one's been generating a lot of buzz. 540 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:49,280 What makes it so special? 541 00:15:49,280 --> 00:15:51,880 Europa Clipper is designed to be a Europa expert. 542 00:15:51,880 --> 00:15:52,720 Okay. 543 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:54,640 It's scheduled to launch in 2024. 544 00:15:54,640 --> 00:15:55,460 Okay. 545 00:15:55,460 --> 00:15:57,360 And we'll spend several years 546 00:15:57,360 --> 00:15:59,760 making close flybys of Europa. 547 00:15:59,760 --> 00:16:00,600 Right. 548 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:04,180 Mapping its icy surface, analyzing the plumes of water vapor 549 00:16:04,180 --> 00:16:06,240 that erupt from its south polar region 550 00:16:06,240 --> 00:16:08,520 and searching for signs of that hidden ocean. 551 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:10,640 It's like Europa is getting its own paparazzi 552 00:16:10,640 --> 00:16:12,760 snapping closeups from every angle. 553 00:16:12,760 --> 00:16:13,760 In a way, yes. 554 00:16:13,760 --> 00:16:15,960 We want to gather as much data as possible. 555 00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:16,800 Yeah. 556 00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:19,560 To see whether Europa's ocean is truly habitable. 557 00:16:19,560 --> 00:16:20,400 Right. 558 00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:21,240 Is it salty? 559 00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:23,240 Does it have the right chemical ingredients? 560 00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:24,080 Right. 561 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:26,200 Are there hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor 562 00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:28,080 that could provide energy for life? 563 00:16:28,080 --> 00:16:29,600 Those are the big questions, aren't they? 564 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:31,760 And Europa Clipper might just give us the answers. 565 00:16:31,760 --> 00:16:33,360 It might. 566 00:16:33,360 --> 00:16:35,640 But while Jupiter and its moons 567 00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:37,400 are getting a lot of attention, 568 00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:38,360 what about Saturn? 569 00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:41,080 Any future missions planned for the ringed planet? 570 00:16:41,080 --> 00:16:43,960 There is one mission that's gonna take us back to Titan. 571 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:45,600 The moon with methane lakes 572 00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:48,280 and a possible underground water ocean. 573 00:16:48,280 --> 00:16:50,960 It's called Dragonfly and it's truly unique. 574 00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:53,560 I'm intrigued what's so special about Dragonfly. 575 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:55,800 It's not your typical lander or orbiter. 576 00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:57,720 Dragonfly is gonna be a drone. 577 00:16:57,720 --> 00:16:58,560 A drone. 578 00:16:58,560 --> 00:17:01,560 A flying robot that will explore Titan's surface 579 00:17:01,560 --> 00:17:02,400 from the air. 580 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:03,920 A drone on Titan. 581 00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:05,560 Seriously, that sounds like something straight 582 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:06,480 out of science fiction. 583 00:17:06,480 --> 00:17:08,480 It does, but it's happening. 584 00:17:08,480 --> 00:17:09,320 Why? 585 00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:10,920 Dragonfly is designed to take advantage 586 00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:14,320 of Titan's dense atmosphere and low gravity, 587 00:17:14,320 --> 00:17:16,240 allowing it to fly long distances 588 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:18,280 and take samples from different locations. 589 00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:19,120 Wow. 590 00:17:19,120 --> 00:17:20,560 It will be our eyes and ears 591 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:23,160 on this incredibly intriguing moon. 592 00:17:23,160 --> 00:17:24,720 It's amazing to think that we're at a point 593 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:28,800 where we can send drones to explore alien worlds. 594 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:30,640 When will Dragonfly take flight? 595 00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:32,960 It's scheduled to launch in 2027. 596 00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:33,800 Okay. 597 00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:35,760 And we'll arrive at Titan in the mid 2030s. 598 00:17:35,760 --> 00:17:38,080 So we have a lot to look forward to in the coming decades. 599 00:17:38,080 --> 00:17:38,920 We do. 600 00:17:38,920 --> 00:17:42,240 From Jupiter's stormy depths to the methane lakes of Titan, 601 00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:44,760 the future of gas giant exploration 602 00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:46,720 is full of exciting possibilities. 603 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:47,560 Okay, go ahead. 604 00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:48,380 It seems like we're on the verge 605 00:17:48,380 --> 00:17:49,920 of a golden age of discovery. 606 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:51,660 I couldn't agree more with each mission. 607 00:17:51,660 --> 00:17:53,120 We're getting closer to answering some 608 00:17:53,120 --> 00:17:56,080 of humanity's most profound questions. 609 00:17:56,080 --> 00:17:57,900 Are we alone in the universe? 610 00:17:57,900 --> 00:17:59,880 What are the limits of life as we know it? 611 00:17:59,880 --> 00:18:02,440 These gas giants and their moons hold the clues 612 00:18:02,440 --> 00:18:05,000 and we're just beginning to unravel their secrets. 613 00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:08,240 It's a journey that's both humbling and inspiring. 614 00:18:08,240 --> 00:18:09,880 Well, that's a wrap on our deep dive 615 00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:12,600 into the missions that have explored Jupiter and Saturn. 616 00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:15,440 It's been a wild ride through swirling storms, 617 00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:18,120 icy plumes and methane lakes. 618 00:18:18,120 --> 00:18:19,360 We'd like to thank you for joining us 619 00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:21,500 on this episode of Cosmos in a Pod. 620 00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:22,640 Don't forget to like, comment, share 621 00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:24,840 and subscribe to our channel for more cosmic adventures 622 00:18:24,840 --> 00:18:26,860 and for even more breathtaking visuals 623 00:18:26,860 --> 00:18:28,600 and behind the scenes insights, 624 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:30,400 check out our YouTube channel until next time. 625 00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:40,400 Keep looking up and keep exploring.