1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,360 Picture this, you're not just visiting space, 2 00:00:03,360 --> 00:00:05,520 you're moving in swapping your Earth address 3 00:00:05,520 --> 00:00:10,400 for a cosmic one, weeks, months, maybe even years, 4 00:00:10,400 --> 00:00:12,080 among the stars. 5 00:00:12,080 --> 00:00:13,960 What comes to mind first? 6 00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:15,840 Is it the awe-inspiring views? 7 00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:17,360 The feeling of weightlessness. 8 00:00:17,360 --> 00:00:18,960 Or perhaps the challenges of living 9 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:20,840 in such an extreme environment. 10 00:00:20,840 --> 00:00:22,480 It's fascinating how often people 11 00:00:22,480 --> 00:00:26,760 focus on the obvious challenges like oxygen and temperature. 12 00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:28,360 Those are crucial, of course. 13 00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:30,480 But there are so many other things 14 00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:32,160 we take for granted on Earth that become 15 00:00:32,160 --> 00:00:33,800 major obstacles in space. 16 00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:35,080 OK, give us an example. 17 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:37,040 What's something that surprised you when you first 18 00:00:37,040 --> 00:00:38,400 started learning about this? 19 00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:41,600 The impact of microgravity on the human body 20 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:43,280 is truly remarkable. 21 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:45,600 Did you know astronauts can lose bone density 22 00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:48,720 at a rate of 1% to 2% every month in space? 23 00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:49,440 That's shocking. 24 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:52,040 It's essentially accelerated osteoporosis. 25 00:00:52,040 --> 00:00:53,200 Why does that happen? 26 00:00:53,200 --> 00:00:55,360 Is it just because they're floating around all the time? 27 00:00:55,360 --> 00:00:56,760 It's more complex than that. 28 00:00:56,760 --> 00:00:59,560 On Earth, our bones and muscles are constantly 29 00:00:59,560 --> 00:01:02,760 working against gravity, which keeps them strong. 30 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:04,280 But in a microgravity environment, 31 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:06,200 that constant stress is gone. 32 00:01:06,200 --> 00:01:06,700 Oh, I see. 33 00:01:06,700 --> 00:01:09,120 Imagine carrying a heavy backpack all the time. 34 00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:11,920 And then suddenly taking it off, your body 35 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:14,200 would start to adapt to that lighter load. 36 00:01:14,200 --> 00:01:17,600 So their bones and muscles basically start to think, 37 00:01:17,600 --> 00:01:19,400 hey, we don't need to be this strong anymore. 38 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:20,320 Exactly. 39 00:01:20,320 --> 00:01:22,360 But it's not just about getting weaker. 40 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:24,160 There are other weird side effects, too. 41 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:24,760 Exactly. 42 00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:26,440 Fluid redistribution is a big one. 43 00:01:26,440 --> 00:01:26,940 Karen? 44 00:01:26,940 --> 00:01:28,960 Without gravity pulling fluids downwards, 45 00:01:28,960 --> 00:01:31,840 astronauts experience puffy faces, stuffy noses, 46 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:33,560 and even vision problems. 47 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:35,960 It's officially called spaceflight-associated 48 00:01:35,960 --> 00:01:39,120 neuroocular syndrome, or SANs. 49 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:42,120 And it's a serious concern for long-duration missions. 50 00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:43,400 SANs. 51 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:45,040 That sounds intense. 52 00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:45,840 I had no idea. 53 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:47,880 It makes you realize how perfectly adapted 54 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:49,600 we are to Earth's gravity. 55 00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:51,060 What about radiation? 56 00:01:51,060 --> 00:01:52,980 We're protected by the atmosphere down here. 57 00:01:52,980 --> 00:01:54,940 But out in space, it's a whole different story. 58 00:01:54,940 --> 00:01:57,160 Radiation exposure is a major challenge. 59 00:01:57,160 --> 00:01:59,240 Astronauts are bombarded with much higher levels 60 00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:02,020 of radiation in space, which increases their risk of cancer 61 00:02:02,020 --> 00:02:03,400 and other health issues. 62 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:06,080 This is why radiation shielding is such a crucial area 63 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:07,080 of research. 64 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:10,520 So we've got weakening bones, muscle atrophy, strange side 65 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:12,920 effects, and radiation risks. 66 00:02:12,920 --> 00:02:14,400 It paints a pretty daunting picture, 67 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:16,880 the physical challenges alone. 68 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:19,240 But what about the psychological and social aspects 69 00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:20,920 of living in space? 70 00:02:20,920 --> 00:02:23,200 That must be a whole other layer of complexity. 71 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:24,060 Absolutely. 72 00:02:24,060 --> 00:02:26,400 Imagine being confined to a small spacecraft 73 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:28,720 with the same people for months on end, 74 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:31,200 far from family and friends with limited communication 75 00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:32,200 with Earth. 76 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:35,760 That's the reality of isolation and confinement in space. 77 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:37,560 That sounds incredibly tough. 78 00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:40,600 Even with the best roommates, I'd need a break eventually. 79 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:43,000 How do astronauts cope with that level of isolation 80 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:44,920 and the potential for conflict? 81 00:02:44,920 --> 00:02:47,920 Astronaut selection and training are incredibly rigorous. 82 00:02:47,920 --> 00:02:48,640 Oh, wow. 83 00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:51,360 They undergo extensive psychological evaluations 84 00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:53,040 and participate in simulations that 85 00:02:53,040 --> 00:02:56,200 mimic the stresses of long duration spaceflight. 86 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:58,800 Teamwork communication and conflict resolution skills 87 00:02:58,800 --> 00:02:59,760 are paramount. 88 00:02:59,760 --> 00:03:00,680 It makes sense. 89 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:02,440 You'd need a really strong team dynamic 90 00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:04,520 to thrive in that kind of environment. 91 00:03:04,520 --> 00:03:06,520 But beyond the close quarters and isolation, 92 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:09,120 there's also the strangeness of the space environment itself. 93 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:10,760 What kind of impact does that have? 94 00:03:10,760 --> 00:03:14,000 The disruption to circadian rhythms is a major challenge. 95 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:15,600 On the International Space Station, 96 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:18,720 astronauts experience 16 sunrises and sunsets 97 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:21,120 every 24 hours. 98 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:22,720 Imagine trying to adjust to that. 99 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:23,920 That's mind boggling. 100 00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:25,640 How do they even sleep with that going on? 101 00:03:25,640 --> 00:03:28,320 Do they just rely on blackout curtains and willpower? 102 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:29,840 It's a combination of things. 103 00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:33,920 They use controlled lighting to mimic a more Earth-like day 104 00:03:33,920 --> 00:03:35,160 night cycle. 105 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:37,240 Sometimes they use sleep aids as well. 106 00:03:37,240 --> 00:03:39,240 But maintaining a healthy sleep-wake cycle 107 00:03:39,240 --> 00:03:41,560 is a constant battle in space. 108 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:44,360 So we've covered the physical and psychological hurdles. 109 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:47,600 But keeping humans alive and functioning in space 110 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,600 can't be easy from a technical standpoint either. 111 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:52,600 What are some of the biggest engineering challenges 112 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:53,200 involved? 113 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:55,400 Life support systems are absolutely critical. 114 00:03:55,400 --> 00:03:55,960 Right. 115 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:57,960 We're talking about creating a miniature Earth 116 00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:00,760 within a spacecraft, managing air, water, and food, 117 00:04:00,760 --> 00:04:03,960 all the essentials for survival in a closed system. 118 00:04:03,960 --> 00:04:06,240 And these systems have to be incredibly reliable, 119 00:04:06,240 --> 00:04:09,400 as any malfunction could have dire consequences. 120 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:11,440 It sounds incredibly complex. 121 00:04:11,440 --> 00:04:14,240 Can you give us a glimpse into how these life support 122 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:15,800 systems actually work? 123 00:04:15,800 --> 00:04:17,600 What are some of the innovative solutions 124 00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:18,400 they've come up with? 125 00:04:18,400 --> 00:04:19,840 One of the most remarkable things 126 00:04:19,840 --> 00:04:22,080 is the way they generate oxygen. 127 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:25,120 They split water molecules using electrolysis 128 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:27,080 to create breathable oxygen, which 129 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:28,960 is essential for survival. 130 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:30,400 And to conserve resources, they've 131 00:04:30,400 --> 00:04:33,320 developed sophisticated systems for recycling waste water. 132 00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:34,360 Recycling waste water? 133 00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:35,240 Is that what it is? 134 00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:38,000 They recycle urine into drinking water. 135 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:39,680 It might sound unappealing. 136 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:42,200 But the technology is incredibly advanced. 137 00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:45,080 The water goes through a rigorous purification process, 138 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:47,600 making it completely safe and drinkable. 139 00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:49,800 It's a testament to the ingenuity of engineers 140 00:04:49,800 --> 00:04:52,440 and the need for sustainable solutions in space. 141 00:04:52,440 --> 00:04:54,200 OK, I have to admit, that's impressive. 142 00:04:54,200 --> 00:04:56,800 It's incredible how they're turning what we consider 143 00:04:56,800 --> 00:04:59,000 waste to valuable resources. 144 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:00,120 But what about power? 145 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:02,600 How do they keep the lights on and all those systems running? 146 00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:03,920 Is it all solar panels? 147 00:05:03,920 --> 00:05:06,520 Solar panels are a primary source of energy, 148 00:05:06,520 --> 00:05:08,240 but they have limitations. 149 00:05:08,240 --> 00:05:10,480 Think about dust storms on Mars, which 150 00:05:10,480 --> 00:05:12,360 could block sunlight for extended periods 151 00:05:12,360 --> 00:05:14,000 or long lunar nights. 152 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:16,160 Efficient energy storage and backup systems 153 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:19,080 are crucial for maintaining a stable power supply. 154 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:21,400 Right, you can't just call an electrician if the power goes 155 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:23,120 out on a space station. 156 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:24,920 And speaking of things, you can't easily 157 00:05:24,920 --> 00:05:27,560 fix waste disposal must be another major challenge. 158 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:29,760 You can't just toss it out the air a lot, can you? 159 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:30,960 You're right. 160 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:32,840 Managing waste in a closed environment 161 00:05:32,840 --> 00:05:34,800 is crucial to prevent contamination 162 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:37,400 and ensure long-term sustainability. 163 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:39,120 Scientists are developing advanced waste 164 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:42,000 to resource technologies to address this challenge. 165 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:44,440 So it's like one giant puzzle figuring out 166 00:05:44,440 --> 00:05:46,280 how to make everything work seamlessly 167 00:05:46,280 --> 00:05:48,080 in such a harsh environment. 168 00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:50,640 But with all these obstacles, is long-term space 169 00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:52,560 living even feasible? 170 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:54,960 What gives you hope that we can overcome these hurdles? 171 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:57,200 We're constantly learning from the International Space 172 00:05:57,200 --> 00:05:58,200 Station. 173 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:01,320 And the pace of technological innovation is accelerating. 174 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:03,240 There are some truly groundbreaking solutions 175 00:06:03,240 --> 00:06:04,280 on the horizon. 176 00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:05,680 That's encouraging. 177 00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:07,320 Can you give us a sneak peek at what's 178 00:06:07,320 --> 00:06:10,040 coming next in the world of space habitation? 179 00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:12,160 What kind of advancements are you most excited about? 180 00:06:12,160 --> 00:06:14,000 There are some fascinating developments 181 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:17,560 in exercise equipment designed to combat bone and muscle loss. 182 00:06:17,560 --> 00:06:18,480 OK. 183 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:22,040 And researchers are exploring things like water walls 184 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:23,640 for radiation shielding. 185 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:24,760 Water walls? 186 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:25,320 Yeah. 187 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:26,480 That sounds intriguing. 188 00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:27,720 Can you elaborate on that? 189 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:29,840 Imagine surrounding a habitat module 190 00:06:29,840 --> 00:06:31,880 with a thick layer of water. 191 00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:34,040 This water barrier would act as a shield 192 00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:37,520 absorbing harmful radiation and protecting the astronauts 193 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:39,200 inside. 194 00:06:39,200 --> 00:06:42,040 It's a simple concept, but surprisingly effective. 195 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:43,080 That's amazing. 196 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:44,960 Using water as a natural shield. 197 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:47,000 What other creative solutions are they exploring? 198 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:49,440 Well, they're also working on ways to grow food in space. 199 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:51,800 Not just basic lettuce, but a variety of crops 200 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:53,280 to supplement their diet. 201 00:06:53,280 --> 00:06:56,160 So space farming is becoming a reality. 202 00:06:56,160 --> 00:06:58,240 What are the challenges involved in growing food 203 00:06:58,240 --> 00:07:00,080 in such a foreign environment? 204 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:02,200 It's not easy, but they're making progress 205 00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:04,600 using methods like hydroponics and aeroponics. 206 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:06,360 I've heard those terms before, but can you refresh 207 00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:07,560 my memory on what they mean? 208 00:07:07,560 --> 00:07:09,880 Of course, hydroponics involves growing plants 209 00:07:09,880 --> 00:07:12,040 in a nutrient rich water solution. 210 00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:12,560 OK. 211 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:14,920 While aeroponics suspends plants in the air 212 00:07:14,920 --> 00:07:17,320 and sprays their roots with a nutrient mist, 213 00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:19,800 both methods eliminate the need for soil, 214 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:21,960 which is a huge advantage in space. 215 00:07:21,960 --> 00:07:24,840 So no hauling bags of soil up to space. 216 00:07:24,840 --> 00:07:25,320 Right. 217 00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:26,600 That makes a lot of sense. 218 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:29,320 What kinds of crops are they able to grow 219 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:30,440 using these methods? 220 00:07:30,440 --> 00:07:33,600 On the ISS, they've successfully grown lettuce radishes 221 00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:35,200 and even some flowering plants. 222 00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:35,760 Wow. 223 00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:37,520 It's still early days, but the goal 224 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:39,240 is to expand the variety of crops 225 00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:41,880 and eventually create self-sustaining food systems 226 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:43,520 for long duration missions. 227 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,160 Imagine having fresh vegetables on a mission to Lars. 228 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:46,920 Right. 229 00:07:46,920 --> 00:07:49,640 That would be a game changer, both for nutrition and morale. 230 00:07:49,640 --> 00:07:50,680 Absolutely. 231 00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:52,800 It would be a huge step towards creating 232 00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:56,560 a more self-sufficient and sustainable presence in space. 233 00:07:56,560 --> 00:07:58,680 This is all incredibly fascinating, 234 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:01,640 but we've only scratched the surface of this complex topic. 235 00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:04,120 I'm eager to learn more about the cutting edge innovations 236 00:08:04,120 --> 00:08:06,360 that are shaping the future of space habitation. 237 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:07,880 I'm happy to share more insights. 238 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:10,800 There are some truly remarkable developments in the works. 239 00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:11,840 Great. 240 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:14,360 We'll continue this fascinating discussion in part two 241 00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:16,120 of our deep dive, where we'll explore 242 00:08:16,120 --> 00:08:19,000 those groundbreaking solutions in more detail. 243 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:20,640 Stay tuned. 244 00:08:20,640 --> 00:08:22,560 Welcome back to Cosmos in a Pod. 245 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:24,600 It's incredible to think about the strides we're 246 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,360 making in space habitation, turning what was once 247 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:30,520 science fiction into reality. 248 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:31,920 It really is mind blowing. 249 00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:34,640 In the last part, we talked about some of the major hurdles 250 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:37,000 humans face when living in space. 251 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:39,840 Now I'm curious to learn more about the ingenious solutions 252 00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:42,360 being developed to overcome those challenges. 253 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:44,280 What are some of the most exciting advancements 254 00:08:44,280 --> 00:08:45,840 you're seeing in this field? 255 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:47,880 One area that's particularly fascinating 256 00:08:47,880 --> 00:08:49,840 is the development of advanced exercise 257 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:53,480 equipment designed specifically for microgravity environments. 258 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:56,320 That makes sense, considering how much bone and muscle loss 259 00:08:56,320 --> 00:08:57,400 astronauts experience. 260 00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:59,280 So what kind of futuristic gym equipment 261 00:08:59,280 --> 00:08:59,960 are we talking about? 262 00:08:59,960 --> 00:09:01,440 Are they running on treadmills that float? 263 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:03,000 They're not quite floating treadmills, 264 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:05,000 but they do have specialized treadmills 265 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:06,680 on the International Space Station. 266 00:09:06,680 --> 00:09:09,080 Astronauts have to wear harnesses and bungee cords 267 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:12,200 to simulate the feeling of running against gravity. 268 00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:14,440 But one of the most innovative pieces of equipment 269 00:09:14,440 --> 00:09:18,360 is the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device, or AED. 270 00:09:18,360 --> 00:09:19,760 AED. 271 00:09:19,760 --> 00:09:20,680 That sounds intense. 272 00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:21,560 What does it do? 273 00:09:21,560 --> 00:09:24,360 It's essentially a weightlifting system for space. 274 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:27,240 It uses vacuum cylinders to create resistance, 275 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:30,280 allowing astronauts to perform squats, deadlifts, and bench 276 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:32,800 presses even in zero gravity. 277 00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:35,680 These exercises are essential for maintaining muscle mass 278 00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:37,040 and bone density. 279 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:40,480 So they can still pump iron even without gravity's pull. 280 00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:41,840 That's incredible. 281 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:43,600 It's amazing how engineers find ways 282 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:46,320 to adapt to the unique challenges of space. 283 00:09:46,320 --> 00:09:48,440 But what about radiation, one of the biggest threats 284 00:09:48,440 --> 00:09:50,280 to long-term space travel? 285 00:09:50,280 --> 00:09:51,760 Are there any promising solutions 286 00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:53,240 in the works to protect astronauts 287 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:54,760 from harmful radiation? 288 00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:57,200 Radiation shielding is a critical area of research. 289 00:09:57,200 --> 00:09:58,680 One of the most interesting concepts 290 00:09:58,680 --> 00:10:00,960 is the use of water walls, which we touched on earlier. 291 00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:02,920 Right, using water as a shield. 292 00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:04,400 But how does that actually work? 293 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,800 It seems counterintuitive that something as basic as water 294 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:09,320 could protect against something as dangerous as radiation. 295 00:10:09,320 --> 00:10:12,400 It all comes down to the hydrogen atoms in water. 296 00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:15,280 Hydrogen is incredibly effective at absorbing radiation, 297 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:18,760 particularly the high energy particles found in space. 298 00:10:18,760 --> 00:10:21,960 So surrounding a habitat module with a thick layer of water 299 00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:24,320 would significantly reduce the amount of radiation 300 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:26,200 that reaches the astronauts inside. 301 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:27,760 That's so clever. 302 00:10:27,760 --> 00:10:30,480 Harnessing the power of a simple element like water 303 00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:32,560 to create a protective barrier. 304 00:10:32,560 --> 00:10:34,520 Are there any other radiation shielding ideas 305 00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:35,480 being explored? 306 00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:36,960 Researchers are also investigating 307 00:10:36,960 --> 00:10:38,880 the use of regolith. 308 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:41,320 The loose rock and dust found on the surface of the moon 309 00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:43,320 and Mars, regolith, contains elements 310 00:10:43,320 --> 00:10:45,120 that can help absorb radiation. 311 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:47,600 And it's readily available on these celestial bodies. 312 00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:49,560 They're looking at ways to incorporate regolith 313 00:10:49,560 --> 00:10:52,440 into building materials or even create shielding structures 314 00:10:52,440 --> 00:10:53,440 around habitats. 315 00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,480 That's fascinating, using the materials already present 316 00:10:56,480 --> 00:10:58,360 in space to protect ourselves. 317 00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:01,240 It's like living off the land, but on a cosmic scale. 318 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:03,900 But speaking of living off the land, let's talk about food. 319 00:11:03,900 --> 00:11:05,800 We briefly discussed space farming earlier, 320 00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:07,560 but I'd love to delve deeper. 321 00:11:07,560 --> 00:11:09,800 How realistic is it to grow a sustainable food 322 00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:11,280 supply in space? 323 00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:13,120 And what are the biggest hurdles they face? 324 00:11:13,120 --> 00:11:16,380 Growing food in space is no longer just a futuristic dream. 325 00:11:16,380 --> 00:11:18,120 It's becoming a reality. 326 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:19,960 The International Space Station has already 327 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:22,680 had success growing lettuce and other leafy greens. 328 00:11:22,680 --> 00:11:24,680 And researchers are constantly experimenting 329 00:11:24,680 --> 00:11:27,200 with new crops and techniques. 330 00:11:27,200 --> 00:11:30,600 It's incredible to think about astronauts harvesting 331 00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:32,800 fresh produce in space. 332 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:34,440 But how do they make it work? 333 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:36,280 What are the key methods they use? 334 00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:38,980 Hydroponics and aeroponics are two of the most promising 335 00:11:38,980 --> 00:11:40,480 techniques for space farming. 336 00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:42,760 Right, we talked about those briefly before. 337 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:44,440 Can you remind us how those systems work 338 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:46,720 and why they're so advantageous in space? 339 00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:47,640 Absolutely. 340 00:11:47,640 --> 00:11:49,440 Hydroponics involves growing plants 341 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:51,680 in a nutrient-rich water solution, 342 00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:53,920 while aeroponics suspends the plants in the air 343 00:11:53,920 --> 00:11:56,440 and mist their roots with a nutrient solution. 344 00:11:56,440 --> 00:11:58,400 Both methods eliminate the need for soil, 345 00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:00,480 which is bulky heavy and difficult to transport 346 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:01,160 to space. 347 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:03,920 So it's all about maximizing efficiency and minimizing 348 00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:06,960 waste, which makes perfect sense in a closed environment 349 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:08,600 like a spacecraft. 350 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:11,320 But can they grow anything beyond leafy greens? 351 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:13,200 What about more substantial crops, 352 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:14,960 like fruits or vegetables? 353 00:12:14,960 --> 00:12:15,880 That's the goal. 354 00:12:15,880 --> 00:12:17,960 Scientists are experimenting with growing a wider 355 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:21,600 variety of crops, including door fruit trees, tomatoes, peppers, 356 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:23,280 and even strawberries. 357 00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:25,720 The challenge is to create closed-loop systems that 358 00:12:25,720 --> 00:12:28,120 efficiently recycle nutrients and water, 359 00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:30,520 ensuring long-term sustainability. 360 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:32,400 It sounds like a delicate balancing act, 361 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:35,920 creating a miniature ecosystem within a spacecraft. 362 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:37,560 But are there any unexpected benefits 363 00:12:37,560 --> 00:12:39,280 to growing food in space? 364 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:42,200 One intriguing discovery is that plants grown in space 365 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:44,480 might actually be more nutritious than their Earth-grown 366 00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:45,800 counterparts. 367 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:47,680 Research suggests that microgravity 368 00:12:47,680 --> 00:12:49,640 can enhance the production of antioxidants 369 00:12:49,640 --> 00:12:51,440 and other beneficial compounds in plants. 370 00:12:51,440 --> 00:12:52,720 That's fascinating. 371 00:12:52,720 --> 00:12:54,880 So space-grown food could be a superfood. 372 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:55,960 Who knew? 373 00:12:55,960 --> 00:12:57,520 But all this talk about space farming 374 00:12:57,520 --> 00:12:58,840 and innovative technologies makes 375 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:01,000 me wonder about the mental and emotional well-being 376 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:02,520 of astronauts. 377 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:04,920 Living in such an isolated and extreme environment 378 00:13:04,920 --> 00:13:06,200 must take a toll. 379 00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:08,200 Are there any advancements focused on supporting 380 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:09,080 their mental health? 381 00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:09,920 Absolutely. 382 00:13:09,920 --> 00:13:12,720 Mental health is a top priority for long-duration missions. 383 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:15,400 One area, Ferkas, is developing virtual reality tools 384 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:17,280 for relaxation and recreation. 385 00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:19,840 Virtual reality in space. 386 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:21,680 That sounds futuristic. 387 00:13:21,680 --> 00:13:22,920 How does that work? 388 00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:25,400 Imagine an astronaut putting on a VR headset 389 00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:27,920 and being transported to a peaceful beach, 390 00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:31,720 a lush forest, or even their own living room back on Earth. 391 00:13:31,720 --> 00:13:34,280 VR can provide immersive experiences 392 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:37,280 that help combat feelings of isolation, homesickness, 393 00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:38,400 and stress. 394 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:39,920 That's amazing. 395 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:43,000 A virtual escape from the confines of a spacecraft. 396 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:45,200 It sounds incredibly therapeutic. 397 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:47,080 Are there any other innovations in the works 398 00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:49,920 to address the psychological challenges of space travel? 399 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:51,720 Another area of research is focused 400 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:54,360 on creating artificial gravity environments. 401 00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:55,480 Wait, artificial gravity? 402 00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:56,240 Is that even possible? 403 00:13:56,240 --> 00:13:58,000 It sounds like something straight out of a science fiction 404 00:13:58,000 --> 00:13:58,400 movie. 405 00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:00,920 It might sound far-fetched, but there are several concepts 406 00:14:00,920 --> 00:14:01,960 being explored. 407 00:14:01,960 --> 00:14:05,240 One idea involves rotating a spacecraft or habitat module 408 00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:06,880 to create centrifugal force that 409 00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:08,360 mimics the effects of gravity. 410 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:10,280 So like a giant spinning space station? 411 00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:11,280 That's mind-blowing. 412 00:14:11,280 --> 00:14:13,600 But how would they make that work without making everyone 413 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:15,160 feel dizzy and nauseous? 414 00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:16,880 That's one of the key challenges. 415 00:14:16,880 --> 00:14:19,280 They would need to find the right balance between rotation 416 00:14:19,280 --> 00:14:22,000 speed and the size of the habitat module 417 00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:24,560 to create a comfortable level of artificial gravity 418 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:26,560 without causing motion sickness. 419 00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:28,960 It sounds like a complex engineering feat. 420 00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:31,880 But if they could pull it off, wouldn't artificial gravity 421 00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:33,600 solve a lot of the problems associated 422 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:34,840 with living in space? 423 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:36,720 It could potentially mitigate many 424 00:14:36,720 --> 00:14:38,480 of the negative effects of microgravity 425 00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:41,920 from bone and muscle loss to fluid shifts 426 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:43,600 and even psychological stress. 427 00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:46,360 It would be a game changer for long duration missions. 428 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:49,160 Wow, it's incredible to think about all the possibilities 429 00:14:49,160 --> 00:14:52,720 that open up when we start to manipulate gravity itself. 430 00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:55,120 It really highlights the ingenuity and determination 431 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:57,960 of scientists and engineers in this field. 432 00:14:57,960 --> 00:15:00,480 But with all these groundbreaking advancements, 433 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:02,040 what are some of the remaining challenges 434 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:03,400 that keep you up at night? 435 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:05,520 Well, one of the biggest concerns is the long term 436 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:07,720 impact of reduced gravity and radiation 437 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:09,360 exposure on the human body. 438 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:11,800 We have a lot more research to do to fully understand 439 00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:14,280 the risks and develop effective countermeasures. 440 00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:15,080 That makes sense. 441 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:17,480 It's a whole new frontier of medicine, 442 00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:19,080 figuring out how to keep humans healthy 443 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:20,640 in such an alien environment. 444 00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:22,080 Exactly. 445 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:24,440 And another challenge is the sheer complexity 446 00:15:24,440 --> 00:15:27,280 of building and maintaining self-sustaining habitats 447 00:15:27,280 --> 00:15:28,760 in space. 448 00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:31,520 We're talking about creating closed loop life support 449 00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:34,600 systems, managing resources, and dealing 450 00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:37,680 with unforeseen problems far from Earth. 451 00:15:37,680 --> 00:15:39,800 It's a monumental undertaking. 452 00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:41,880 It sounds like a delicate dance between pushing 453 00:15:41,880 --> 00:15:44,560 the boundaries of technology and ensuring the safety 454 00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:46,640 and well-being of the astronauts. 455 00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:48,160 But despite these challenges, it seems 456 00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:50,280 like we're making incredible progress toward making 457 00:15:50,280 --> 00:15:52,520 long-term space habitation a reality. 458 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:53,120 We are. 459 00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:54,720 And it's not just about the technology. 460 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:56,520 It's about the human spirit of exploration, 461 00:15:56,520 --> 00:15:58,280 the drive to push beyond our limits 462 00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:00,260 and expand our understanding of the universe 463 00:16:00,260 --> 00:16:01,520 and our place within it. 464 00:16:01,520 --> 00:16:03,680 It's inspiring to think about the collaborative efforts 465 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:05,880 of so many brilliant minds working together 466 00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:07,880 to achieve this common goal. 467 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:10,040 And it makes me wonder about the bigger picture, 468 00:16:10,040 --> 00:16:13,280 the philosophical implications of venturing beyond Earth. 469 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:15,360 Why are we so driven to leave our home planet 470 00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:17,680 and establish a presence among the stars? 471 00:16:17,680 --> 00:16:19,360 That's a profound question. 472 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:21,840 And one we'll explore further in the final part 473 00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:23,200 of our deep dive. 474 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:26,320 We'll delve into the motivations behind space exploration, 475 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:28,640 the potential benefits for humanity, 476 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:32,080 and the ethical considerations we face as we expand our reach 477 00:16:32,080 --> 00:16:33,720 into the cosmos. 478 00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:36,440 Welcome back to Cosmos in a Pod for the final part 479 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:38,720 of our deep dive into this extraordinary world 480 00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:40,600 of long-term space habitation. 481 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:41,880 It's been quite a journey. 482 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:42,740 It really have. 483 00:16:42,740 --> 00:16:45,740 Exploring the nuts and bolts of living in space, 484 00:16:45,740 --> 00:16:48,960 the challenges, the innovations, and the sheer augacity 485 00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:49,600 of it all. 486 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:51,760 We've covered a lot of ground from the physical 487 00:16:51,760 --> 00:16:54,680 and psychological hurdles to the technological marvels 488 00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:58,160 that are making space habitation a tangible possibility. 489 00:16:58,160 --> 00:16:59,760 But amidst all the technical details 490 00:16:59,760 --> 00:17:01,280 and scientific breakthroughs, there's 491 00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:02,960 a bigger question that lingers. 492 00:17:02,960 --> 00:17:03,480 Why? 493 00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:04,280 Why? 494 00:17:04,280 --> 00:17:07,440 Why are we so driven to venture beyond Earth 495 00:17:07,440 --> 00:17:09,560 and establish a presence among the stars? 496 00:17:09,560 --> 00:17:12,440 That's the question that keeps echoing in my mind. 497 00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:14,520 What is it about space exploration 498 00:17:14,520 --> 00:17:18,160 that captures our imagination and fuels our ambition? 499 00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:21,360 Is it simply the human desire for adventure and discovery? 500 00:17:21,360 --> 00:17:22,560 It's certainly part of it. 501 00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:24,840 Humans are explorers by nature. 502 00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:28,360 We have an innate curiosity to push boundaries, 503 00:17:28,360 --> 00:17:31,640 to seek out the unknown, to understand our place 504 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:33,920 in the grand scheme of things. 505 00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:37,280 Space, with its vastness and mystery, 506 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,760 is the ultimate frontier beckoning us 507 00:17:39,760 --> 00:17:41,400 to unravel its secrets. 508 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:45,720 It's like that age-old urge to explore uncharted territories, 509 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:48,600 to see what lies beyond the horizon. 510 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:51,280 But there must be more to it than just wanderlust. 511 00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:53,640 What are some of the practical reasons for investing 512 00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:57,000 in space exploration and habitation? 513 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,240 The practical benefits are numerous. 514 00:17:59,240 --> 00:18:02,080 Space exploration drives technological innovation, 515 00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:04,480 leading to advancements that benefit us here on Earth. 516 00:18:04,480 --> 00:18:05,200 Absolutely. 517 00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:07,960 Think about satellite technology communication systems, 518 00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:11,400 GPS navigation, and even medical imaging techniques. 519 00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:13,440 All of these stem from space research. 520 00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:16,840 It's amazing how those spinoffs from space technology 521 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:19,640 have become so seamlessly integrated into our daily lives, 522 00:18:19,640 --> 00:18:21,520 we rarely stop to think about the origins 523 00:18:21,520 --> 00:18:22,680 of these innovations. 524 00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:24,280 And then there are the resources. 525 00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:26,400 Asteroids, for example, contain vast amounts 526 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,320 of valuable minerals and metals that could potentially 527 00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:31,640 be mined and utilized to address resource 528 00:18:31,640 --> 00:18:32,720 scarcity on Earth. 529 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:33,560 Absolutely. 530 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:36,160 So it's not just about expanding our knowledge, 531 00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:38,080 but also about securing our future 532 00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:40,800 by tapping into the resources available in space. 533 00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:42,440 But some argue that those resources 534 00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:44,280 should be left untouched, that we 535 00:18:44,280 --> 00:18:46,680 should focus on solving problems here on Earth 536 00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:48,640 before venturing into space. 537 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:50,040 What's your perspective on that? 538 00:18:50,040 --> 00:18:51,320 It's a valid concern. 539 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:52,840 We certainly have pressing issues 540 00:18:52,840 --> 00:18:54,480 to address here on Earth. 541 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:57,080 But I believe that space exploration and tackling 542 00:18:57,080 --> 00:19:00,040 earthly challenges are not mutually exclusive. 543 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:02,520 In fact, they can be complementary. 544 00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:04,280 Investing in space technology often 545 00:19:04,280 --> 00:19:07,160 leads to innovations that can be applied to solving problems 546 00:19:07,160 --> 00:19:08,120 here at home. 547 00:19:08,120 --> 00:19:10,640 Like the advancements in renewable energy technologies 548 00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:13,080 or water purification systems, for instance. 549 00:19:13,080 --> 00:19:14,280 Exactly. 550 00:19:14,280 --> 00:19:15,840 And there's another crucial aspect 551 00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:19,000 to consider the long-term survival of our species. 552 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:20,920 Earth is a finite resource. 553 00:19:20,920 --> 00:19:23,160 And we are facing unprecedented challenges, 554 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:26,320 from climate change to resource depletion, 555 00:19:26,320 --> 00:19:28,480 establishing a presence on other planets 556 00:19:28,480 --> 00:19:31,280 while a daunting task could serve as a safeguard 557 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:32,920 for humanity's future. 558 00:19:32,920 --> 00:19:35,400 It's a sobering thought, but a realistic one. 559 00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:38,200 It's like having a backup plan for the entire human race. 560 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:40,040 But even with all the potential benefits, 561 00:19:40,040 --> 00:19:43,560 venturing into space raises ethical questions as well. 562 00:19:43,560 --> 00:19:44,160 Absolutely. 563 00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:47,120 Who has the right to claim resources on other planets? 564 00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:50,320 How do we ensure responsible exploration and avoid 565 00:19:50,320 --> 00:19:51,760 contaminating other worlds? 566 00:19:51,760 --> 00:19:55,040 You've hit on some of the most critical considerations. 567 00:19:55,040 --> 00:19:56,720 As we venture further into space, 568 00:19:56,720 --> 00:19:59,120 we need to establish clear ethical guidelines 569 00:19:59,120 --> 00:20:01,480 and international collaborations to ensure 570 00:20:01,480 --> 00:20:04,520 responsible and sustainable exploration. 571 00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:07,440 We have a responsibility to be good stewards of the cosmos, 572 00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:10,000 respecting the potential for life on other planets, 573 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:12,280 and preserving the pristine environments we encounter. 574 00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:16,040 It's a delicate balance between exploration and preservation, 575 00:20:16,040 --> 00:20:18,040 ambition, and responsibility. 576 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:20,920 But I have to admit, despite the challenges and ethical dilemmas, 577 00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:24,120 the allure of space exploration is undeniable. 578 00:20:24,120 --> 00:20:25,880 There's something profoundly inspiring 579 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:28,280 about pushing the boundaries of human ingenuity 580 00:20:28,280 --> 00:20:29,960 and venturing into the unknown. 581 00:20:29,960 --> 00:20:32,640 It's a testament to our collective spirit of adventure 582 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:34,760 and our unwavering desire to understand 583 00:20:34,760 --> 00:20:36,560 our place in the universe. 584 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:39,720 And who knows what wonders await us as we continue to explore. 585 00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:42,200 We might uncover evidence of past or present life 586 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,040 on other planets, discover new laws of physics, 587 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:48,480 or perhaps even encounter other intelligent civilizations. 588 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,120 It's both humbling and exhilarating 589 00:20:51,120 --> 00:20:53,440 to contemplate the possibilities. 590 00:20:53,440 --> 00:20:56,360 And it makes me realize that space exploration is not just 591 00:20:56,360 --> 00:20:58,400 about scientific discovery. 592 00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:00,880 It's about expanding our consciousness, 593 00:21:00,880 --> 00:21:03,400 pushing the limits of human potential, 594 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:06,840 and perhaps even redefining what it means to be human. 595 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:08,240 Beautifully said. 596 00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:11,800 And I believe that each step we take into the cosmos 597 00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:14,600 is a step towards a deeper understanding of ourselves, 598 00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:17,680 our place in the universe, and the infinite possibilities 599 00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:18,520 that lie ahead. 600 00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:20,680 Well, this deep dive into the world of long-term space 601 00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:23,320 habitation has been truly enlightening. 602 00:21:23,320 --> 00:21:26,200 We've covered a vast territory from the technical intricacies 603 00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,440 of life support systems to the profound philosophical 604 00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:32,880 implications of humanity's journey into the cosmos. 605 00:21:32,880 --> 00:21:34,680 I'm filled with a sense of awe and wonder, 606 00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:36,000 and I hope our listeners are too. 607 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:38,480 It's been an absolute pleasure sharing this exploration 608 00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:39,920 with you and our listeners. 609 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:42,360 I hope it has sparked a sense of curiosity and a desire 610 00:21:42,360 --> 00:21:44,800 to learn more about this incredible frontier. 611 00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,080 And to our listeners, thank you for joining us 612 00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:48,720 on this cosmic adventure. 613 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:50,840 Be sure to subscribe to Cosmos in a Pod, 614 00:21:50,840 --> 00:21:52,120 and check out our YouTube channel 615 00:21:52,120 --> 00:21:54,680 for more explorations of the wonders of space. 616 00:21:54,680 --> 00:22:13,680 We'll see you next time.