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Have you ever thought about what it was like

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right after the Big Bang?

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You mean like the very first stars and galaxies

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forming out of, well, everything?

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Yeah, like a baby universe.

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It's a question that astronomers

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have been asking forever.

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And now we have the James Webb Space Telescope.

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It's like giving us a front row seat.

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The JWST, it really is a game changer.

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It's like a time machine, right?

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Letting us see billions of years into the past.

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And it's not just about looking back in time either.

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It's revolutionizing how we understand things

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like how stars and planets form.

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Like those amazing pictures of stellar nurseries we've seen.

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Exactly.

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And it can even help us study the atmospheres of planets

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around other stars.

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Looking for signs of life, you mean.

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Exactly.

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So today we're going to take a deep dive into JWST.

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It's groundbreaking discoveries, the incredible engineering,

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and the mysteries it might solve in the future.

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Welcome to Cosmos in a Pod, Space, and Astronomy series.

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So let's start with the basics.

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What makes JWST so special?

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I mean, we already had Hubble.

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What makes this one different?

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Yeah, Hubble was a huge deal.

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But JWST, it's next level.

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First of all, it's way bigger.

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The mirror, the one that collects light,

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it's like over 2 and 1 half times larger than Hubble's.

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So bigger is better when it comes to telescopes.

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Oh, absolutely.

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A bigger mirror means it can gather more light.

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So it can see fainter objects farther away.

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Imagine like a giant bucket collecting rain

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versus a little cup.

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Makes sense.

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What else is different?

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Well, JWST mainly looks at the universe in infrared light,

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while Hubble mostly focused on visible and ultraviolet.

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Why is infrared light so important?

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OK, think of trying to see through fog, visible light.

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It gets scattered.

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You can't see much.

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But infrared light can cut right through.

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So it's like having special goggles that let you

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see through the cosmic fog.

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Exactly.

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And in space, that fog is dust and gas, blocking our view.

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But JWST sees right through it.

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That's incredible.

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So it's bigger.

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It has infrared vision.

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Anything else?

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Oh, yeah.

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It's location.

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It's not orbiting Earth like Hubble.

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It's about a million miles away at a place called

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the second Lagrange point, L2 for short.

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Yeah.

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Well, at L2, the gravity of the Earth and the sun

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kind of balance out.

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Let's JWST stay in a stable orbit.

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And being so far from Earth means no interference

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from our planet's heat and light.

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So a cosmic parking spot with a great view.

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You got it.

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And all these things combined, its size, the infrared,

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that perfect location, give us an incredible view

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of the universe, nothing we've ever had before.

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It sounds like the ultimate astronomical toolkit.

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It really is.

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Now, let's dive into some of what JWST is actually

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finding out there and the vastness of space.

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So one of the coolest things about JWST

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is that it can look back in time.

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Whoa, hold on.

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Really, how far back are we talking?

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We're talking about seeing the very first stars and galaxies.

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No way.

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The ones that formed after the Big Bang.

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Yep, over 13 billion years ago.

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That's just crazy.

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So how does it do that?

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Is it actually like a time machine or something?

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Well, kind of.

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It's all about how light travels.

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Light has a speed limit.

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Right, it's not instantaneous.

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Exactly.

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So the farther away something is, the longer

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it takes for its light to reach us.

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So when we look at those really distant objects.

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We're seeing them as they were billions of years ago.

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Wow, that's mind blowing.

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OK, so what has JWST actually seen?

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What do those early galaxies even look like?

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Well, they're definitely different from the galaxies

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we see around us today.

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How so?

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They're smaller, for one thing, and a lot more compact,

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less structured.

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Like baby galaxies.

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Yeah, that's a good way to put it.

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They're still in those early stages, you know?

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And JWST is giving us a chance to see

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how they evolve over time.

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That's amazing.

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What about star formation?

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I know we've seen some awesome images from JWST

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of those nebulae, the stellar nurseries.

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Right.

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So stars are born in those giant clouds of gas and dust.

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They're really dense and opaque, right?

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Exactly.

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With visible light, it's really hard

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to see what's going on inside.

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Ah, but JWST can see through that with its infrared vision.

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You got it.

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It's like having x-ray vision for space, you know?

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We can see those young stars forming,

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igniting all that intense radiation,

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shaping the surrounding gas and dust.

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And sometimes planets start forming around them too, right?

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Exactly.

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JWST is giving us so much more detail

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about how stars are born and evolve

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than we ever had before.

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Incredible.

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So we've talked about the early universe, star formation.

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Yeah.

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What about planets?

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You mentioned earlier that JWST can

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study the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.

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Yeah, exoplanets.

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That's one of the most exciting areas of research with JWST.

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For sure.

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And how does it actually study those atmospheres?

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Well, it analyzes the light that passes through the exoplanet's

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atmosphere and looks for the fingerprints

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of different molecules.

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So like figuring out what the air is made of on a planet

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light years away.

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Yep.

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We can learn about the planet's temperature, its composition,

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and even look for signs of, you know, life.

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Exactly.

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So has it found any signs of life yet?

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Well, no definitive proof yet, but it

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has found some amazing things.

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Like what?

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Well, for example, it detected water vapor

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in the atmosphere of a gas giant called WSP96B.

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Oh, water vapor.

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Isn't that like essential for life as we know it?

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It is.

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And that's just one example.

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JWST is giving us so much information

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about these distant worlds.

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It's really opening up a whole new chapter in the search

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for life beyond Earth.

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It's amazing.

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But I got to ask, how did they even

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build something like JWST?

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I mean, sending such a sensitive instrument a million miles away,

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that's insane.

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Yeah, it was a huge challenge for sure.

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Thousands of scientists and engineers

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all over the world worked on it for over 20 years.

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Wow.

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Talk about dedication.

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What were some of the biggest hurdles they had to overcome?

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Well, for starters, JWST is massive.

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The main mirror is so big that it wouldn't fit in any rocket.

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So how did they get it into space?

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They had to design it to fold up, like origami.

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No way.

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Seriously.

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Yeah.

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And then once it reached its destination,

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it had to unfold perfectly, all a million miles away from Earth.

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That's unbelievable.

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Talk about pressure.

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And what about keeping it safe from the sun?

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Well, that's where the sun shield comes in.

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It's huge, like the size of a tennis court.

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What does it do?

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It blocks the sunlight and heat, keeping the telescope's

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instruments super cold.

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Like a giant parasol in space.

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Exactly.

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And like everything else, that sun shield

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had to unfold perfectly, too.

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It was a nail-biter for the mission team, that's for sure.

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I bet.

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It's amazing that they pulled it off.

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But all that work, all that ingenuity,

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it must have cost a fortune.

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Yeah, it did.

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Billions of dollars, actually.

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And some people questioned whether it was worth it.

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I can see why.

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But I guess it's like any scientific endeavor, right?

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The potential payoff could be huge.

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That's right.

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We could discover things that lead to new technologies,

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inspire future scientists, even change

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our understanding of our place in the universe.

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That's priceless, right?

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I agree.

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But what about the fact that, unlike Hubble,

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JWST can't be serviced?

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Doesn't that mean it has a limited lifespan?

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Well, yeah, it does.

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It's on its own out there at L2.

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So it's a ticking time bomb, basically.

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Well, not exactly.

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It was designed to last at least 10 years.

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And so far, so good.

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That's good to hear.

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So we have this incredible telescope giving us

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all this new knowledge.

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But it's only got a limited time to do it.

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What's next for JWST?

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What other mysteries might it solve in the years to come?

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Well, we talked about some of the big ones, right?

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Like how those first stars and galaxies formed

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and looking for life on other planets.

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And it's already making some amazing discoveries.

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But what else is out there?

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What other mysteries could it help us solve?

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One area where JWST could really make a difference

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is in studying dark matter and dark energy.

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Dark matter and dark energy, those sound pretty intense.

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They are.

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They actually make up most of the universe.

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But we don't even know what they are yet.

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Wait, seriously, we can't even see them, right?

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Nope.

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They don't interact with light like regular matter.

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So they're invisible to us.

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But we know they're out there.

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We know they're there because of their gravity.

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We see how they affect things we can see, like galaxies

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or clusters of galaxies.

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So how can JWST study something invisible?

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It can observe how gravity bends light.

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It's called gravitational lensing.

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So like a cosmic magnifying glass.

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Exactly.

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By looking at those distorted images,

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astronomers can figure out where the dark matter is.

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Wow, that's wild.

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What about dark energy?

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What's that all about?

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Dark energy is even weirder.

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It seems to be making the expansion of the universe

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speed up.

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Whoa, so like everything is moving apart faster and faster.

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Yeah, that's the idea.

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And JWST can help us study that by looking at supernovae.

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Supernovae, you mean exploding stars?

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How do those help?

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Well, they're incredibly bright.

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And because they always explode with about the same brightness,

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we can use them to measure distances in space.

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And then by seeing how those distances change over time.

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We can see how the expansion of the universe

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has changed over billions of years.

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It gives us clues about what dark energy is

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and what it might do in the future.

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It's amazing that we can study these giant forces just

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by using a telescope.

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It really is.

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And JWST isn't working alone either.

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It's designed to work with other telescopes

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on Earth and in space.

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Right.

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Teamwork makes the dream work even in astronomy.

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Exactly.

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For example, there's the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope,

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which will be launching soon.

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They'll be doing these huge surveys of the sky.

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So while JWST is getting those close-ups,

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Roman will be taking the wide shots.

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You got it.

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They'll work together, giving us a more complete picture

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of the universe.

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And there are huge ground-based telescopes too,

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like the extremely large telescope.

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Couldn't I hear that it's going to have a mirror bigger

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than a basketball court?

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Almost 40 meters across.

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It'll be able to study exoplanet atmospheres

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in incredible detail, maybe even take pictures of some of them.

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Wow.

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So it really is a team effort with all

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these different telescopes.

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Definitely.

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And JWST is a huge part of that, pushing us forward,

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helping us make these new discoveries.

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It's an amazing time to be an astronomer, that's for sure.

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I agree.

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And it's not just about the science either, right?

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These discoveries, these images, they inspire people.

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Yeah, they remind us of just how incredible the universe is

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and how much there still is to learn.

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And who knows what we'll find next.

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JWST is proof that human curiosity and ingenuity,

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they can achieve amazing things.

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Well, this deep dive into the James Webb Space Telescope

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has been absolutely incredible.

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It's amazing to think about all the work, all the discoveries,

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and all the mysteries it's helping us unravel.

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It really is a marvel of modern science

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and a testament to the power of collaboration

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and pushing the boundaries of what we know.

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And if you want to keep exploring the wonders of the cosmos

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with us, be sure to follow and subscribe to Cosmos

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in a pod and our YouTube channel.

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We've got so much more to uncover.

