1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,680 Ever imagined yourself stepping out of a spacecraft, 2 00:00:03,680 --> 00:00:06,360 you know, into the vast emptiness of space? 3 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:09,060 It's a thought that sends shivers down your spine, isn't it? 4 00:00:09,060 --> 00:00:10,160 It's just incredible. 5 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,080 The daring, the ambition. 6 00:00:12,080 --> 00:00:15,040 Those spacewalks, truly a testament 7 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:17,080 to what humans can achieve. 8 00:00:17,080 --> 00:00:18,360 Exactly. 9 00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:21,440 When astronauts leave the safety of their vessel 10 00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:25,840 and venture out there into the unknown, it's extraordinary. 11 00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:29,320 So today, we're diving deep into the history of spacewalks. 12 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:33,200 From those first tentative steps to the complex operations 13 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:33,920 we see today. 14 00:00:33,920 --> 00:00:35,240 It's going to be quite a journey. 15 00:00:35,240 --> 00:00:36,680 And it's not just about exploration, right? 16 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:37,560 Oh, absolutely not. 17 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:39,780 Spacewalks have been absolutely vital for building 18 00:00:39,780 --> 00:00:42,440 and maintaining crucial infrastructure up there. 19 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:44,940 Think about the International Space Station, the Hubble 20 00:00:44,940 --> 00:00:45,540 Telescope. 21 00:00:45,540 --> 00:00:47,120 Imagine trying to assemble something 22 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:51,280 as complex as the ISS without ever setting foot outside. 23 00:00:51,280 --> 00:00:53,440 Wow. 24 00:00:53,440 --> 00:00:55,360 It's mind boggling. 25 00:00:55,360 --> 00:00:58,720 It really highlights the crucial role of spacewalks, 26 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:01,240 something I think a lot of people might overlook. 27 00:01:01,240 --> 00:01:05,680 So welcome to Cosmos in a Pod, our space and astronomy series. 28 00:01:05,680 --> 00:01:08,280 Now, when we talk about spacewalks, 29 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:10,480 we're not exactly talking about a leisurely stroll 30 00:01:10,480 --> 00:01:11,680 in the park, are we? 31 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:12,600 No, no, no. 32 00:01:12,600 --> 00:01:13,200 Not at all. 33 00:01:13,200 --> 00:01:17,040 It's a carefully choreographed, incredibly risky undertaking. 34 00:01:17,040 --> 00:01:18,920 What kind of challenges are we talking about? 35 00:01:18,920 --> 00:01:22,520 Well, astronauts face extreme temperatures, radiation, 36 00:01:22,520 --> 00:01:24,480 and even the threat of those micrometeoroids. 37 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:25,280 Micrometeoroids. 38 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:27,000 Tiny, high-speed particles that can 39 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:28,760 cause some serious damage. 40 00:01:28,760 --> 00:01:31,920 It's really a testament to human ingenuity and bravery 41 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:33,960 that we've been able to overcome these challenges 42 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:35,680 and actually make spacewalks a reality. 43 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:37,480 I think that's what makes it so captivating, isn't it, 44 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:38,760 that we push those boundaries? 45 00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:40,000 Absolutely. 46 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:41,800 So let's go back to the very beginning. 47 00:01:41,800 --> 00:01:44,340 Who took those first daring steps 48 00:01:44,340 --> 00:01:45,600 into the vacuum of space? 49 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:50,240 That honor goes to a Soviet cosmonaut, Alexei Leonov, 50 00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:51,800 back in 1965. 51 00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:55,000 His mission, Voskhod 2, saw him spend 12 minutes 52 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:56,800 outside the spacecraft. 53 00:01:56,800 --> 00:01:58,440 12 minutes. 54 00:01:58,440 --> 00:02:01,240 That's all it took to change history forever. 55 00:02:01,240 --> 00:02:03,080 It really is a pivotal moment. 56 00:02:03,080 --> 00:02:08,440 Imagine being the first human to ever float freely in space. 57 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:12,320 I can't even fathom what that must have felt like, 58 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:15,720 both exhilarating and terrifying at the same time. 59 00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:17,520 Oh, I'm sure it was a mix of emotions. 60 00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:19,320 But I've heard those 12 minutes weren't 61 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:20,440 without their challenges. 62 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:21,560 You've done your research. 63 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:22,880 Well, a little bit. 64 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:27,280 Leonov's suit actually inflated unexpectedly. 65 00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:27,800 What? 66 00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:28,680 Why? 67 00:02:28,680 --> 00:02:30,520 Well, due to the pressure difference, of course, 68 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:32,200 it made it incredibly difficult for him 69 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:33,560 to get back into the airlock. 70 00:02:33,560 --> 00:02:34,520 Oh, no. 71 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:36,800 He had to manually release pressure from his suit. 72 00:02:36,800 --> 00:02:37,600 That sounds risky. 73 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:38,800 A very risky move. 74 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:41,160 It really showed incredible composure under pressure. 75 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:42,760 Talk about a high-stakes situation. 76 00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:43,260 Yeah. 77 00:02:43,260 --> 00:02:44,920 It's amazing how they managed to overcome 78 00:02:44,920 --> 00:02:46,840 these unforeseen problems. 79 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:49,320 But the US wasn't far behind, were they? 80 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:50,120 Not at all. 81 00:02:50,120 --> 00:02:51,640 Just a few months later, Ed White 82 00:02:51,640 --> 00:02:54,120 conducted the first American spacewalk. 83 00:02:54,120 --> 00:02:56,200 During the Gemini floor mission, he actually 84 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:58,840 used a handheld gas gun to maneuver. 85 00:02:58,840 --> 00:02:59,960 A gas gun. 86 00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:01,680 Wow, that must have been quite a thrill. 87 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:04,880 He described the experience as the most exhilarating moment 88 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:06,160 of his life. 89 00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:08,260 I can only imagine. 90 00:03:08,260 --> 00:03:10,960 And it's fascinating to see how quickly this technology was 91 00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:14,160 advancing, even in those early days. 92 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:16,960 Makes you wonder what those pioneers would think, 93 00:03:16,960 --> 00:03:19,760 if they could see the complexity of modern-day spacewalks. 94 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:21,600 It's amazing to think about, isn't it? 95 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:22,100 It is. 96 00:03:22,100 --> 00:03:23,160 How far we've come. 97 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:26,440 Yeah, it's like they were paving the way. 98 00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:27,440 They really were. 99 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:31,680 For those giant leaps for mankind, so to speak. 100 00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:34,760 Speaking of which, the Apollo missions and the moonwalks 101 00:03:34,760 --> 00:03:36,680 are iconic moments in human history. 102 00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:37,440 Absolutely. 103 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:39,600 When Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin 104 00:03:39,600 --> 00:03:42,680 became the first humans to walk on the moon during Apollo 11 105 00:03:42,680 --> 00:03:45,600 in 1969, it captured the world's imagination. 106 00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:49,120 A true testament to human ambition, technological prowess. 107 00:03:49,120 --> 00:03:51,840 And of course, the power of international collaboration. 108 00:03:51,840 --> 00:03:52,760 Without a doubt. 109 00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:54,720 I bet it must have been an incredible feeling 110 00:03:54,720 --> 00:03:57,280 to actually witness that event unfold in real time. 111 00:03:57,280 --> 00:04:00,600 Oh, can you imagine being glued to the television, 112 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:02,640 watching those grainy images? 113 00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:05,640 It was a moment that defined a generation. 114 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:08,280 And over six Apollo missions, astronauts 115 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:10,480 conducted 12 moonwalks. 116 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:11,480 That's right. 117 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:14,000 What were they doing out there on the lunar surface? 118 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:16,120 Well, they were gathering lunar samples, 119 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:17,520 deploying scientific instruments, 120 00:04:17,520 --> 00:04:18,800 conducting experiments. 121 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:20,160 This is really laying the groundwork 122 00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:21,280 for future exploration. 123 00:04:21,280 --> 00:04:22,160 Absolutely. 124 00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:24,160 And all while working in an environment 125 00:04:24,160 --> 00:04:26,720 vastly different from anything we experience here on Earth. 126 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:27,520 I bet. 127 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:30,240 The moon's gravity is much weaker than Earth's, right? 128 00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:32,720 How did they adapt to moving and working 129 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:34,040 in such a unique environment? 130 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:37,440 Well, it was a challenge, to say the least. 131 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:39,400 Their spacesuits had to be redesigned 132 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:41,400 to allow for greater mobility. 133 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:43,280 And the astronauts themselves had 134 00:04:43,280 --> 00:04:47,360 to learn new ways of walking, running, even falling. 135 00:04:47,360 --> 00:04:47,880 Falling. 136 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:51,440 It took a lot of ingenuity and adaptation to make it all work. 137 00:04:51,440 --> 00:04:54,420 It's mind boggling to think about the level of detail 138 00:04:54,420 --> 00:04:56,160 involved in these missions. 139 00:04:56,160 --> 00:04:59,200 It really makes you realize every step in space 140 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:02,760 exploration builds upon the lessons learned 141 00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:04,080 from those who came before. 142 00:05:04,080 --> 00:05:04,880 Absolutely. 143 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:08,040 Each mission, each spacewalk adds to our understanding 144 00:05:08,040 --> 00:05:11,640 of what it takes to operate in this unforgiving environment. 145 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:15,960 So it's a legacy of innovation, courage, and a constant drive 146 00:05:15,960 --> 00:05:17,880 to push the boundaries of human potential. 147 00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:19,640 Couldn't have said it better myself. 148 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:22,600 So after the Apollo era, what happened next 149 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:24,120 in the evolution of spacewalks? 150 00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:25,680 Oh, the space shuttle era. 151 00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:27,800 I saw some incredible advancements. 152 00:05:27,800 --> 00:05:32,760 In 1984, the Manned Maneuvering Unit, or MMU, 153 00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:35,520 allowed astronauts to freely float in space 154 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:37,360 without being tethered to the spacecraft. 155 00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:39,520 Now, that sounds like true freedom in space, 156 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:41,480 like something out of a science fiction movie. 157 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:44,000 It really was a game changer, enabling a whole new level 158 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:45,480 of mobility and freedom. 159 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:48,160 So what were some of the key missions where the MMU played 160 00:05:48,160 --> 00:05:49,360 a crucial role? 161 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:52,080 Well, one of the most memorable was the repair of the Hubble 162 00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:54,720 Space Telescope in 1993. 163 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:57,720 Astronauts used the MMU to maneuver around the telescope 164 00:05:57,720 --> 00:05:59,680 and correct a flaw in its optics. 165 00:05:59,680 --> 00:06:02,200 So it was the MMU that helped save Hubble. 166 00:06:02,200 --> 00:06:04,360 It played a crucial role, demonstrating 167 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:07,360 the importance of human intervention in space. 168 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:09,560 Even with our advanced technology, 169 00:06:09,560 --> 00:06:11,360 sometimes it takes a human touch to solve 170 00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:13,120 those complex problems. 171 00:06:13,120 --> 00:06:14,280 Absolutely. 172 00:06:14,280 --> 00:06:15,960 And speaking of complex projects, 173 00:06:15,960 --> 00:06:18,200 the construction of the International Space Station 174 00:06:18,200 --> 00:06:20,120 must have relied heavily on spacewalks. 175 00:06:20,120 --> 00:06:21,200 Oh, without a doubt. 176 00:06:21,200 --> 00:06:25,120 Between 1998 and 2011, hundreds of spacewalks 177 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:28,040 were needed to assemble and maintain the ISS. 178 00:06:28,040 --> 00:06:29,360 Hundreds. 179 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:32,000 Imagine coordinating all those moving parts, 180 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:34,160 installing solar panels, modules, 181 00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:35,760 scientific instruments. 182 00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:37,960 It was a monumental undertaking. 183 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:40,720 Truly a testament to international collaboration. 184 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:43,360 It makes you wonder, with all these advancements, 185 00:06:43,360 --> 00:06:46,720 what are some of the milestones that stand out in recent times? 186 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:49,720 Well, for one, the ISS requires ongoing maintenance 187 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:50,800 and upgrades. 188 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:53,440 So astronauts are constantly conducting spacewalks 189 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:55,120 to keep everything running smoothly. 190 00:06:55,120 --> 00:06:57,280 It's like a never-ending construction project, 191 00:06:57,280 --> 00:06:58,160 but in space. 192 00:06:58,160 --> 00:06:59,240 Wow, that's incredible. 193 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:00,200 And what about records? 194 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:02,400 Is there a record for the longest spacewalk? 195 00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:03,160 There is. 196 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,040 That record belongs to NASA astronauts Susan Helms 197 00:07:06,040 --> 00:07:09,280 and James Voss, who conducted an EVA lasting 198 00:07:09,280 --> 00:07:10,840 eight hours and 56 minutes. 199 00:07:10,840 --> 00:07:11,440 Eight hours. 200 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:13,800 During an ISS mission in 2001, can you 201 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:15,800 imagine being outside for that long? 202 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:17,800 That's longer than most work days. 203 00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:20,320 Exposed to the harshness of space, 204 00:07:20,320 --> 00:07:23,040 it's hard to fathom the level of endurance and focus 205 00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:24,960 that must have required. 206 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:27,000 But it's not just about duration, right? 207 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:29,840 Were there any other milestones, maybe 208 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:31,400 in terms of diversity in space? 209 00:07:31,400 --> 00:07:32,040 Absolutely. 210 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:35,520 In 2019, we saw the first all-female spacewalk. 211 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:36,000 Really? 212 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:39,080 NASA astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Maier 213 00:07:39,080 --> 00:07:42,080 conducted an EVA without a male crew member. 214 00:07:42,080 --> 00:07:42,920 That's amazing. 215 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:44,040 A historic moment. 216 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:46,680 It marked a significant step towards gender equality 217 00:07:46,680 --> 00:07:47,760 in space exploration. 218 00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:50,360 Yeah, a powerful symbol of progress. 219 00:07:50,360 --> 00:07:52,760 It makes you wonder what other firsts are waiting to be 220 00:07:52,760 --> 00:07:55,480 achieved in the future of spacewalks. 221 00:07:55,480 --> 00:07:57,600 It's an exciting time, that's for sure. 222 00:07:57,600 --> 00:07:59,840 But before we get too far ahead of ourselves, 223 00:07:59,840 --> 00:08:01,640 let's take a closer look at the technology 224 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:03,440 that makes all of this possible. 225 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:05,280 What exactly goes into a spacesuit? 226 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:07,880 What tools are used to work in zero gravity? 227 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:08,960 That's a great question. 228 00:08:08,960 --> 00:08:10,400 Let's dive into the nuts and bolts 229 00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:13,200 of these incredible feats of engineering in part two 230 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:14,040 of our deep dive. 231 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:15,680 All right, so let's talk spacesuits. 232 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:17,960 Yeah, it's more than just a suit, isn't it? 233 00:08:17,960 --> 00:08:20,520 Oh, it's practically a personalized spacecraft. 234 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:22,760 It's mind blowing when you think about it. 235 00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:23,320 Yeah. 236 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:24,640 Everything it has to provide. 237 00:08:24,640 --> 00:08:25,560 Absolutely. 238 00:08:25,560 --> 00:08:28,000 From breathable air to protection 239 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:29,160 from those micro meteoroids. 240 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:30,120 Exactly. 241 00:08:30,120 --> 00:08:33,840 The current model, the Extravehicular Mobility Unit, 242 00:08:33,840 --> 00:08:36,560 or EMU, it's a marvel of engineering. 243 00:08:36,560 --> 00:08:37,560 The EMU. 244 00:08:37,560 --> 00:08:40,320 And its primary function, life support. 245 00:08:40,320 --> 00:08:42,360 OK, so break that down for me. 246 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:45,160 How does it actually keep an astronaut alive out there? 247 00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:47,920 Well, first, you've got a constant supply of oxygen 248 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:51,160 systems to remove carbon dioxide, just like our own 249 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:52,320 atmosphere here on Earth. 250 00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:53,360 Makes sense. 251 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:55,640 Then you have temperature regulation, 252 00:08:55,640 --> 00:08:57,400 keeping the astronaut comfortable, 253 00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:59,760 despite those extreme temperatures in space. 254 00:08:59,760 --> 00:09:01,160 I can imagine. 255 00:09:01,160 --> 00:09:03,560 It can swing wildly from one extreme to the other. 256 00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:04,360 Oh, absolutely. 257 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:05,760 And what about those micro meteoroids 258 00:09:05,760 --> 00:09:06,480 we talked about earlier? 259 00:09:06,480 --> 00:09:07,400 They sound terrifying. 260 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:08,480 Well, they can be. 261 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:11,240 That's why the EMU has multiple layers of protection, 262 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:12,600 almost like a suit of armor. 263 00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:13,080 Oh, wow. 264 00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:16,280 But unlike a rigid suit, it has to be flexible enough 265 00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:18,840 for the astronaut to move around and use tools. 266 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:20,960 That's got to be quite the design challenge. 267 00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:23,360 Balancing that protection with mobility, 268 00:09:23,360 --> 00:09:24,760 how do they achieve that? 269 00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:28,000 It all comes down to the materials and the construction. 270 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:30,240 The suit is pressurized, which helps 271 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:33,960 maintain the astronaut's body shape and allows for movement. 272 00:09:33,960 --> 00:09:37,920 But the materials themselves have to be durable enough 273 00:09:37,920 --> 00:09:40,120 to withstand that pressure difference 274 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:41,680 and any potential impacts. 275 00:09:41,680 --> 00:09:43,480 So it's like a high-tech balloon, 276 00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:46,040 but incredibly strong and flexible. 277 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:46,960 A good analogy. 278 00:09:46,960 --> 00:09:48,680 And let's not forget about the helmet. 279 00:09:48,680 --> 00:09:50,800 Oh, the helmet's crucial. 280 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:53,560 It has a visor to protect against the intense glare 281 00:09:53,560 --> 00:09:54,600 of the sun. 282 00:09:54,600 --> 00:09:56,680 And of course, it houses communication systems. 283 00:09:56,680 --> 00:09:58,560 So they can talk to the crew and ground control. 284 00:09:58,560 --> 00:09:59,560 Exactly. 285 00:09:59,560 --> 00:10:01,960 So they're never truly alone out there. 286 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:03,400 That's reassuring. 287 00:10:03,400 --> 00:10:05,280 Now, what about the tools they use? 288 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:08,360 I can't imagine trying to handle a wrench in zero gravity. 289 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:10,200 It's definitely a learned skill. 290 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:10,720 I bet. 291 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:13,840 The tools are specially designed to function in microgravity. 292 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:16,680 You've got things like power drills, wrenches, even 293 00:10:16,680 --> 00:10:17,880 specialized cameras. 294 00:10:17,880 --> 00:10:19,960 All adapted for that unique environment. 295 00:10:19,960 --> 00:10:21,720 And I imagine it takes a lot of practice 296 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:23,400 to get used to working with those tools. 297 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:24,280 Oh, absolutely. 298 00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:28,480 Astronauts train extensively in simulated microgravity 299 00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:30,680 environments to become proficient. 300 00:10:30,680 --> 00:10:32,600 So it's like learning to walk all over again. 301 00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:34,360 In a way, yes. 302 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:37,400 Everything from gripping tools to moving around 303 00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:38,760 has to be relearned. 304 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:40,440 Fascinating. 305 00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:43,240 And I imagine safety is absolutely paramount. 306 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:44,040 Of course. 307 00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:46,520 How do they make sure astronauts don't just drift away? 308 00:10:46,520 --> 00:10:48,040 Oh, tethers are essential. 309 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:48,800 Tethers. 310 00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:51,960 Strong cords that connect the astronaut to the spacecraft. 311 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:53,880 Providing that lifeline back to safety. 312 00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:54,800 Exactly. 313 00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:58,360 And they practice procedures for retrieving an astronaut who 314 00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:00,280 might become untethered. 315 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:02,640 It's good to know they have those protocols in place. 316 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:04,760 We've covered the space suit, the tools. 317 00:11:04,760 --> 00:11:07,760 But I know spacewalks are still inherently risky. 318 00:11:07,760 --> 00:11:09,920 Where's some of the biggest challenges they face? 319 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:11,880 Even with all this advanced technology. 320 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:13,360 Well, one of the major challenges 321 00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:17,920 is simply the physical strain of working in a pressurized suit. 322 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:19,720 It puts a lot of stress on the body, 323 00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:21,800 leading to fatigue and muscle soreness. 324 00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:23,960 So it's like running a marathon in a heavy suit. 325 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:24,920 A good comparison. 326 00:11:24,920 --> 00:11:26,800 And then there's the mental strain too, right? 327 00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:28,040 Oh, absolutely. 328 00:11:28,040 --> 00:11:30,760 If you're in a hostile environment, acutely aware 329 00:11:30,760 --> 00:11:34,480 of the risks, and performing these complex tasks, 330 00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:36,960 it takes incredible focus and resilience. 331 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:38,760 They truly are a special breed. 332 00:11:38,760 --> 00:11:40,960 These astronauts, we talked about the dangers of space 333 00:11:40,960 --> 00:11:42,760 itself. 334 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:45,280 But are there risks related to the equipment as well? 335 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:46,280 Of course. 336 00:11:46,280 --> 00:11:47,880 A space suit malfunction. 337 00:11:47,880 --> 00:11:48,400 Right. 338 00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:49,080 A tether breaking. 339 00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:50,400 Even a dropped tool. 340 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:50,960 Yeah. 341 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:53,400 Any of those things could have serious consequences. 342 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:53,880 Yeah. 343 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:56,840 That's why rigorous testing and backup systems are so critical. 344 00:11:56,840 --> 00:11:58,920 It's that constant balance, isn't it? 345 00:11:58,920 --> 00:11:59,400 It is. 346 00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:02,120 Between pushing the limits of exploration 347 00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:05,360 and ensuring the safety of those venturing into the unknown. 348 00:12:05,360 --> 00:12:07,440 A delicate balance indeed. 349 00:12:07,440 --> 00:12:08,600 But let's shift gears a bit. 350 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:10,640 What does the future hold for spacewalks? 351 00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:12,760 Any exciting developments on the horizon? 352 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:14,040 Yeah, I'm curious about that. 353 00:12:14,040 --> 00:12:16,480 Well, for starters, NASA's Artemis program 354 00:12:16,480 --> 00:12:19,240 is developing new space suits designed specifically 355 00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:20,520 for lunar exploration. 356 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:21,400 Oh, wow. 357 00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:23,640 So a new generation of space suits. 358 00:12:23,640 --> 00:12:24,140 Exactly. 359 00:12:24,140 --> 00:12:25,880 For a new era of exploration. 360 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:27,680 They'll need to be even more mobile 361 00:12:27,680 --> 00:12:31,160 and offer better protection against the unique challenges 362 00:12:31,160 --> 00:12:32,680 of the moon's environment. 363 00:12:32,680 --> 00:12:33,680 That's exciting. 364 00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:35,320 And then there's the ultimate goal, right? 365 00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:36,000 Mars. 366 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:36,880 Mars. 367 00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:39,240 Designing space suits for Martian conditions. 368 00:12:39,240 --> 00:12:40,600 It's a whole other ballgame. 369 00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:41,920 With its dust storms. 370 00:12:41,920 --> 00:12:42,480 Yes. 371 00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:43,760 Thin atmosphere. 372 00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:45,360 It's going to be a major undertaking. 373 00:12:45,360 --> 00:12:47,720 A huge challenge for engineers. 374 00:12:47,720 --> 00:12:50,480 But the rewards could be extraordinary. 375 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:52,640 Martian spacewalks. 376 00:12:52,640 --> 00:12:55,640 Wow, I can only imagine what challenges and discoveries 377 00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:56,440 await us there. 378 00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:57,640 It's going to be incredible. 379 00:12:57,640 --> 00:13:00,120 But aside from the space suits, are there 380 00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:02,880 other innovations that could change the face of spacewalks? 381 00:13:02,880 --> 00:13:04,120 Oh, like what? 382 00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:06,400 Well, one area that's generating a lot of interest 383 00:13:06,400 --> 00:13:09,320 is the development of robotic assistants. 384 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:10,200 Robotic assistants. 385 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:13,000 So like robot buddies helping astronauts during spacewalks? 386 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:13,760 Exactly. 387 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:15,480 They could assist with tasks. 388 00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:15,980 OK. 389 00:13:15,980 --> 00:13:17,640 Provide extra support. 390 00:13:17,640 --> 00:13:20,480 Even venture into areas that are too risky for humans. 391 00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:22,860 That sounds like something straight out of science fiction. 392 00:13:22,860 --> 00:13:23,840 It does, doesn't it? 393 00:13:23,840 --> 00:13:26,080 It would be a huge step forward in terms of safety 394 00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:27,040 and efficiency. 395 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:27,880 Absolutely. 396 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:30,960 And as robotic technology advances, 397 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:33,200 it's becoming more and more feasible. 398 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:35,520 But there's an even more futuristic concept 399 00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:36,480 that's being explored. 400 00:13:36,480 --> 00:13:37,760 Even more futuristic. 401 00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:38,760 OK, I'm all ears. 402 00:13:38,760 --> 00:13:42,320 Imagine a space suit that operates independently 403 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:44,640 without direct human control. 404 00:13:44,640 --> 00:13:46,040 Autonomous space suits. 405 00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:47,900 Wow, that's mind blowing. 406 00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:50,480 So like a self-driving car, but for spacewalks. 407 00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:51,840 A good way to think about it. 408 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:54,120 They could perform dangerous tasks, 409 00:13:54,120 --> 00:13:57,000 like repairs on satellites or exploration 410 00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:59,240 of hazardous environments without putting 411 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:00,280 astronauts at risk. 412 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:01,680 That sounds incredible. 413 00:14:01,680 --> 00:14:03,600 But I bet there are a lot of challenges to overcome. 414 00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:04,320 Oh, absolutely. 415 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:06,520 It's still in the early stages of development, 416 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:08,560 but the potential is enormous. 417 00:14:08,560 --> 00:14:11,120 It could revolutionize how we approach space exploration. 418 00:14:11,120 --> 00:14:11,840 It really could. 419 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:13,640 It's a fascinating field to keep an eye on. 420 00:14:13,640 --> 00:14:15,280 From those first hesitant skeps. 421 00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:15,880 Just a diff. 422 00:14:15,880 --> 00:14:16,380 Yeah. 423 00:14:16,380 --> 00:14:17,640 Into the vacuum of space. 424 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:20,040 To the idea of robots and self-operating suits, 425 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:20,920 it's remarkable. 426 00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:21,960 It really is. 427 00:14:21,960 --> 00:14:24,640 And it just speaks volumes about our innate drive 428 00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:25,800 to explore, doesn't it? 429 00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:27,300 That's at the heart of it, I think. 430 00:14:27,300 --> 00:14:29,640 That push to go beyond what we know. 431 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:31,960 To constantly challenge ourselves. 432 00:14:31,960 --> 00:14:34,280 To discover what's over the next horizon. 433 00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:34,840 Absolutely. 434 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:36,840 Spacewalks are a perfect embodiment of that. 435 00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:37,680 They really are. 436 00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:40,480 They've played such a vital role in shaping 437 00:14:40,480 --> 00:14:44,040 our understanding of space from those early days. 438 00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:45,480 Just proving it could be done. 439 00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:47,640 To the intricate work on the ISS. 440 00:14:47,640 --> 00:14:50,740 And looking ahead, they're going to be even more crucial. 441 00:14:50,740 --> 00:14:51,640 In what ways? 442 00:14:51,640 --> 00:14:53,840 Think about NASA's Artemis program. 443 00:14:53,840 --> 00:14:56,560 With its goals of establishing a sustainable presence 444 00:14:56,560 --> 00:14:57,200 on the moon. 445 00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:57,880 Right. 446 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:00,240 Spacewalks are going to be fundamental to that. 447 00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:03,920 Building habitats, conducting research, 448 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:06,000 exploring the lunar surface. 449 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:08,800 It's going to be a whole new era of lunar exploration. 450 00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:11,480 Made possible by those venturing out into the void. 451 00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:13,720 And then, of course, there's the ultimate goal. 452 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:14,560 Mars. 453 00:15:14,560 --> 00:15:15,680 Mars. 454 00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:18,120 The challenges of Martian spacewalks will be immense. 455 00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:19,400 Oh, without a doubt. 456 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:21,320 Or the reward could be equally extraordinary. 457 00:15:21,320 --> 00:15:22,000 Imagine. 458 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,760 Astronauts walking on the red planet, collecting samples. 459 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:27,920 Maybe even finding evidence of past life. 460 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:28,920 It's mind boggling. 461 00:15:28,920 --> 00:15:29,720 It truly is. 462 00:15:29,720 --> 00:15:30,240 Yeah. 463 00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:31,840 But beyond the scientific advancements, 464 00:15:31,840 --> 00:15:33,800 I think it's important to consider 465 00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,160 the philosophical implications of these endeavors. 466 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:39,520 What have we learned about ourselves? 467 00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:41,960 About humanity through spacewalks? 468 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:47,720 Well, for me, they reaffirm that we are at our core explorers. 469 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:49,880 That innate curiosity, that desire 470 00:15:49,880 --> 00:15:52,560 to push beyond the familiar. 471 00:15:52,560 --> 00:15:54,960 It's woven into our very being. 472 00:15:54,960 --> 00:15:58,520 And spacewalks are a testament to that spirit. 473 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:00,880 And they also highlight the importance of collaboration, 474 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:01,560 right? 475 00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,560 It takes a global effort, a coming together 476 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:07,560 of brilliant minds, to make these missions possible. 477 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:10,640 From the engineers who design those suits in spacecraft, 478 00:16:10,640 --> 00:16:14,120 to the mission control teams, to the astronauts themselves, 479 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:16,960 it's a testament to what we can achieve when we work together. 480 00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:17,960 Towards a common goal. 481 00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:19,520 Like the International Space Station. 482 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:20,040 Exactly. 483 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:22,280 A perfect example of that international cooperation. 484 00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:23,160 It really is. 485 00:16:23,160 --> 00:16:26,600 And amidst all the technological marvels, 486 00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:28,440 the scientific discoveries, there's 487 00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:30,920 also that element of sheer wonder, wouldn't you say? 488 00:16:30,920 --> 00:16:31,680 Absolutely. 489 00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:35,520 That awe-inspiring moment of seeing a human being floating 490 00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:37,280 in the vastness of space. 491 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:39,760 Tethered to our planet by a thin cord. 492 00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:41,040 It's a powerful image. 493 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:42,360 It puts things in perspective. 494 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:42,840 It does. 495 00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:46,800 It reminds us of our place in this immense universe. 496 00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:49,160 And it can spark a sense of responsibility, too. 497 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:49,800 Oh, so. 498 00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:52,040 A recognition of the fragility of our planet. 499 00:16:52,040 --> 00:16:52,540 Right. 500 00:16:52,540 --> 00:16:54,040 And the need to protect it. 501 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:56,240 It's a perspective that can change you, I think. 502 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:56,880 It can. 503 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,240 Make you appreciate both the vastness of what we don't know 504 00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:01,880 and the preciousness of what we do. 505 00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:03,680 It's a beautiful paradox, isn't it? 506 00:17:03,680 --> 00:17:04,480 It is. 507 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:05,680 And it can inspire us, too. 508 00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:07,120 To dream bigger. 509 00:17:07,120 --> 00:17:10,800 Imagine a future where humanity ventures beyond Earth, 510 00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:13,520 exploring new worlds, perhaps even encountering 511 00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:15,000 other intelligent life. 512 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:16,960 The possibilities are truly limitless. 513 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:17,520 They are. 514 00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:19,520 It's a future filled with both challenges 515 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:21,600 and incredible potential. 516 00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:22,920 And spacewalks will continue to be 517 00:17:22,920 --> 00:17:24,200 a vital part of that journey. 518 00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:24,680 Absolutely. 519 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:27,000 They represent the very essence of exploration, 520 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:29,920 of pushing boundaries, of reaching for the unknown. 521 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:31,120 Beautifully said. 522 00:17:31,120 --> 00:17:34,600 Each spacewalk, from Leonov's first tentative steps, 523 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:37,440 to those that will one day take place on Mars, 524 00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:40,080 they all contribute to this grand narrative 525 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:41,640 of human endeavor. 526 00:17:41,640 --> 00:17:44,120 It's a story that's still being written. 527 00:17:44,120 --> 00:17:46,480 And we're all, in a sense, participants. 528 00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:47,440 We are. 529 00:17:47,440 --> 00:17:49,320 Well, it's been an incredible journey today, 530 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:51,760 exploring the history, the technology, 531 00:17:51,760 --> 00:17:53,280 and the future of spacewalks. 532 00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:56,240 A true testament to human ambition, ingenuity. 533 00:17:56,240 --> 00:17:58,120 And our enduring fascination with the cosmos. 534 00:17:58,120 --> 00:17:59,280 Absolutely. 535 00:17:59,280 --> 00:18:01,760 And who knows what incredible feats await us 536 00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:03,040 in the decades to come. 537 00:18:03,040 --> 00:18:06,000 It's an exciting time to be following space exploration. 538 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,120 If you've enjoyed this deep dive into the world of spacewalks, 539 00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:11,880 be sure to follow Cosmos in a pod for more explorations 540 00:18:11,880 --> 00:18:14,200 into the wonders of space and astronomy. 541 00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:16,640 And don't forget to check out our YouTube channel for even 542 00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:42,800 more cosmic content.