1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:06,880 Imagine you're on this alien planet and the ground is like Earth, but the sky. 2 00:00:07,540 --> 00:00:08,800 It's like nothing you've ever seen. 3 00:00:09,400 --> 00:00:11,220 Like colors you can't even imagine. 4 00:00:11,420 --> 00:00:12,420 And you can breathe. 5 00:00:13,040 --> 00:00:14,540 The air is different, but it works. 6 00:00:14,700 --> 00:00:16,860 You know, it's kind of classic sci-fi scene. 7 00:00:17,340 --> 00:00:21,720 But hunting for planets that could have life, I mean, habitable exoplanets. 8 00:00:22,300 --> 00:00:23,220 This is real. 9 00:00:23,380 --> 00:00:23,820 It is. 10 00:00:23,820 --> 00:00:24,780 It's happening right now. 11 00:00:24,860 --> 00:00:25,500 Absolutely. 12 00:00:25,700 --> 00:00:28,860 Welcome to Cosmos in a Pod, space and astronomy series. 13 00:00:28,860 --> 00:00:29,460 All right. 14 00:00:30,060 --> 00:00:33,300 So today we're going beyond the pretty pictures. 15 00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:38,660 We're asking the hard questions like what makes a planet truly able to support life? 16 00:00:38,660 --> 00:00:38,980 Right. 17 00:00:39,340 --> 00:00:45,300 And is our earth similarity index or ESI, is it leading us in the wrong direction? 18 00:00:45,340 --> 00:00:46,860 Well, you've hit a key point there. 19 00:00:46,900 --> 00:00:47,180 Okay. 20 00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:52,820 For years, we were so focused on finding, you know, earth 2.0, a planet just like ours, 21 00:00:52,820 --> 00:00:55,500 size, temperature, everything, the ESI. 22 00:00:55,900 --> 00:00:57,340 It was a good place to start. 23 00:00:57,380 --> 00:00:57,580 Yeah. 24 00:00:57,580 --> 00:01:00,700 Ranking planets based on how similar they are to earth. 25 00:01:00,940 --> 00:01:01,380 Makes sense. 26 00:01:01,380 --> 00:01:01,620 Right. 27 00:01:01,660 --> 00:01:04,660 I mean, earth is the only planet we know with life. 28 00:01:04,700 --> 00:01:05,060 Right. 29 00:01:05,180 --> 00:01:13,820 But as we learn more about exoplanets, we're realizing that looking for earth's twin could 30 00:01:13,820 --> 00:01:14,580 actually be... 31 00:01:14,620 --> 00:01:15,900 It could be a limiting factor. 32 00:01:15,900 --> 00:01:16,060 Yeah. 33 00:01:16,060 --> 00:01:16,980 Limiting our search. 34 00:01:17,020 --> 00:01:17,940 Yeah, absolutely. 35 00:01:18,220 --> 00:01:24,060 The ESI, it's useful, sure, for like initial screening, but it doesn't tell the whole story. 36 00:01:24,140 --> 00:01:24,500 Right. 37 00:01:24,620 --> 00:01:24,940 Right. 38 00:01:25,020 --> 00:01:27,100 It's like, you know, judging a book by its cover. 39 00:01:27,100 --> 00:01:31,260 You might miss an amazing story if you just look at the outside. 40 00:01:31,580 --> 00:01:33,020 So what are we missing then? 41 00:01:33,060 --> 00:01:37,740 What's the ESI overlooking when we just focus on a planet that looks like earth? 42 00:01:38,500 --> 00:01:39,620 On paper, at least. 43 00:01:39,860 --> 00:01:41,580 One big thing is the star type. 44 00:01:41,780 --> 00:01:42,140 Okay. 45 00:01:42,380 --> 00:01:46,780 We picture planets, you know, around a nice sun-like star. 46 00:01:46,780 --> 00:01:47,100 Right. 47 00:01:47,180 --> 00:01:50,420 But actually the most common stars are red dwarfs. 48 00:01:51,060 --> 00:01:51,540 Oh, okay. 49 00:01:51,540 --> 00:01:56,500 And these stars, they're smaller and they're cooler than our sun, but they're known for 50 00:01:56,500 --> 00:01:58,660 these huge bursts of energy. 51 00:01:58,660 --> 00:01:59,060 Whoa. 52 00:01:59,260 --> 00:02:00,820 Powerful flares. 53 00:02:00,980 --> 00:02:05,060 That could really mess up a planet's atmosphere in any life that might be there. 54 00:02:05,300 --> 00:02:11,700 So even if a planet is the right size, the right temperature, but it's orbiting a red 55 00:02:11,700 --> 00:02:13,900 dwarf, it could be a totally different situation. 56 00:02:13,900 --> 00:02:14,700 Totally different. 57 00:02:14,820 --> 00:02:15,060 Okay. 58 00:02:15,100 --> 00:02:20,900 Those flares can rip away a planet's atmosphere, leaving it exposed to all the 59 00:02:20,900 --> 00:02:22,340 radiation from space. 60 00:02:22,420 --> 00:02:23,060 Oh, that bad. 61 00:02:23,060 --> 00:02:27,340 Think about it like living in a house with no roof, no walls. 62 00:02:27,380 --> 00:02:28,020 Oh, wow. 63 00:02:28,060 --> 00:02:30,180 Constantly bombarded by the elements. 64 00:02:30,180 --> 00:02:31,140 That doesn't sound fun. 65 00:02:31,740 --> 00:02:32,340 It wouldn't be. 66 00:02:32,340 --> 00:02:37,220 So the ESI misses this whole relationship between a star and its planets. 67 00:02:37,260 --> 00:02:38,020 It really does. 68 00:02:38,020 --> 00:02:38,340 Right. 69 00:02:38,380 --> 00:02:40,300 It's like a snapshot instead of the whole movie. 70 00:02:40,340 --> 00:02:40,860 Exactly. 71 00:02:40,860 --> 00:02:41,780 It's just a snapshot. 72 00:02:41,780 --> 00:02:42,060 Right. 73 00:02:42,100 --> 00:02:44,220 And another thing, the ESI misses. 74 00:02:44,260 --> 00:02:44,620 Okay. 75 00:02:44,900 --> 00:02:45,740 Tidal locking. 76 00:02:45,780 --> 00:02:46,500 Tidal locking. 77 00:02:46,660 --> 00:02:46,900 Yeah. 78 00:02:46,900 --> 00:02:50,700 This is when a planet, it orbits super close to its star. 79 00:02:50,740 --> 00:02:51,060 Okay. 80 00:02:51,060 --> 00:02:53,140 So one side is always facing the star. 81 00:02:53,180 --> 00:02:53,580 Oh, wow. 82 00:02:53,620 --> 00:02:55,620 The other side is always in darkness. 83 00:02:55,660 --> 00:02:57,300 So it's like one side baking. 84 00:02:57,340 --> 00:02:57,620 Yeah. 85 00:02:57,660 --> 00:02:59,420 And the other side freezing. 86 00:02:59,460 --> 00:03:00,340 Exactly. 87 00:03:00,380 --> 00:03:00,900 Wow. 88 00:03:00,940 --> 00:03:02,300 Some extreme weather then. 89 00:03:02,340 --> 00:03:05,420 You'd have crazy atmospheric circulation. 90 00:03:05,460 --> 00:03:06,020 Oh, wow. 91 00:03:06,060 --> 00:03:07,740 Probably massive storms. 92 00:03:08,260 --> 00:03:10,420 So could life survive that? 93 00:03:10,460 --> 00:03:12,540 I mean, life like we know it. 94 00:03:12,580 --> 00:03:13,340 It makes you wonder. 95 00:03:13,380 --> 00:03:13,900 It does. 96 00:03:13,940 --> 00:03:14,300 I know. 97 00:03:14,340 --> 00:03:17,020 So the habitable zone where liquid water can exist. 98 00:03:17,340 --> 00:03:17,700 Yeah. 99 00:03:17,740 --> 00:03:20,420 It's more complicated than just being in the right spot. 100 00:03:20,420 --> 00:03:21,020 It is. 101 00:03:21,060 --> 00:03:22,500 A planet might be in the zone. 102 00:03:22,540 --> 00:03:22,860 Right. 103 00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:24,220 But if it's tidally locked. 104 00:03:24,260 --> 00:03:24,740 Oh, yeah. 105 00:03:24,780 --> 00:03:25,700 That's a game changer. 106 00:03:25,740 --> 00:03:26,820 Totally different story. 107 00:03:26,860 --> 00:03:28,660 And then there's what the planet's made of. 108 00:03:28,700 --> 00:03:29,020 Right. 109 00:03:29,060 --> 00:03:29,700 The ESI. 110 00:03:29,740 --> 00:03:31,500 It just looks at size and mass. 111 00:03:31,540 --> 00:03:31,900 Yeah. 112 00:03:31,940 --> 00:03:34,460 But it doesn't say what the planet is actually made of. 113 00:03:34,500 --> 00:03:35,220 It doesn't. 114 00:03:35,260 --> 00:03:38,220 So a rocky planet with a molten core like Earth. 115 00:03:38,260 --> 00:03:38,620 Yeah. 116 00:03:38,660 --> 00:03:41,900 Is very different from a gas giant like Jupiter, even if they 117 00:03:41,940 --> 00:03:42,740 weigh the same. 118 00:03:42,780 --> 00:03:43,140 Right. 119 00:03:43,180 --> 00:03:44,100 A gas giant. 120 00:03:44,140 --> 00:03:44,500 Yeah. 121 00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:45,980 Even in the habitable zone. 122 00:03:46,020 --> 00:03:48,380 Not really a place for life as we know it. 123 00:03:48,420 --> 00:03:49,220 Not ideal. 124 00:03:49,220 --> 00:03:50,420 Not ideal. 125 00:03:50,460 --> 00:03:51,180 So the ESI. 126 00:03:51,220 --> 00:03:51,820 It's a tool. 127 00:03:51,860 --> 00:03:52,220 Yes. 128 00:03:52,260 --> 00:03:52,780 OK. 129 00:03:52,820 --> 00:03:54,860 But just one piece of the puzzle. 130 00:03:54,900 --> 00:03:55,060 Yeah. 131 00:03:55,100 --> 00:03:58,620 To really get habitability, we need to think bigger. 132 00:03:58,660 --> 00:03:59,100 OK. 133 00:03:59,140 --> 00:04:00,900 Not just look for another Earth. 134 00:04:00,940 --> 00:04:04,700 Embrace the amazing variety of planets out there. 135 00:04:04,740 --> 00:04:08,060 So if the ESI isn't the answer, what is? 136 00:04:08,100 --> 00:04:12,060 What is this new framework for figuring out habitability look like? 137 00:04:12,100 --> 00:04:12,980 Yeah. 138 00:04:13,020 --> 00:04:15,060 What else are we looking at now? 139 00:04:15,100 --> 00:04:16,540 Beyond just copying Earth. 140 00:04:16,540 --> 00:04:22,700 It's about understanding all the things that make a planet able to support life. 141 00:04:22,740 --> 00:04:23,420 OK. 142 00:04:23,460 --> 00:04:27,260 We're going beyond just size, mass, temperature. 143 00:04:27,300 --> 00:04:30,380 We're looking at things like stellar activity. 144 00:04:30,420 --> 00:04:30,780 OK. 145 00:04:30,820 --> 00:04:32,140 Atmospheric composition. 146 00:04:32,180 --> 00:04:32,380 Right. 147 00:04:32,420 --> 00:04:34,100 Even the magnetic fields. 148 00:04:34,140 --> 00:04:36,820 So we're moving from a checklist to a more complete picture. 149 00:04:36,860 --> 00:04:37,620 Exactly. 150 00:04:37,660 --> 00:04:38,900 But it's a lot to think about. 151 00:04:38,940 --> 00:04:39,220 It is. 152 00:04:39,260 --> 00:04:40,140 All these variables. 153 00:04:40,180 --> 00:04:40,420 It is. 154 00:04:40,460 --> 00:04:41,540 It's like solving a puzzle. 155 00:04:41,580 --> 00:04:42,020 Yeah. 156 00:04:42,060 --> 00:04:43,340 A giant cosmic puzzle. 157 00:04:43,380 --> 00:04:43,660 Yeah. 158 00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:45,180 But that's what makes it so exciting. 159 00:04:45,220 --> 00:04:45,700 OK. 160 00:04:45,700 --> 00:04:46,980 Yeah, that's true. 161 00:04:47,020 --> 00:04:50,260 And every new exoplanet we find gives us more pieces. 162 00:04:50,300 --> 00:04:51,740 We start to see the bigger picture. 163 00:04:51,780 --> 00:04:52,260 Oh, cool. 164 00:04:52,300 --> 00:04:54,180 Like take the TRAPPIST-T1 system. 165 00:04:54,220 --> 00:04:54,860 Cool, yeah. 166 00:04:54,900 --> 00:04:55,260 Yeah. 167 00:04:55,300 --> 00:05:00,580 Seven Earth-sized planets all around this tiny red dwarf star. 168 00:05:00,620 --> 00:05:01,500 Tiny star. 169 00:05:01,540 --> 00:05:02,660 It was a huge discovery. 170 00:05:02,700 --> 00:05:03,860 Everyone was talking about it. 171 00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:04,580 Absolutely. 172 00:05:04,620 --> 00:05:09,500 But I remember some debate about whether those planets could actually have life. 173 00:05:09,540 --> 00:05:09,780 Right. 174 00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:13,740 At first, everyone was excited because three of the planets seemed to be in the 175 00:05:13,740 --> 00:05:16,940 habitable zone, the right spot, right place. 176 00:05:16,980 --> 00:05:17,180 Yeah. 177 00:05:17,220 --> 00:05:19,100 But then we had to think about the star. 178 00:05:19,140 --> 00:05:19,780 Oh, right. 179 00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:20,580 The red dwarf. 180 00:05:20,620 --> 00:05:20,860 Right. 181 00:05:20,900 --> 00:05:21,700 And those flares. 182 00:05:21,740 --> 00:05:22,220 Exactly. 183 00:05:22,260 --> 00:05:23,740 Those flares could be really bad. 184 00:05:23,780 --> 00:05:23,900 Yeah. 185 00:05:23,940 --> 00:05:26,460 They could strip away the atmospheres of those planets. 186 00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:26,860 Wow. 187 00:05:26,900 --> 00:05:31,580 So even though they're in the right place, they might not be able to hold on to an 188 00:05:31,620 --> 00:05:32,140 atmosphere. 189 00:05:32,180 --> 00:05:32,980 Exactly. 190 00:05:33,020 --> 00:05:35,180 So no chance for life to evolve. 191 00:05:35,220 --> 00:05:36,780 It makes you question it. 192 00:05:36,820 --> 00:05:37,260 It does. 193 00:05:37,300 --> 00:05:39,020 It's not just about the planet itself. 194 00:05:39,060 --> 00:05:39,380 No. 195 00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:40,460 It's about the star, too. 196 00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:41,380 That's the whole system. 197 00:05:41,420 --> 00:05:41,660 Right. 198 00:05:41,660 --> 00:05:44,380 This balance between being close enough. 199 00:05:44,420 --> 00:05:45,100 Yeah. 200 00:05:45,140 --> 00:05:46,220 But also protected. 201 00:05:46,260 --> 00:05:47,300 You need both. 202 00:05:47,340 --> 00:05:50,020 And it shows that we need to look at the bigger picture. 203 00:05:50,060 --> 00:05:50,980 The long term. 204 00:05:51,020 --> 00:05:51,220 Yeah. 205 00:05:51,260 --> 00:05:52,460 Long term stability. 206 00:05:52,500 --> 00:05:53,060 Exactly. 207 00:05:53,100 --> 00:05:54,220 Not just a snapshot. 208 00:05:54,260 --> 00:05:55,180 Right. 209 00:05:55,220 --> 00:05:55,500 OK. 210 00:05:55,540 --> 00:05:58,180 What about Proxima Centauri B? 211 00:05:58,220 --> 00:06:00,060 Oh, that's a good one. 212 00:06:00,100 --> 00:06:01,700 The closest exoplanet to us. 213 00:06:01,740 --> 00:06:02,460 Right next door. 214 00:06:02,500 --> 00:06:03,980 Orbiting Proxima Centauri. 215 00:06:04,020 --> 00:06:04,900 Our neighbor. 216 00:06:04,940 --> 00:06:06,820 It seemed like we'd found it, you know. 217 00:06:06,860 --> 00:06:07,300 Yeah. 218 00:06:07,340 --> 00:06:08,700 A habitable planet right there. 219 00:06:08,740 --> 00:06:09,780 The jackpot. 220 00:06:09,820 --> 00:06:10,380 But again. 221 00:06:10,420 --> 00:06:11,140 Yeah. 222 00:06:11,140 --> 00:06:12,580 The star is a red dwarf. 223 00:06:12,620 --> 00:06:13,660 Another red dwarf. 224 00:06:13,700 --> 00:06:15,260 And I remember in 2017. 225 00:06:15,300 --> 00:06:15,580 Yeah. 226 00:06:15,620 --> 00:06:18,660 Astronomers saw this huge flare. 227 00:06:18,700 --> 00:06:19,300 Massive. 228 00:06:19,340 --> 00:06:20,300 Coming from that star. 229 00:06:20,340 --> 00:06:21,900 That's one of the biggest we've ever seen. 230 00:06:21,940 --> 00:06:25,340 So even though Proxima B is technically 231 00:06:25,380 --> 00:06:26,420 in the habitable zone. 232 00:06:26,460 --> 00:06:27,860 Yeah. 233 00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:29,660 It could be hit by these flares. 234 00:06:29,700 --> 00:06:30,220 Absolutely. 235 00:06:30,260 --> 00:06:31,940 That could wipe out any life. 236 00:06:31,980 --> 00:06:32,820 It's possible. 237 00:06:32,860 --> 00:06:35,700 Like a neighbor having a fireworks show every night. 238 00:06:35,740 --> 00:06:36,380 Yeah. 239 00:06:36,420 --> 00:06:37,220 Pretty to watch. 240 00:06:37,260 --> 00:06:37,780 Yeah. 241 00:06:37,820 --> 00:06:39,100 But not if you're too close. 242 00:06:39,140 --> 00:06:40,540 Not safe. 243 00:06:40,540 --> 00:06:41,860 It seems like these red dwarfs. 244 00:06:41,900 --> 00:06:43,020 Yeah. 245 00:06:43,060 --> 00:06:45,020 Maybe not the best places for life. 246 00:06:45,060 --> 00:06:46,340 It makes you wonder. 247 00:06:46,380 --> 00:06:48,780 Should we even bother looking for habitable planets 248 00:06:48,820 --> 00:06:49,620 around them? 249 00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:51,460 Well, not necessarily. 250 00:06:51,500 --> 00:06:52,020 OK. 251 00:06:52,060 --> 00:06:53,820 There's more and more research suggesting 252 00:06:53,860 --> 00:06:57,340 that life might adapt even to these extreme conditions. 253 00:06:57,380 --> 00:06:57,860 OK. 254 00:06:57,900 --> 00:07:00,780 Some scientists think life on planets around red dwarfs 255 00:07:00,820 --> 00:07:02,300 might be in underground oceans. 256 00:07:02,340 --> 00:07:03,060 So interesting. 257 00:07:03,100 --> 00:07:04,660 Shielded from the radiation. 258 00:07:04,700 --> 00:07:05,980 Like a hidden biosphere. 259 00:07:06,020 --> 00:07:06,380 Yeah. 260 00:07:06,420 --> 00:07:07,660 Protected from those flares. 261 00:07:07,700 --> 00:07:08,700 Yes. 262 00:07:08,740 --> 00:07:10,340 That's a cool idea. 263 00:07:10,340 --> 00:07:10,980 It is. 264 00:07:11,020 --> 00:07:12,420 Life is resilient. 265 00:07:12,460 --> 00:07:13,780 It finds a way. 266 00:07:13,820 --> 00:07:14,060 Right. 267 00:07:14,100 --> 00:07:14,860 It finds a way. 268 00:07:14,900 --> 00:07:15,460 Yeah. 269 00:07:15,500 --> 00:07:17,980 What about Kepler 186? 270 00:07:18,020 --> 00:07:19,420 Kepler 186. 271 00:07:19,460 --> 00:07:21,980 It's around a red dwarf, but further out. 272 00:07:22,020 --> 00:07:22,300 Yeah. 273 00:07:22,340 --> 00:07:24,580 Potentially more stable. 274 00:07:24,620 --> 00:07:25,660 Earth sized. 275 00:07:25,700 --> 00:07:26,780 About the same size. 276 00:07:26,820 --> 00:07:28,460 We don't know what it's made of yet. 277 00:07:28,500 --> 00:07:28,980 No. 278 00:07:29,020 --> 00:07:30,580 Or if it has an atmosphere. 279 00:07:30,620 --> 00:07:31,220 Not yet. 280 00:07:31,260 --> 00:07:32,740 But it's a good one to study further. 281 00:07:32,780 --> 00:07:34,140 Definitely a candidate. 282 00:07:34,180 --> 00:07:37,460 So each discovery adds more pieces to the puzzle. 283 00:07:37,500 --> 00:07:37,940 It does. 284 00:07:37,980 --> 00:07:40,180 And it's not just about finding another Earth. 285 00:07:40,180 --> 00:07:40,580 Right. 286 00:07:40,620 --> 00:07:42,820 It's about understanding all these different planets. 287 00:07:42,860 --> 00:07:43,620 It's a diversity. 288 00:07:43,660 --> 00:07:44,300 Yeah. 289 00:07:44,340 --> 00:07:46,460 And the potential for life, that's 290 00:07:46,500 --> 00:07:48,140 totally different from what we know. 291 00:07:48,180 --> 00:07:49,300 It's out there. 292 00:07:49,340 --> 00:07:50,140 That's exciting. 293 00:07:50,180 --> 00:07:51,500 That's where the real excitement is. 294 00:07:51,540 --> 00:07:52,580 Right. 295 00:07:52,620 --> 00:07:54,300 This journey of discovery. 296 00:07:54,340 --> 00:07:54,660 It is. 297 00:07:54,700 --> 00:07:56,580 Pushing the boundaries of what we know. 298 00:07:56,620 --> 00:07:57,260 Absolutely. 299 00:07:57,300 --> 00:07:59,300 Changing how we think about life. 300 00:07:59,340 --> 00:08:00,020 It's a challenge. 301 00:08:00,060 --> 00:08:02,020 It's a quest to understand. 302 00:08:02,060 --> 00:08:03,140 Our place in the universe. 303 00:08:03,180 --> 00:08:04,820 And the nature of life itself. 304 00:08:04,860 --> 00:08:05,540 Wow. 305 00:08:05,580 --> 00:08:07,420 And speaking of pushing boundaries. 306 00:08:07,460 --> 00:08:08,500 Yeah. 307 00:08:08,500 --> 00:08:10,940 We can't forget about technology. 308 00:08:10,980 --> 00:08:11,500 Right. 309 00:08:11,540 --> 00:08:13,420 Telescopes like James Webb. 310 00:08:13,460 --> 00:08:13,860 Oh yeah. 311 00:08:13,900 --> 00:08:15,660 And the upcoming aerial mission. 312 00:08:15,700 --> 00:08:16,060 OK. 313 00:08:16,100 --> 00:08:18,220 They're giving us the tools to actually look 314 00:08:18,260 --> 00:08:20,620 into exoplanet atmospheres. 315 00:08:20,660 --> 00:08:20,940 Wow. 316 00:08:20,980 --> 00:08:22,300 So we're not just finding them. 317 00:08:22,340 --> 00:08:22,660 No. 318 00:08:22,700 --> 00:08:23,940 We're analyzing them. 319 00:08:23,980 --> 00:08:25,100 We can study them. 320 00:08:25,140 --> 00:08:26,460 Looking for signs of life. 321 00:08:26,500 --> 00:08:27,140 Exactly. 322 00:08:27,180 --> 00:08:27,620 Wow. 323 00:08:27,660 --> 00:08:28,460 That's incredible. 324 00:08:28,500 --> 00:08:30,020 James Webb is so sensitive. 325 00:08:30,060 --> 00:08:30,260 Yeah. 326 00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:33,060 It can detect water vapor, methane. 327 00:08:33,100 --> 00:08:33,540 OK. 328 00:08:33,580 --> 00:08:36,700 All sorts of molecules that could be signs of life. 329 00:08:36,700 --> 00:08:38,420 So we're like cosmic detectives. 330 00:08:38,460 --> 00:08:39,180 Yeah. 331 00:08:39,220 --> 00:08:40,620 Analyzing clues. 332 00:08:40,660 --> 00:08:41,900 Looking for fingerprints. 333 00:08:41,940 --> 00:08:43,380 To figure out what's out there. 334 00:08:43,420 --> 00:08:44,140 Exactly. 335 00:08:44,180 --> 00:08:45,180 And these new technologies. 336 00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:46,180 They're changing everything. 337 00:08:46,220 --> 00:08:46,420 Yeah. 338 00:08:46,460 --> 00:08:48,300 We're moving beyond the ESI. 339 00:08:48,340 --> 00:08:48,940 OK. 340 00:08:48,980 --> 00:08:52,060 We're developing better ways to measure habitability. 341 00:08:52,100 --> 00:08:52,860 More nuanced. 342 00:08:52,900 --> 00:08:53,780 Much more nuanced. 343 00:08:53,820 --> 00:08:55,220 So we're finally moving past. 344 00:08:55,260 --> 00:08:55,540 Yeah. 345 00:08:55,580 --> 00:08:57,700 Just looking for Earth 2.0. 346 00:08:57,740 --> 00:08:58,820 We are. 347 00:08:58,860 --> 00:09:02,020 And embracing the possibility of life. 348 00:09:02,060 --> 00:09:03,020 That's totally different. 349 00:09:03,060 --> 00:09:04,340 Life as we don't know it. 350 00:09:04,380 --> 00:09:05,100 Yeah. 351 00:09:05,140 --> 00:09:05,780 That's amazing. 352 00:09:05,820 --> 00:09:06,300 It is. 353 00:09:06,300 --> 00:09:08,220 Makes you wonder what kind of life is out there. 354 00:09:08,260 --> 00:09:09,300 The big universe. 355 00:09:09,340 --> 00:09:09,740 Yeah. 356 00:09:09,780 --> 00:09:10,620 Humbling thought. 357 00:09:10,660 --> 00:09:11,260 It is. 358 00:09:11,300 --> 00:09:12,580 But also really exciting. 359 00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:13,180 It is. 360 00:09:13,220 --> 00:09:15,340 It makes this search for habitable planets even more 361 00:09:15,380 --> 00:09:15,980 fascinating. 362 00:09:16,020 --> 00:09:16,820 Absolutely. 363 00:09:16,860 --> 00:09:19,100 It's about understanding all the factors. 364 00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:19,340 Right. 365 00:09:19,380 --> 00:09:22,580 All the things that make a planet able to support life. 366 00:09:22,620 --> 00:09:22,980 OK. 367 00:09:23,020 --> 00:09:23,540 Yeah. 368 00:09:23,580 --> 00:09:27,660 We're going beyond just size, mass, and temperature. 369 00:09:27,700 --> 00:09:27,940 Right. 370 00:09:27,980 --> 00:09:30,180 Looking at things like stellar activity. 371 00:09:30,220 --> 00:09:30,820 OK. 372 00:09:30,860 --> 00:09:32,860 The atmosphere. 373 00:09:32,900 --> 00:09:34,700 Even magnetic fields. 374 00:09:34,700 --> 00:09:36,500 So we're moving from a simple checklist. 375 00:09:36,540 --> 00:09:36,900 Yeah. 376 00:09:36,940 --> 00:09:38,180 To a much more. 377 00:09:38,220 --> 00:09:39,180 A more holistic. 378 00:09:39,220 --> 00:09:39,540 Yeah. 379 00:09:39,580 --> 00:09:40,180 Holistic. 380 00:09:40,220 --> 00:09:40,860 Yeah. 381 00:09:40,900 --> 00:09:42,980 View of what makes a planet habitable. 382 00:09:43,020 --> 00:09:44,180 Exactly. 383 00:09:44,220 --> 00:09:45,460 But that's a lot to consider. 384 00:09:45,500 --> 00:09:45,940 It is. 385 00:09:45,980 --> 00:09:46,700 It's complex. 386 00:09:46,740 --> 00:09:46,860 Yeah. 387 00:09:46,900 --> 00:09:48,020 It's a very complex puzzle. 388 00:09:48,060 --> 00:09:48,980 It is a complex puzzle. 389 00:09:49,020 --> 00:09:50,740 But that's what makes it so interesting. 390 00:09:50,780 --> 00:09:51,300 Right. 391 00:09:51,340 --> 00:09:51,780 Right. 392 00:09:51,820 --> 00:09:52,020 Yeah. 393 00:09:52,060 --> 00:09:52,620 I guess so. 394 00:09:52,660 --> 00:09:54,900 And every new exoplanet we discover. 395 00:09:54,940 --> 00:09:55,220 Yeah. 396 00:09:55,260 --> 00:09:56,660 It gives us more pieces. 397 00:09:56,700 --> 00:09:57,500 OK. 398 00:09:57,540 --> 00:09:59,580 We start to see the bigger picture. 399 00:09:59,620 --> 00:10:00,220 That's cool. 400 00:10:00,260 --> 00:10:03,820 Like take the TRAPPIST-1 system. 401 00:10:03,860 --> 00:10:04,300 Oh yeah. 402 00:10:04,300 --> 00:10:04,900 TRAPPIST-1. 403 00:10:04,940 --> 00:10:07,820 With its seven Earth-sized planets. 404 00:10:07,860 --> 00:10:08,340 Seven. 405 00:10:08,380 --> 00:10:08,820 Wow. 406 00:10:08,860 --> 00:10:10,980 All huddled around this tiny. 407 00:10:11,020 --> 00:10:11,460 Yeah. 408 00:10:11,500 --> 00:10:13,860 Ultra cool red dwarf star. 409 00:10:13,900 --> 00:10:15,740 It was a huge discovery. 410 00:10:15,780 --> 00:10:17,020 Everyone was talking about it. 411 00:10:17,060 --> 00:10:19,340 It really captured the imagination. 412 00:10:19,380 --> 00:10:20,940 But I remember there was some debate. 413 00:10:20,980 --> 00:10:21,460 There was. 414 00:10:21,500 --> 00:10:24,100 About whether these planets could actually support life. 415 00:10:24,140 --> 00:10:24,460 Yeah. 416 00:10:24,500 --> 00:10:26,460 At first there was so much excitement. 417 00:10:26,500 --> 00:10:26,820 Right. 418 00:10:26,860 --> 00:10:29,820 Three of them seemed to be in the habitable zone. 419 00:10:29,860 --> 00:10:30,420 Right place. 420 00:10:30,460 --> 00:10:31,260 Right place. 421 00:10:31,300 --> 00:10:31,860 But then. 422 00:10:31,900 --> 00:10:33,060 But then there's the star. 423 00:10:33,100 --> 00:10:33,700 The star. 424 00:10:33,700 --> 00:10:34,420 The red dwarf. 425 00:10:34,460 --> 00:10:34,820 Exactly. 426 00:10:34,860 --> 00:10:35,620 With those flares. 427 00:10:35,660 --> 00:10:36,420 Those flares yeah. 428 00:10:36,460 --> 00:10:38,420 They could be really intense. 429 00:10:38,460 --> 00:10:38,780 Yeah. 430 00:10:38,820 --> 00:10:40,700 Potentially stripping away the atmosphere. 431 00:10:40,740 --> 00:10:41,740 Oh wow. 432 00:10:41,780 --> 00:10:43,060 Of any of those planets. 433 00:10:43,100 --> 00:10:45,180 So even though they're in the right spot. 434 00:10:45,220 --> 00:10:45,980 Yeah. 435 00:10:46,020 --> 00:10:48,180 They might not even be able to hold on to an atmosphere. 436 00:10:48,220 --> 00:10:49,460 It's a real concern. 437 00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:52,380 So no chance for life to evolve. 438 00:10:52,420 --> 00:10:53,620 It makes you question it. 439 00:10:53,660 --> 00:10:54,100 It does yeah. 440 00:10:54,140 --> 00:10:56,660 It's a good reminder that it's not just about the planet itself. 441 00:10:56,700 --> 00:10:57,220 Right. 442 00:10:57,260 --> 00:10:58,740 It's about the star too. 443 00:10:58,780 --> 00:10:59,940 The whole system. 444 00:10:59,980 --> 00:11:01,020 Yeah the whole system. 445 00:11:01,060 --> 00:11:02,740 It's about finding the right balance. 446 00:11:02,780 --> 00:11:03,380 Yeah balance. 447 00:11:03,380 --> 00:11:05,740 You know between proximity and protection. 448 00:11:05,780 --> 00:11:09,220 Yeah being close enough but also having some sort of shield. 449 00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:09,940 Exactly. 450 00:11:09,980 --> 00:11:12,460 And it highlights the need to look at the long term. 451 00:11:12,500 --> 00:11:13,580 Yeah the long term stability. 452 00:11:13,620 --> 00:11:14,980 The stability of the environment. 453 00:11:15,020 --> 00:11:17,180 OK so another fascinating case study. 454 00:11:17,220 --> 00:11:18,340 Oh yeah. 455 00:11:18,380 --> 00:11:21,100 What about Proxima Centauri b. 456 00:11:21,140 --> 00:11:22,860 Ah yes. 457 00:11:22,900 --> 00:11:23,580 Proxima b. 458 00:11:23,620 --> 00:11:26,140 The closest exoplanet to our solar system. 459 00:11:26,180 --> 00:11:28,620 Right in our backyard cosmically speaking. 460 00:11:28,660 --> 00:11:30,420 Orbiting Proxima Centauri. 461 00:11:30,460 --> 00:11:31,900 Our nearest star. 462 00:11:31,900 --> 00:11:33,940 It seemed like we hit the jackpot. 463 00:11:33,980 --> 00:11:34,580 It did. 464 00:11:34,620 --> 00:11:36,420 A potentially habitable planet. 465 00:11:36,460 --> 00:11:37,340 So close. 466 00:11:37,380 --> 00:11:38,300 So close. 467 00:11:38,340 --> 00:11:40,500 But then again the star. 468 00:11:40,540 --> 00:11:41,220 The star. 469 00:11:41,260 --> 00:11:42,340 Another red dwarf. 470 00:11:42,380 --> 00:11:43,260 Another one. 471 00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:44,460 And in 2017. 472 00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:44,940 Yeah. 473 00:11:44,980 --> 00:11:47,660 Astronomers observed this massive flare. 474 00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:48,740 A massive flare. 475 00:11:48,780 --> 00:11:50,500 One of the most powerful we've ever seen. 476 00:11:50,540 --> 00:11:51,900 Coming from Proxima Centauri. 477 00:11:51,940 --> 00:11:52,500 Unbelievable. 478 00:11:52,540 --> 00:11:55,620 So even though Proxima b is technically in that habitable zone. 479 00:11:55,660 --> 00:11:56,060 Yeah. 480 00:11:56,100 --> 00:11:57,700 It could be bombarded. 481 00:11:57,740 --> 00:11:58,900 With these intense flares. 482 00:11:58,940 --> 00:12:01,020 Potentially wiping out any life. 483 00:12:01,020 --> 00:12:01,860 Wow. 484 00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:03,020 It really makes you think. 485 00:12:03,060 --> 00:12:04,420 It's like having a neighbor. 486 00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:04,820 Yes. 487 00:12:04,860 --> 00:12:06,660 Who sets off fireworks every night. 488 00:12:06,700 --> 00:12:07,500 Every night. 489 00:12:07,540 --> 00:12:09,060 Beautiful from a distance. 490 00:12:09,100 --> 00:12:09,420 Sure. 491 00:12:09,460 --> 00:12:10,780 But not if you're standing right there. 492 00:12:10,820 --> 00:12:11,980 Not safe. 493 00:12:12,020 --> 00:12:14,300 So these red dwarf stars. 494 00:12:14,340 --> 00:12:15,820 They seem to be pretty common. 495 00:12:15,860 --> 00:12:16,660 Very common. 496 00:12:16,700 --> 00:12:19,260 But maybe not the best for life. 497 00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:20,220 Makes you wonder. 498 00:12:20,260 --> 00:12:24,100 Should we even bother looking for habitable planets around them? 499 00:12:24,140 --> 00:12:27,340 Well I wouldn't say that there's a growing body of research. 500 00:12:27,380 --> 00:12:27,580 No. 501 00:12:27,580 --> 00:12:31,100 Suggesting that life might find ways to adapt. 502 00:12:31,140 --> 00:12:31,420 Okay. 503 00:12:31,460 --> 00:12:33,260 Even in these extreme environments. 504 00:12:33,300 --> 00:12:36,300 Okay so life could adapt to these really harsh conditions. 505 00:12:36,340 --> 00:12:37,060 It's possible. 506 00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:37,580 Interesting. 507 00:12:37,620 --> 00:12:38,340 For example. 508 00:12:38,380 --> 00:12:38,700 Yeah. 509 00:12:38,740 --> 00:12:42,580 Some scientists think life on these planets around red dwarfs. 510 00:12:42,620 --> 00:12:43,300 Yeah. 511 00:12:43,340 --> 00:12:46,060 Might actually exist in subsurface oceans. 512 00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:46,820 Oh wow. 513 00:12:46,860 --> 00:12:47,220 Okay. 514 00:12:47,260 --> 00:12:49,820 Shielded from the worst of the radiation. 515 00:12:49,860 --> 00:12:51,540 So like a hidden biosphere. 516 00:12:51,580 --> 00:12:52,060 Exactly. 517 00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:52,860 Underground. 518 00:12:52,900 --> 00:12:54,540 Safe from those flares. 519 00:12:54,580 --> 00:12:55,460 Exactly. 520 00:12:55,500 --> 00:12:56,540 That's fascinating. 521 00:12:56,540 --> 00:12:58,140 It is a captivating thought. 522 00:12:58,180 --> 00:12:58,780 It really is. 523 00:12:58,820 --> 00:13:00,180 Life is pretty amazing. 524 00:13:00,220 --> 00:13:00,660 It is. 525 00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:01,660 It finds a way. 526 00:13:01,700 --> 00:13:02,460 It finds a way. 527 00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:03,980 Okay so we talked about Proxima B. 528 00:13:04,020 --> 00:13:04,620 Yeah. 529 00:13:04,660 --> 00:13:06,540 What about Kepler 186? 530 00:13:06,580 --> 00:13:07,780 Kepler 186. 531 00:13:07,820 --> 00:13:09,220 Another interesting one. 532 00:13:09,260 --> 00:13:11,140 It orbits a red dwarf star. 533 00:13:11,180 --> 00:13:11,940 It does. 534 00:13:11,980 --> 00:13:12,820 But it's further out. 535 00:13:12,860 --> 00:13:13,820 A bit further out. 536 00:13:13,860 --> 00:13:16,260 Potentially in a more stable region. 537 00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:16,660 Okay. 538 00:13:16,700 --> 00:13:18,020 It's about the size of Earth. 539 00:13:18,060 --> 00:13:18,380 Okay. 540 00:13:18,420 --> 00:13:19,180 Earth sized. 541 00:13:19,220 --> 00:13:21,780 But we don't know for sure what it's made of. 542 00:13:21,820 --> 00:13:23,140 Right we don't know its composition. 543 00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:24,660 Or if it has an atmosphere. 544 00:13:24,700 --> 00:13:24,900 Right. 545 00:13:24,900 --> 00:13:27,260 But it's definitely worth studying further. 546 00:13:27,300 --> 00:13:28,260 Definitely a good candidate. 547 00:13:28,300 --> 00:13:29,420 A prime candidate. 548 00:13:29,460 --> 00:13:32,060 So it seems like each new discovery. 549 00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:32,620 Yeah. 550 00:13:32,660 --> 00:13:35,020 Gives us another piece of this puzzle. 551 00:13:35,060 --> 00:13:36,340 Adds to our understanding. 552 00:13:36,380 --> 00:13:37,220 Of habitability. 553 00:13:37,260 --> 00:13:38,100 Exactly. 554 00:13:38,140 --> 00:13:40,820 And it's not just about finding Earth's twin. 555 00:13:40,860 --> 00:13:41,060 No. 556 00:13:41,100 --> 00:13:44,460 It's about understanding the incredible diversity. 557 00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:45,980 The amazing variety. 558 00:13:46,020 --> 00:13:47,420 Yeah of planets out there. 559 00:13:47,460 --> 00:13:48,860 And the potential for life. 560 00:13:48,900 --> 00:13:50,140 Right the potential for life. 561 00:13:50,180 --> 00:13:52,740 That might be completely different from what we know. 562 00:13:52,780 --> 00:13:54,140 That is exciting. 563 00:13:54,140 --> 00:13:55,780 That's where the real excitement lies. 564 00:13:55,820 --> 00:13:57,460 It's like we're on this journey of discovery. 565 00:13:57,500 --> 00:13:58,380 We are. 566 00:13:58,420 --> 00:13:59,740 Pushing the boundaries of what we know. 567 00:13:59,780 --> 00:14:01,220 Challenging our assumptions. 568 00:14:01,260 --> 00:14:03,940 Yeah and changing how we think about life itself. 569 00:14:03,980 --> 00:14:04,780 Absolutely. 570 00:14:04,820 --> 00:14:06,380 It's a quest to understand. 571 00:14:06,420 --> 00:14:07,020 It is. 572 00:14:07,060 --> 00:14:08,220 Our place in the universe. 573 00:14:08,260 --> 00:14:09,780 And the very nature of life. 574 00:14:09,820 --> 00:14:10,340 Wow. 575 00:14:10,380 --> 00:14:12,180 And speaking of pushing boundaries. 576 00:14:12,220 --> 00:14:12,820 Yes. 577 00:14:12,860 --> 00:14:16,300 We can't forget the role of technology in all of this. 578 00:14:16,340 --> 00:14:17,540 It really makes you think. 579 00:14:17,580 --> 00:14:18,180 It does. 580 00:14:18,220 --> 00:14:20,540 About how huge the universe is. 581 00:14:20,580 --> 00:14:21,780 And all the possibilities. 582 00:14:21,820 --> 00:14:23,820 And all the potential for life out there. 583 00:14:23,820 --> 00:14:25,660 Life we can't even imagine. 584 00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,220 It makes our search for these habitable planets. 585 00:14:28,260 --> 00:14:28,780 Yeah. 586 00:14:28,820 --> 00:14:29,980 Even more fascinating. 587 00:14:30,020 --> 00:14:30,780 It really does. 588 00:14:30,820 --> 00:14:31,660 It's a reminder. 589 00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:32,500 Yeah. 590 00:14:32,540 --> 00:14:37,380 That our understanding of life is very earth centric. 591 00:14:37,420 --> 00:14:38,060 It is. 592 00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:39,700 Right we look for familiar signs. 593 00:14:39,740 --> 00:14:40,220 We do. 594 00:14:40,260 --> 00:14:41,220 Planets like our own. 595 00:14:41,260 --> 00:14:42,580 Yeah. 596 00:14:42,620 --> 00:14:46,220 But what if life on other planets is totally different. 597 00:14:46,260 --> 00:14:48,700 What if it's based on different chemistry. 598 00:14:48,740 --> 00:14:49,940 Yeah different building blocks. 599 00:14:49,980 --> 00:14:51,220 Different energy sources. 600 00:14:51,260 --> 00:14:53,380 So we have to broaden our definition of life. 601 00:14:53,380 --> 00:14:54,100 We have to. 602 00:14:54,140 --> 00:14:54,660 Right. 603 00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:56,420 What if there are life forms out there. 604 00:14:56,460 --> 00:14:57,020 Yeah. 605 00:14:57,060 --> 00:14:59,060 That don't need water. 606 00:14:59,100 --> 00:14:59,820 Or oxygen. 607 00:14:59,860 --> 00:15:03,220 What if they thrive in environments we consider toxic. 608 00:15:03,260 --> 00:15:04,300 It's a humbling thought. 609 00:15:04,340 --> 00:15:04,980 It is. 610 00:15:05,020 --> 00:15:06,660 It pushes us to be more creative. 611 00:15:06,700 --> 00:15:07,700 More open minded. 612 00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:09,540 Yeah more open minded in our search. 613 00:15:09,580 --> 00:15:10,660 Absolutely. 614 00:15:10,700 --> 00:15:12,500 So where do we go from here. 615 00:15:12,540 --> 00:15:13,740 What are the next steps. 616 00:15:13,780 --> 00:15:14,260 Well. 617 00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:17,740 In this search for habitable worlds and the life on them. 618 00:15:17,780 --> 00:15:20,260 One thing is even more advanced telescopes. 619 00:15:20,300 --> 00:15:20,740 OK. 620 00:15:20,740 --> 00:15:24,540 Imagine telescopes that can actually see exoplanets. 621 00:15:24,580 --> 00:15:25,100 Wow. 622 00:15:25,140 --> 00:15:28,220 Capture details of their surfaces and atmospheres. 623 00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:29,100 That would be incredible. 624 00:15:29,140 --> 00:15:30,260 We're not there yet. 625 00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:30,660 Right. 626 00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:31,740 But we're getting closer. 627 00:15:31,780 --> 00:15:33,300 It would be revolutionary. 628 00:15:33,340 --> 00:15:33,980 It would. 629 00:15:34,020 --> 00:15:36,820 To actually see those distant worlds. 630 00:15:36,860 --> 00:15:38,140 Study them in detail. 631 00:15:38,180 --> 00:15:40,900 Yeah it would be like going from blurry pictures 632 00:15:40,940 --> 00:15:43,060 to high definition video. 633 00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:46,060 And then we could look for more definitive signs of life. 634 00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:47,780 Exactly not just hints. 635 00:15:47,820 --> 00:15:49,220 Right like actual proof. 636 00:15:49,220 --> 00:15:51,460 What if we could detect artificial light. 637 00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:52,140 Wow. 638 00:15:52,180 --> 00:15:54,220 From a city on another planet. 639 00:15:54,260 --> 00:15:55,820 Or signs of agriculture. 640 00:15:55,860 --> 00:15:58,100 Large scale farming. 641 00:15:58,140 --> 00:15:59,100 That would be amazing. 642 00:15:59,140 --> 00:16:01,300 That would be groundbreaking. 643 00:16:01,340 --> 00:16:02,500 Proof that we're not alone. 644 00:16:02,540 --> 00:16:03,660 It would change everything. 645 00:16:03,700 --> 00:16:04,660 It would change everything. 646 00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:08,380 But even if we don't find those definitive signs. 647 00:16:08,420 --> 00:16:10,420 The search itself is valuable. 648 00:16:10,460 --> 00:16:10,700 Right. 649 00:16:10,740 --> 00:16:13,580 It pushes science and technology forward. 650 00:16:13,620 --> 00:16:15,500 It inspires new researchers. 651 00:16:15,540 --> 00:16:15,820 OK. 652 00:16:15,860 --> 00:16:18,180 It helps us understand the universe better. 653 00:16:18,180 --> 00:16:19,220 And our place in it. 654 00:16:19,260 --> 00:16:19,860 Exactly. 655 00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:22,100 It's a reminder that we're part of something bigger. 656 00:16:22,140 --> 00:16:23,140 Much bigger. 657 00:16:23,180 --> 00:16:25,980 Yeah a cosmic story that's still being written. 658 00:16:26,020 --> 00:16:28,980 And the search for habitable planets and life. 659 00:16:29,020 --> 00:16:29,460 Yeah. 660 00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:31,540 That's one of the most exciting chapters. 661 00:16:31,580 --> 00:16:32,340 It really is. 662 00:16:32,380 --> 00:16:33,700 Who knows maybe one day. 663 00:16:33,740 --> 00:16:34,060 Yeah. 664 00:16:34,100 --> 00:16:36,820 We'll find that life is not just common. 665 00:16:36,860 --> 00:16:38,340 But interconnected. 666 00:16:38,380 --> 00:16:40,700 Wow like a cosmic web of life. 667 00:16:40,740 --> 00:16:42,140 Linking us all together. 668 00:16:42,180 --> 00:16:43,420 That's a beautiful thought. 669 00:16:43,460 --> 00:16:43,940 It is. 670 00:16:43,980 --> 00:16:44,900 It keeps us curious. 671 00:16:44,940 --> 00:16:45,980 It drives us. 672 00:16:46,020 --> 00:16:47,700 Yeah it drives us to explore. 673 00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:48,740 Absolutely. 674 00:16:48,780 --> 00:16:50,020 Well thank you for joining us. 675 00:16:50,060 --> 00:16:51,140 It's been a pleasure. 676 00:16:51,180 --> 00:16:52,820 On this incredible journey. 677 00:16:52,860 --> 00:16:53,140 Yeah. 678 00:16:53,180 --> 00:16:54,980 Through the search for habitable worlds. 679 00:16:55,020 --> 00:16:56,020 It's been inspiring. 680 00:16:56,060 --> 00:16:57,060 It has been inspiring. 681 00:16:57,100 --> 00:16:58,380 And thought provoking. 682 00:16:58,420 --> 00:16:59,140 It really has. 683 00:16:59,180 --> 00:17:00,980 Exploring the challenges. 684 00:17:01,020 --> 00:17:01,700 It's a possibility. 685 00:17:01,740 --> 00:17:03,300 And the sheer wonder. 686 00:17:03,340 --> 00:17:05,500 Yeah the wonder of the cosmos. 687 00:17:05,540 --> 00:17:07,300 It's been great sharing this with you. 688 00:17:07,340 --> 00:17:10,540 It has and remember the universe is full of mysteries. 689 00:17:10,580 --> 00:17:11,060 It is. 690 00:17:11,100 --> 00:17:12,060 Keep looking up. 691 00:17:12,100 --> 00:17:13,260 Keep asking questions. 692 00:17:13,300 --> 00:17:14,540 Be curious. 693 00:17:14,580 --> 00:17:16,220 And never lose your sense of wonder. 694 00:17:16,260 --> 00:17:17,260 Never. 695 00:17:17,260 --> 00:17:18,980 And if you enjoyed this deep dive. 696 00:17:19,020 --> 00:17:19,740 Yeah. 697 00:17:19,780 --> 00:17:21,220 On Cosmos in a Pod. 698 00:17:21,260 --> 00:17:22,700 Space and Astronomy series. 699 00:17:22,740 --> 00:17:23,340 Don't forget. 700 00:17:23,380 --> 00:17:24,460 Don't forget to subscribe. 701 00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:25,020 Share it. 702 00:17:25,060 --> 00:17:25,660 Share. 703 00:17:25,700 --> 00:17:26,780 And leave us a review. 704 00:17:26,820 --> 00:17:28,100 We appreciate it. 705 00:17:28,140 --> 00:17:28,980 We love hearing from you. 706 00:17:29,020 --> 00:17:30,140 Let us know what you think. 707 00:17:30,180 --> 00:17:31,060 And until next time. 708 00:17:31,100 --> 00:17:31,660 Yeah. 709 00:17:31,700 --> 00:17:33,060 Keep exploring the universe. 710 00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:34,300 And all its wonders. 711 00:17:34,340 --> 00:17:37,020 Clear skies and happy exploring. 712 00:17:37,060 --> 00:17:39,660 And don't forget to follow us on our YouTube channel for more 713 00:17:39,660 --> 00:17:48,260 cosmic adventures.