1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,040 Hey there, Space Cadets. 2 00:00:01,040 --> 00:00:04,200 Buckle up, because today we're ditching the tour bus 3 00:00:04,200 --> 00:00:06,560 and venturing off the cosmic map. 4 00:00:06,560 --> 00:00:09,600 Think of this as a deep dive into the universe's, 5 00:00:09,600 --> 00:00:11,720 well, the universe's oddities. 6 00:00:11,720 --> 00:00:13,840 We're talking planets where it rains, 7 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:16,920 molten rock rings that could put Saturns to shame, 8 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:21,760 and rogue planets roaming the galaxy like cosmic nomads. 9 00:00:21,760 --> 00:00:24,560 Welcome to Cosmos in a Pod, Space, and Astronomy series. 10 00:00:26,060 --> 00:00:28,720 Okay, so let's unpack this a little bit. 11 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:30,360 We all know the basis, right? 12 00:00:30,360 --> 00:00:32,960 Stars are giant fiery balls of gas, 13 00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:35,500 and planets are the, I guess, 14 00:00:35,500 --> 00:00:37,440 the cooler kids that orbit them. 15 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:39,300 But what if I told you that some stars 16 00:00:39,300 --> 00:00:43,440 act more like flickering fireflies? 17 00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:45,160 And some planets have rings so large 18 00:00:45,160 --> 00:00:46,760 they dwarf our entire solar system. 19 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:47,600 It's true. 20 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:49,440 What we consider normal in our little corner 21 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:51,200 of the universe is just a tiny fraction 22 00:00:51,200 --> 00:00:52,320 of what's actually out there. 23 00:00:52,320 --> 00:00:54,920 And that's what makes exploring these cosmic oddities 24 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:56,520 so fascinating, you know? 25 00:00:56,520 --> 00:00:58,480 It expands our understanding of what's possible 26 00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:00,280 and challenges our preconceived notions 27 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:01,400 about how the universe works. 28 00:01:01,400 --> 00:01:02,240 Right. 29 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:04,040 Here's where it gets really interesting. 30 00:01:04,040 --> 00:01:05,920 Let's start with a planet that's been generating 31 00:01:05,920 --> 00:01:08,960 a lot of buzz lately, T Garden B. 32 00:01:08,960 --> 00:01:11,580 It's been touted as one of the most Earth-like 33 00:01:11,580 --> 00:01:15,400 exoplanets discovered so far, but with a twist. 34 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:18,600 This potential neighbor is tidally locked to its star. 35 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:19,440 Oh, god. 36 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:21,960 Meaning one side is in perpetual daylight, 37 00:01:21,960 --> 00:01:25,300 and the other is shrouded in eternal night. 38 00:01:25,300 --> 00:01:27,380 Imagine a world where you could choose 39 00:01:27,380 --> 00:01:30,320 between a permanent tan or a perpetual nightlight. 40 00:01:30,320 --> 00:01:31,440 The catch. 41 00:01:31,440 --> 00:01:33,640 Those choices come with extreme temperatures. 42 00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:35,820 You know, scorching heat on the day side 43 00:01:35,820 --> 00:01:37,480 and freezing cold on the night side. 44 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:40,400 It makes you wonder, could life even exist 45 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:42,400 in such a bizarre environment? 46 00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:44,760 Now, you mentioned T Garden B is considered Earth-like, 47 00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:46,920 but with that dramatic temperature contrast, 48 00:01:46,920 --> 00:01:50,120 it sounds more like a cosmic Jekyll and Hyde situation, 49 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:50,960 right? 50 00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:53,300 So what makes scientists think it could be habitable? 51 00:01:53,300 --> 00:01:54,800 Well, size is a big factor. 52 00:01:54,800 --> 00:01:56,840 T Garden B is roughly the same size as Earth. 53 00:01:56,840 --> 00:01:59,320 Also, it orbits within its star's habitable zone, 54 00:01:59,320 --> 00:02:01,280 that sweet spot where temperatures could allow 55 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:03,520 liquid water to exist on the surface. 56 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:05,120 However, this is what the tidal lock 57 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:06,760 throws a wrench into things. 58 00:02:06,760 --> 00:02:08,800 All right, that dramatic temperature split. 59 00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:11,920 So are scientists picturing life huddled 60 00:02:11,920 --> 00:02:14,800 in some kind of twilight zone between the extremes, 61 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:17,280 maybe with creature sporting heat-resistant scales 62 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:19,740 on one side and thick fur on the other? 63 00:02:19,740 --> 00:02:21,040 It's a possibility. 64 00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:23,760 Some theories suggest that life could indeed exist 65 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:27,020 in that narrow band between eternal day and night. 66 00:02:27,020 --> 00:02:29,840 Others propose that deep oceans, if they exist, 67 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:33,000 could provide a more stable, temperate environment. 68 00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:37,280 Imagine underwater ecosystems thriving in complete darkness, 69 00:02:37,280 --> 00:02:40,180 powered by geothermal vents instead of sunlight. 70 00:02:40,180 --> 00:02:42,720 OK, now that's an image that'll stick with me. 71 00:02:42,720 --> 00:02:45,080 But even if T Garden B manages to regulate 72 00:02:45,080 --> 00:02:47,560 its temperature swings, isn't there another issue? 73 00:02:47,560 --> 00:02:49,360 I remember reading something about its star 74 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:50,960 being a bit of a troublemaker. 75 00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:52,920 You're thinking about the fact that T Garden 76 00:02:52,920 --> 00:02:54,600 is a red dwarf star. 77 00:02:54,600 --> 00:02:57,240 These stars are much smaller and cooler than our sun, 78 00:02:57,240 --> 00:02:59,640 but they're also known for their dramatic outbursts 79 00:02:59,640 --> 00:03:01,600 of energy called flares. 80 00:03:01,600 --> 00:03:03,360 So it's like living next door to a neighbor who 81 00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:05,680 loves setting off fireworks. 82 00:03:05,680 --> 00:03:08,120 Except these fireworks are powerful bursts of radiation, 83 00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:10,960 not exactly ideal for a budding ecosystem, right? 84 00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:11,800 Exactly. 85 00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:14,120 These frequent flares could bathe T Garden B 86 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:17,040 in harmful radiation, making it a much harsher environment 87 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:18,420 than initially thought. 88 00:03:18,420 --> 00:03:20,460 It's a reminder that habitability isn't just 89 00:03:20,460 --> 00:03:22,960 about being the right distance from a star. 90 00:03:22,960 --> 00:03:25,480 It's also about the star's temperament. 91 00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:27,800 Talk about a cosmic reality check. 92 00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:30,520 It seems like this planet is full of contradictions. 93 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:33,400 Earth-like, yet alien, potentially habitable, 94 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:36,000 yet constantly bombarded with radiation. 95 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:38,100 It makes you realize how diverse and complex 96 00:03:38,100 --> 00:03:39,440 planetary systems can be. 97 00:03:39,440 --> 00:03:40,240 Absolutely. 98 00:03:40,240 --> 00:03:41,520 And speaking of complexity, let's 99 00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:44,360 shift gears to a planet that takes unpredictability 100 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:47,560 to a whole new level, Kepler-413b. 101 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:50,080 This gas giant has a rather peculiar habit. 102 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:51,040 It disappears. 103 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:51,800 Wait, disappears? 104 00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:53,480 Like a cosmic magic trick? 105 00:03:53,480 --> 00:03:55,520 Did it fall into a black hole or something? 106 00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:57,000 How does a planet just vanish? 107 00:03:57,000 --> 00:03:59,040 Not quite a magic trick, but its movements 108 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:00,040 are definitely baffling. 109 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:02,600 Every 11 years, Kepler-413b literally 110 00:04:02,600 --> 00:04:05,220 disappears from our telescope's view, the culprit. 111 00:04:05,220 --> 00:04:07,440 Its incredibly wonky orbit caused 112 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:10,280 by the gravitational tug of war from nearby stars. 113 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:11,560 So it's not actually vanishing. 114 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:13,960 More like playing an elaborate game of cosmic hide 115 00:04:13,960 --> 00:04:15,840 and seek with astronomers. 116 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:17,640 I'm guessing this gravitational tug of war 117 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:20,240 makes for a pretty wild ride on the planet itself. 118 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:21,880 You could say that. 119 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:24,800 Imagine a world where seasons are completely erratic 120 00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:27,040 and the climate shifts dramatically. 121 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:29,160 You could be basking in springtime one moment 122 00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:31,360 and plunged into an ice age the next, 123 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:34,880 add in the potential for planet scale storms and hurricanes, 124 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,000 and you've got yourself a recipe for a truly chaotic world. 125 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:40,740 Yeah, I think I'll stick to Earth's relatively predictable 126 00:04:40,740 --> 00:04:41,800 seasons. 127 00:04:41,800 --> 00:04:43,600 Speaking of wild, unpredictable, didn't you 128 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,440 mention something about a planet where it rains molten rock? 129 00:04:46,440 --> 00:04:47,800 Ah, yes. 130 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:50,520 You're thinking of K2141b. 131 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:52,880 This planet is a study in contrast. 132 00:04:52,880 --> 00:04:56,760 With a day side so hot it melts rock into a lava ocean. 133 00:04:56,760 --> 00:04:57,260 Oh, wow. 134 00:04:57,260 --> 00:05:00,160 And a night side so cold it's a frozen wasteland. 135 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:03,120 OK, so we've got fire and ice, but where does the molten rock 136 00:05:03,120 --> 00:05:04,040 rain come in? 137 00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:05,160 Picture this. 138 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:08,160 Supersonic winds whipping across the planet, 139 00:05:08,160 --> 00:05:10,520 carrying vaporized rock from the scorching day 140 00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:13,120 side to the frigid night side. 141 00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:16,400 As this vaporized rock hits the freezing temperatures, 142 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:21,600 it condenses and falls as, you guessed it, molten rock rain. 143 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:23,800 I'm starting to think extreme is an understatement when 144 00:05:23,800 --> 00:05:26,120 it comes to describing these cosmic oddities. 145 00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:28,580 It's almost hard to believe places like this actually exist. 146 00:05:28,580 --> 00:05:29,960 It is mind boggling, isn't it? 147 00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:31,200 But that's the beauty of the universe. 148 00:05:31,200 --> 00:05:33,160 It constantly challenges our understanding 149 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:34,160 of what's possible. 150 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:36,480 OK, I need a break from all this intensity. 151 00:05:36,480 --> 00:05:38,520 Do we have any cosmic wonders on our list 152 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:40,280 that are a bit easier on the eyes? 153 00:05:40,280 --> 00:05:41,760 Something a little less apocalyptic? 154 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:42,520 You bet. 155 00:05:42,520 --> 00:05:44,320 Let's take a trip to Super Saturn, 156 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:49,160 or J1407, a gas giant that puts on a dazzling display 157 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:51,240 with its colossal ring system. 158 00:05:51,240 --> 00:05:54,200 Super Saturn, that's a name that screams spectacular. 159 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:56,120 What makes this planet's rings so super? 160 00:05:56,120 --> 00:05:58,720 Are we talking like Saturn's rings, but with extra bling? 161 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:02,960 Imagine Saturn's rings, but 640 times larger. 162 00:06:02,960 --> 00:06:04,920 We're talking a ring system so vast 163 00:06:04,920 --> 00:06:06,320 that if it were around our sun, it 164 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:09,280 would stretch out farther than the orbit of Venus. 165 00:06:09,280 --> 00:06:10,680 Wow, I'm trying to picture that. 166 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:14,280 Our night sky would be dominated by these massive shimmering 167 00:06:14,280 --> 00:06:14,800 rings. 168 00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:18,080 It'd be like having a front row seat to a cosmic light show. 169 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:20,040 And these rings aren't just massive. 170 00:06:20,040 --> 00:06:22,120 They're incredibly complex. 171 00:06:22,120 --> 00:06:25,280 Scientists believe moons might be forming within these rings, 172 00:06:25,280 --> 00:06:27,520 giving us a glimpse into the early stages 173 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:29,560 of planetary system formation. 174 00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:32,520 So it's like a celestial nursery with baby moons being 175 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:34,480 nurtured within these giant rings. 176 00:06:34,480 --> 00:06:35,680 Exactly. 177 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:38,520 It's a humbling reminder that the universe is constantly 178 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:42,280 evolving, with new worlds being born even as we speak. 179 00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:43,000 This is incredible. 180 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:45,480 We've covered so much already, from fiery hellscapes 181 00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:47,600 to planets that play hide and seek. 182 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:50,000 But before we get lost in the cosmic vastness, 183 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:53,040 you mentioned earlier that not all planets have stars. 184 00:06:53,040 --> 00:06:55,240 I have to hear more about those rogue planets, 185 00:06:55,240 --> 00:06:57,560 those lone wolves of the cosmos. 186 00:06:57,560 --> 00:06:58,680 What's their story? 187 00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:00,880 They are truly fascinating. 188 00:07:00,880 --> 00:07:04,360 Imagine planets adrift in the vastness of space, 189 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:07,560 untethered to any star, wandering the galaxy 190 00:07:07,560 --> 00:07:09,440 in perpetual darkness. 191 00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:12,880 They're like cosmic orphans, shrouded in mystery. 192 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:14,560 We're not entirely sure how they form, 193 00:07:14,560 --> 00:07:16,920 but some might have been ejected from their original solar 194 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:19,840 systems, while others might have formed independently. 195 00:07:19,840 --> 00:07:23,160 So no days, no nights, no seasons, 196 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:26,160 just eternal darkness and cold. 197 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:27,320 Do they even have weather? 198 00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:29,240 It's mind boggling to think about what it would 199 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:30,800 be like on a rogue planet. 200 00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:33,560 Well, it's true they wouldn't have days, nights, or seasons 201 00:07:33,560 --> 00:07:34,920 in the way we experience them. 202 00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:36,920 But that doesn't mean they're static and lifeless. 203 00:07:36,920 --> 00:07:39,240 They could still have internal heat sources, 204 00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:41,880 perhaps from radioactive decay or tidal forces, 205 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:44,480 creating interesting dynamics beneath the surface. 206 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:46,120 So you're saying there's a chance that even 207 00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:47,680 in that eternal darkness, there could 208 00:07:47,680 --> 00:07:50,160 be some kind of activity, maybe even life. 209 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:52,760 It's a possibility that we can't rule out. 210 00:07:52,760 --> 00:07:56,080 Take, for instance, Y0-855-0714. 211 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:58,840 It's a rogue planet just seven light years away, 212 00:07:58,840 --> 00:08:01,240 practically a next door neighbor in cosmic terms. 213 00:08:01,240 --> 00:08:03,680 And it might have the right conditions for liquid water 214 00:08:03,680 --> 00:08:06,280 beneath its surface, even without a star to warm it. 215 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:09,000 Seven light years away, and potentially harboring 216 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:10,120 liquid water? 217 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:11,440 That's mind blowing. 218 00:08:11,440 --> 00:08:13,120 You're telling me our galaxy could 219 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:16,080 be teeming with these rogue planets, some of them 220 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:19,120 maybe even habitable, just cruising through the darkness. 221 00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:20,920 It's a tantalizing thought, isn't it? 222 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:23,040 And it speaks to the incredible diversity 223 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:25,960 and endless possibilities that the universe holds. 224 00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:29,640 But before we dive deeper into the world of rogue planets, 225 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:32,840 let's take a detour to the birthplaces of stars, 226 00:08:32,840 --> 00:08:33,920 stellar nursery. 227 00:08:33,920 --> 00:08:35,680 Oh, I love this part. 228 00:08:35,680 --> 00:08:38,760 It's like witnessing cosmic creation in action. 229 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,440 Tell me, what are these stellar nurseries like? 230 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:43,280 Are they serene and peaceful, or are they 231 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:45,120 more like cosmic mosh pits? 232 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:48,680 Picture this, vast swirling clouds of gas and dust 233 00:08:48,680 --> 00:08:51,120 stretching for light years, cold and dark, 234 00:08:51,120 --> 00:08:52,720 yet brimming with potential. 235 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:55,480 These clouds are the cosmic cradles where stars are born. 236 00:08:55,480 --> 00:08:58,080 Gravity is the architect, pulling particles together, 237 00:08:58,080 --> 00:08:59,280 slowly but surely. 238 00:08:59,280 --> 00:09:01,960 So it's like a giant cosmic construction site, 239 00:09:01,960 --> 00:09:04,080 with gravity laying the foundation for a star 240 00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:04,960 to emerge. 241 00:09:04,960 --> 00:09:06,160 Exactly. 242 00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:09,160 As these clumps of gas and dust grow denser, 243 00:09:09,160 --> 00:09:11,260 they collapse under their own gravity, 244 00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:13,440 and the temperature and pressure at the core 245 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:15,560 increase dramatically. 246 00:09:15,560 --> 00:09:18,040 Eventually, it gets so hot and dense 247 00:09:18,040 --> 00:09:21,120 that nuclear fusion ignites and a star is born. 248 00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:23,880 And I'm guessing this Perth isn't exactly a quiet affair, 249 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:24,400 right? 250 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:27,360 Is there a cosmic version of labor pains? 251 00:09:27,360 --> 00:09:28,640 You could say that. 252 00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:31,920 The birth of a star is a chaotic and violent process. 253 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:35,400 As the star forms, it blasts out powerful jets of gas 254 00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:37,480 that can travel for light years, creating 255 00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:41,120 these spectacular structures called Herbig-Hero objects. 256 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:42,400 Herbig-Hero objects. 257 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:43,360 Those sound familiar. 258 00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:45,240 Aren't they those dazzling, colorful streaks 259 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:47,240 you see in images from space telescopes? 260 00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:47,840 That's right. 261 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:49,440 They're essentially shock waves created 262 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:51,480 by those high-speed jets of gas slamming 263 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:53,760 into the surrounding interstellar medium. 264 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:56,560 As the gas heats up and ionizes, it glows brilliantly, 265 00:09:56,560 --> 00:09:58,920 creating some of the most awe-inspiring images 266 00:09:58,920 --> 00:09:59,800 in astronomy. 267 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:02,400 It's amazing to think that those stunning images are actually 268 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:05,920 snapshots of star formation in action, captured billions 269 00:10:05,920 --> 00:10:07,960 of years after the event, and to think 270 00:10:07,960 --> 00:10:09,800 one of the most famous stellar nurseries 271 00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:11,320 is visible to the naked eye. 272 00:10:11,320 --> 00:10:13,200 You're talking about the Orion cloud, right? 273 00:10:13,200 --> 00:10:16,360 That faint, fuzzy patch in the sword of the constellation Orion 274 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:19,040 is actually a vast star-forming region 275 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:22,800 teeming with newborn stars and those spectacular Herbig-Hero 276 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:23,440 objects. 277 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:25,000 The next time I look up at Orion, 278 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:27,760 I'll be seeing not just a familiar constellation, 279 00:10:27,760 --> 00:10:31,400 but a cosmic nursery full of stellar newborns 280 00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:33,320 and the echoes of their dramatic births. 281 00:10:33,320 --> 00:10:34,280 That's pretty incredible. 282 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:35,820 And within the Orion cloud, there's 283 00:10:35,820 --> 00:10:38,800 an even more captivating sight, Barad's Loop. 284 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:39,760 Barad's Loop. 285 00:10:39,760 --> 00:10:40,240 Right. 286 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:41,800 Now you've got me intrigued. 287 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:43,640 What makes this loop so special? 288 00:10:43,640 --> 00:10:46,960 It's a glowing nebula, a vast ethereal structure shaped 289 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:50,000 by a series of supernova explosions. 290 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:54,040 Imagine a giant bubble of gas and dust expanding outward, 291 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:56,680 illuminated by the remnants of dead stars. 292 00:10:56,680 --> 00:10:59,640 It's a testament to the cycle of cosmic death and rebirth 293 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:01,120 played out on a grand scale. 294 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:03,880 So stars die, explode, and then their remains 295 00:11:03,880 --> 00:11:06,320 create these breathtaking nebulae that eventually 296 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:07,680 give rise to new stars. 297 00:11:07,680 --> 00:11:10,220 It's like a cosmic phoenix rising from the ashes. 298 00:11:10,220 --> 00:11:11,720 That's a beautiful way to put it. 299 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:13,600 Barad's Loop is a stunning reminder 300 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:16,120 that even in destruction, there's creation. 301 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:18,360 The universe constantly renews itself, 302 00:11:18,360 --> 00:11:20,320 finding new ways to shine. 303 00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:22,880 You know, we've explored some truly mind-bending phenomena 304 00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:26,040 today, from planets with extreme conditions 305 00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:29,240 to rogue planets wandering the void, 306 00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:33,000 and now stiller nurseries and supernova remnants. 307 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:36,080 It seems like the universe is all about pushing boundaries, 308 00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:39,160 defying expectations, and embracing the unexpected. 309 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:41,040 You've hit the nail on the head. 310 00:11:41,040 --> 00:11:43,480 The universe is a vast and wondrous place, 311 00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:46,400 full of surprises and mysteries waiting to be unraveled. 312 00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:48,000 And the more we explore, the more 313 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:50,480 we realize how much more there is to discover. 314 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:52,200 It's both humbling and exhilarating. 315 00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:53,600 But we've covered a lot of ground 316 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:54,920 in this first part of our deep dive. 317 00:11:54,920 --> 00:11:57,480 So let's take a breather, and we'll be back in part two 318 00:11:57,480 --> 00:12:00,320 to delve even further into the universe's oddities. 319 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:03,120 Welcome back, space explorers, ready to delve deeper 320 00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:05,720 into the cosmic oddities that challenge our understanding 321 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:06,560 of the universe. 322 00:12:06,560 --> 00:12:07,360 You bet. 323 00:12:07,360 --> 00:12:11,120 I'm still reeling from those molten rock rain showers 324 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:13,240 on K2-141b. 325 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:14,760 What else have you got in store for us? 326 00:12:14,760 --> 00:12:16,840 Let's switch gears from extreme heat 327 00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:21,280 to the ultimate cosmic chill, the realm of rogue planets. 328 00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:23,000 We touched upon them earlier. 329 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,360 These free-floating worlds, untethered 330 00:12:25,360 --> 00:12:28,960 to any star wandering the galaxy like cosmic nomads. 331 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:30,800 Yeah, the idea of planets just drifting 332 00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:34,360 through the vastness of space, shrouded in eternal darkness, 333 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:37,320 is both fascinating and a little eerie. 334 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:39,040 But you mentioned that some scientists believe 335 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:41,360 these rogue planets might actually be quite common. 336 00:12:41,360 --> 00:12:42,200 That's right. 337 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:44,320 While we can't directly observe them easily, 338 00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:46,800 since they don't emit light like stars, 339 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:48,240 some estimates suggest there could 340 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:50,960 be more rogue planets in our galaxy than stars. 341 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:53,560 Whoa, more rogue planets than stars. 342 00:12:53,560 --> 00:12:54,680 That's mind boggling. 343 00:12:54,680 --> 00:12:57,800 So for every twinkling point of light we see in the night sky, 344 00:12:57,800 --> 00:12:59,720 there could be multiple dark unseen worlds 345 00:12:59,720 --> 00:13:00,440 drifting out there. 346 00:13:00,440 --> 00:13:01,080 Exactly. 347 00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:02,920 And that raises some intriguing questions. 348 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:05,120 How do these rogue planets form? 349 00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:07,480 Could they harbor life even without a star 350 00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:09,120 to provide warmth and light? 351 00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:11,200 OK, I have to know more about how a planet ends up 352 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:12,720 going rogue in the first place. 353 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:14,720 Is it like a cosmic eviction getting kicked out 354 00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:15,720 of its solar system? 355 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:17,040 It's a possibility. 356 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:19,800 One theory is that during the chaotic early stages 357 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:23,320 of a solar system's formation, gravitational interactions 358 00:13:23,320 --> 00:13:25,880 between planets can sometimes fling one of them 359 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,920 out into interstellar space like a billiard ball knocked 360 00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:29,880 off the table. 361 00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:33,240 So it's a case of planetary sibling rivalry gone wrong. 362 00:13:33,240 --> 00:13:34,640 In a sense, yes. 363 00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:37,600 It's a reminder that even in the seemingly orderly realm 364 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:40,760 of planetary systems, chaos and chance 365 00:13:40,760 --> 00:13:42,480 can play a significant role. 366 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:44,600 And once a planet goes rogue, it's 367 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:46,880 just a drift in the darkness forever. 368 00:13:46,880 --> 00:13:49,760 No chance of finding a new home around another star. 369 00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:51,880 It's unlikely, but not impossible. 370 00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:55,160 The vast distances between stars make it incredibly improbable 371 00:13:55,160 --> 00:13:56,760 for a rogue planet to be captured 372 00:13:56,760 --> 00:13:58,600 by another star's gravity. 373 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:00,960 But hey, stranger things have happened in the universe. 374 00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:04,200 Speaking of strange things, what about the possibility of life 375 00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:05,520 on these rogue planets? 376 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:07,400 It seems like it'd be a long shot given 377 00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:08,960 the lack of sunlight and warmth. 378 00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:12,480 It's certainly a challenge, but not necessarily a deal breaker. 379 00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:14,440 Remember, life as we know it on Earth 380 00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:16,560 relies on sunlight for energy. 381 00:14:16,560 --> 00:14:18,160 But there are other sources of energy 382 00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:20,360 that could potentially support life. 383 00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:22,440 For instance, some scientists speculate 384 00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:24,520 that geothermal energy generated from the planet's 385 00:14:24,520 --> 00:14:28,640 internal heat could create oases of warmth and liquid water 386 00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:30,960 beneath the surface of a rogue planet. 387 00:14:30,960 --> 00:14:32,720 So instead of basking in the sunlight, 388 00:14:32,720 --> 00:14:36,680 life on a rogue planet might be huddled around geothermal vents 389 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:39,920 like those found in the deepest parts of Earth's oceans. 390 00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:43,280 It's amazing to think that life could find a way to thrive, 391 00:14:43,280 --> 00:14:46,160 even in the most extreme and unexpected environments. 392 00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:48,560 It really speaks to the resilience and adaptability 393 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:49,920 of life, doesn't it? 394 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:52,160 And it broadens our perspective on what 395 00:14:52,160 --> 00:14:53,680 habitable truly means. 396 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:55,680 It might not be the lush, sun-drenched world 397 00:14:55,680 --> 00:14:57,600 we're used to, but life could still 398 00:14:57,600 --> 00:14:59,960 find a way to exist in those dark, hidden corners 399 00:14:59,960 --> 00:15:00,880 of the universe. 400 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:03,040 I'm starting to feel like our definition of weird 401 00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:05,520 needs an update when it comes to the cosmos. 402 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:08,760 OK, so we've got these potentially life-harboring, 403 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:11,480 rogue planets wandering the galaxy. 404 00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:14,120 But let's shift gears back to the more familiar territory 405 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:15,720 of stars. 406 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:18,040 We talked earlier about stellar nurseries, 407 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:21,720 those vast clouds of gas and dust where stars are born. 408 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:23,560 But what happens after a star is born? 409 00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:25,760 Does it just hang out there forever? 410 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:26,840 Not exactly. 411 00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:29,360 Stars, like everything else in the universe, have a life cycle. 412 00:15:29,360 --> 00:15:32,400 They're born, they live, they age, and eventually they die. 413 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:35,440 And the way a star dies depends largely on its mass. 414 00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:38,640 So it's like a cosmic version of live fast, die young. 415 00:15:38,640 --> 00:15:40,840 The bigger the star, the shorter its life span. 416 00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:41,920 That's the general idea. 417 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:44,200 Massive stars burn through their fuel much faster 418 00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:46,960 than smaller stars, leading to more spectacular and shorter 419 00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:47,360 lives. 420 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:49,440 OK, but what about those spectacular deaths? 421 00:15:49,440 --> 00:15:51,920 You mentioned supernova explosions earlier. 422 00:15:51,920 --> 00:15:54,160 What exactly happens during a supernova 423 00:15:54,160 --> 00:15:55,560 and what's left behind? 424 00:15:55,560 --> 00:15:56,720 Imagine this. 425 00:15:56,720 --> 00:15:59,280 A star having exhausted its nuclear fuel 426 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:02,080 collapses under its own immense gravity. 427 00:16:02,080 --> 00:16:04,640 This collapse triggers a catastrophic explosion 428 00:16:04,640 --> 00:16:07,320 that blasts the star's outer layers into space, 429 00:16:07,320 --> 00:16:10,200 creating a dazzling display of light and energy 430 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:14,040 that can outshine an entire galaxy for a brief period. 431 00:16:14,040 --> 00:16:16,200 OK, talk about going out with a bang. 432 00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:17,520 But what about the aftermath? 433 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:20,240 Is it just cosmic debris scattered across space? 434 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:21,840 It's more than just debris. 435 00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:24,360 Supernova explosions are responsible for seeding 436 00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:26,000 the universe with heavy elements, 437 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,560 the building blocks of planets, and ultimately life itself. 438 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:31,600 They're like cosmic recyclers, transforming 439 00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:35,320 the ashes of dead stars into the ingredients for new stars 440 00:16:35,320 --> 00:16:36,760 and planetary systems. 441 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:38,480 So in a way, we're all made of stardust, 442 00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:41,200 forged in the fiery hearts of stars that lived and died 443 00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:42,200 billions of years ago. 444 00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:43,120 Precisely. 445 00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:45,480 Every atom in your body, every element on this planet 446 00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:47,920 can be traced back to those stellar furnaces. 447 00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:50,400 We are quite literally children of the stars. 448 00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:52,560 That's a profound thought, and it makes those supernova 449 00:16:52,560 --> 00:16:54,440 explosions seem a little less destructive 450 00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:55,680 and a lot more creative. 451 00:16:55,680 --> 00:16:58,440 It's all part of the grand cosmic cycle. 452 00:16:58,440 --> 00:17:01,440 And these supernova remnants, the expanding clouds 453 00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:04,840 of gas and dust left behind after the explosion, 454 00:17:04,840 --> 00:17:06,240 aren't just beautiful to look at. 455 00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:08,600 They're also valuable laboratories for astronomers. 456 00:17:08,600 --> 00:17:11,680 OK, so how do astronomers use these supernova remnants 457 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:13,400 to study the universe? 458 00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:15,920 Are they like cosmic time capsules holding clues 459 00:17:15,920 --> 00:17:16,760 to the past? 460 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:17,680 Exactly. 461 00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:20,160 By studying the composition and structure of these remnants, 462 00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:22,160 astronomers can piece together the history 463 00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:24,920 of the exploded star, learn about the processes that 464 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:27,520 led to its demise, and even glean insights 465 00:17:27,520 --> 00:17:29,640 into the evolution of galaxies. 466 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:31,400 It's amazing how much information 467 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:34,200 can be gleaned from these cosmic leftovers. 468 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:36,880 But speaking of leftovers, we've still got more cosmic oddities 469 00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:38,360 to explore in our deep dive. 470 00:17:38,360 --> 00:17:40,760 So let's take another break, and we'll be back in part three 471 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:43,720 to uncover even more wonders of the universe. 472 00:17:43,720 --> 00:17:45,360 Welcome back, fellow space explorers. 473 00:17:45,360 --> 00:17:48,160 Our cosmic journey has taken us from planets 474 00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:51,400 with molten rock rain to stars that explode 475 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:53,080 with the energy of a billion suns. 476 00:17:53,080 --> 00:17:54,280 Yeah, it's been quite a ride. 477 00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:56,680 We've explored the strange and the spectacular 478 00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:58,400 pushing the boundaries of what we thought 479 00:17:58,400 --> 00:17:59,920 was possible in the universe. 480 00:17:59,920 --> 00:18:03,880 I have to admit, my cosmic curiosity is officially peaked. 481 00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:04,440 Good. 482 00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:06,360 But before we wrap up our deep dive, 483 00:18:06,360 --> 00:18:08,760 I want to touch on something we haven't discussed yet, 484 00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:09,680 black holes. 485 00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:11,640 Ah, black holes. 486 00:18:11,640 --> 00:18:15,680 Those enigmatic cosmic beasts that warp space and time. 487 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:18,200 They're perhaps the ultimate cosmic oddity objects, 488 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:22,040 so dense that not even light can escape their gravitational pull. 489 00:18:22,040 --> 00:18:26,280 I've always found black holes both terrifying and fascinating. 490 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:28,480 It's like staring into the abyss of the unknown. 491 00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:29,680 I can see why you'd say that. 492 00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:32,680 But what exactly are they, and how do they form? 493 00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:36,760 OK, so imagine a star many times more massive than our sun, 494 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:37,960 reaching the end of its life. 495 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:40,400 As it runs out of fuel, its core collapses 496 00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:42,640 under its own immense gravity, crushing itself 497 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:45,680 into an infinitely small point called a singularity. 498 00:18:45,680 --> 00:18:47,560 So it's like the ultimate cosmic implosion 499 00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:50,160 with all that matter compressed into a tiny, infinitely 500 00:18:50,160 --> 00:18:51,200 dense point. 501 00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:52,400 Exactly. 502 00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:54,440 And the gravitational pull of the singularity 503 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:57,480 is so strong that it warps the fabric of spacetime around it, 504 00:18:57,480 --> 00:19:00,000 creating a region from which nothing, not even light, 505 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,200 can escape, hence the name black hole. 506 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:03,880 OK, that makes sense. 507 00:19:03,880 --> 00:19:07,000 But if they're black and nothing can escape, 508 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:08,720 how do we even know they exist? 509 00:19:08,720 --> 00:19:10,160 It's a good question. 510 00:19:10,160 --> 00:19:12,960 While we can't directly observe black holes themselves, 511 00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:15,120 we can detect their presence by their effects 512 00:19:15,120 --> 00:19:16,760 on their surroundings. 513 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:19,640 For instance, if a black hole is pulling in gas and dust 514 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:22,960 from a nearby star, that material heats up and emits 515 00:19:22,960 --> 00:19:25,560 X-rays, which we can detect with telescopes. 516 00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:27,960 So it's like seeing the shadow of a black hole, 517 00:19:27,960 --> 00:19:30,440 the outline of its presence, revealed 518 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:31,880 by the things it consumes. 519 00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:33,520 That's a good analogy. 520 00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:35,360 And by studying these X-ray missions, 521 00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:37,120 along with other observations, astronomers 522 00:19:37,120 --> 00:19:39,680 can learn about the mass spin and other properties 523 00:19:39,680 --> 00:19:40,600 of black holes. 524 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:42,840 It's incredible how scientists can piece together 525 00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:46,440 the puzzle of black holes from these indirect clues. 526 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:48,520 But what about the idea of black holes 527 00:19:48,520 --> 00:19:52,320 as cosmic destroyers swallowing up everything in their path? 528 00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:53,440 Is that accurate? 529 00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:56,120 It's a common misconception fueled by science fiction. 530 00:19:56,120 --> 00:19:58,440 While black holes have incredibly strong gravitational 531 00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:01,320 pull, it's not like they're cosmic vacuum cleaners sucking 532 00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:02,440 up everything around them. 533 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:03,640 So it's more about proximity. 534 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:05,280 If you get too close, you're in trouble. 535 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:06,520 But otherwise, you're safe. 536 00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:07,320 Exactly. 537 00:20:07,320 --> 00:20:09,280 The gravitational influence of a black hole, 538 00:20:09,280 --> 00:20:12,480 like any object with mass, depends on distance. 539 00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:14,480 If you're far enough away, its gravitational pull 540 00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:17,720 is no different from that of any other object of the same mass. 541 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:18,680 That's reassuring. 542 00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:21,160 I wouldn't want to accidentally wander too close to a black 543 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:21,880 hole. 544 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:25,240 But with all this talk of cosmic death and destruction, 545 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:27,200 it's easy to forget that the universe is also 546 00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,080 a place of incredible beauty and creation. 547 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:31,440 You're absolutely right. 548 00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:33,560 And there's no better example of that than Nebulae, 549 00:20:33,560 --> 00:20:36,160 those vast luminous clouds of gas and dust 550 00:20:36,160 --> 00:20:37,760 that we touched upon earlier. 551 00:20:37,760 --> 00:20:39,800 Yeah, we talked about Brod's Loop formed 552 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:41,800 by supernova explosions. 553 00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:43,560 But there are other types of Nebulae, right? 554 00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:44,360 There are. 555 00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:46,360 Some Nebulae are emission Nebulae, 556 00:20:46,360 --> 00:20:49,100 like Brod's Loop glowing brightly as the gas within them 557 00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:51,560 is energized by nearby stars. 558 00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:54,040 Others are reflection Nebulae, reflecting the light 559 00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:56,600 of nearby stars, like cosmic mirrors. 560 00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:58,760 And then there are dark Nebulae, which are so dense 561 00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:00,640 that they block the light of stars behind them, 562 00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:03,640 appearing as dark silhouettes against the brighter background. 563 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:05,200 So it's like a cosmic art gallery 564 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:06,840 with all these different types of Nebulae 565 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:09,680 showcasing the interplay of light, gas, and dust. 566 00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:10,560 Exactly. 567 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:12,360 Each Nebula is unique, a testament 568 00:21:12,360 --> 00:21:15,120 to the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the universe. 569 00:21:15,120 --> 00:21:18,480 It's a reminder that even in the vastness of space, 570 00:21:18,480 --> 00:21:21,120 there's artistry and wonder to be found. 571 00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:24,760 And as we wrap up our deep dive into the universe's oddities, 572 00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:27,680 I can't help but feel a sense of awe and inspiration. 573 00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:28,720 I agree. 574 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:31,120 Exploring the universe is like embarking on an endless 575 00:21:31,120 --> 00:21:33,760 adventure filled with surprises, challenges, and moments 576 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:35,320 of breathtaking beauty. 577 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:37,240 And the more we learn, the more we 578 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:40,360 realize how much more there is to discover. 579 00:21:40,360 --> 00:21:42,880 This has been an incredible journey through the cosmos, 580 00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:44,920 exploring everything from bizarre exoplanets 581 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:47,640 to the mysteries of black holes and Nebulae. 582 00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:49,800 We've seen how the universe constantly challenges 583 00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:52,040 our understanding of what's possible. 584 00:21:52,040 --> 00:21:53,880 And that's what makes it so captivating. 585 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:55,340 We hope you've enjoyed our deep dive 586 00:21:55,340 --> 00:21:56,520 into the universe's oddities. 587 00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:59,480 And we encourage you to continue exploring the cosmos with us. 588 00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:00,840 Don't forget to follow and subscribe 589 00:22:00,840 --> 00:22:02,880 to Cosmos in a Pod and our YouTube channel 590 00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:04,640 for more cosmic adventures. 591 00:22:04,640 --> 00:22:27,600 Thanks for listening.