1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,200 Welcome to Cosmos in a Pod space and Astronomy series, 2 00:00:03,200 --> 00:00:04,040 episode eight. 3 00:00:04,040 --> 00:00:05,220 Episode eight, that's right. 4 00:00:05,220 --> 00:00:08,800 Today, we're taking a deep dive into our solar system. 5 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:09,640 Okay. 6 00:00:09,640 --> 00:00:12,200 We're going beyond those basics acts 7 00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:13,800 you find in textbooks, you know? 8 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:14,640 Right. 9 00:00:14,640 --> 00:00:18,280 To really uncover what makes each planet unique and special. 10 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:20,720 That's what we're here for, those hidden wonders, 11 00:00:20,720 --> 00:00:23,520 those surprising things that we don't always hear about. 12 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:26,360 Right, and so to kick things off, 13 00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:29,160 let's start right at the heart of it all, the sun. 14 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:30,000 The big one. 15 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:30,920 The big one. 16 00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:32,640 It's easy to forget, I think, 17 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,520 that it's not just, you know, lighting our days. 18 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:36,360 Yeah. 19 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:38,360 But it really dictates the rhythm 20 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:39,840 of our entire solar system. 21 00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:40,680 It really does. 22 00:00:40,680 --> 00:00:44,640 I mean, it holds 99.8% of the entire solar system's mass. 23 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:45,480 Wow. 24 00:00:45,480 --> 00:00:48,480 So it's the dominant force in shaping everything, 25 00:00:48,480 --> 00:00:50,360 the orbits, destinies of everything. 26 00:00:50,360 --> 00:00:51,560 Just like our cosmic anchor. 27 00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:52,400 Exactly. 28 00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:53,220 Rolling everything together. 29 00:00:53,220 --> 00:00:55,440 Exactly, and that immense power, 30 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:57,100 it all comes from the sun's core, 31 00:00:57,100 --> 00:00:59,800 where nuclear fusion is happening constantly. 32 00:00:59,800 --> 00:01:00,640 Okay. 33 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:02,640 So hydrogen atoms are being squeezed together 34 00:01:02,640 --> 00:01:04,280 under immense pressure. 35 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:06,320 And they fuse into helium, 36 00:01:06,320 --> 00:01:09,240 and they release this tremendous amount of energy. 37 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:11,400 So it's like this giant nuclear reactor 38 00:01:11,400 --> 00:01:13,080 powering the whole solar system. 39 00:01:13,080 --> 00:01:15,440 It is a giant nuclear reactor, a good analogy. 40 00:01:15,440 --> 00:01:16,280 Oh, wow. 41 00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:18,680 And it's not a constant steady process either. 42 00:01:18,680 --> 00:01:21,960 The sun actually goes through cycles of activity. 43 00:01:21,960 --> 00:01:22,800 Right. 44 00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:25,200 So you have periods of intense solar flares, 45 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:26,880 coronal mass ejections. 46 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:28,920 And those can actually cause some disruptions 47 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:29,920 here on Earth, right? 48 00:01:29,920 --> 00:01:31,000 Absolutely. 49 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:31,960 These solar storms. 50 00:01:31,960 --> 00:01:32,800 Yeah. 51 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:34,240 They can interfere with communications. 52 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:36,240 They can disrupt power grids, 53 00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,720 even pose risks to satellites and astronauts. 54 00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:40,560 Right. 55 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:42,160 So it's a delicate balance then 56 00:01:42,160 --> 00:01:44,240 between that dependence and caution. 57 00:01:44,240 --> 00:01:45,120 It is. 58 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:45,960 All right. 59 00:01:45,960 --> 00:01:49,120 So why don't we hop over to the innermost planet, Mercury. 60 00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:49,940 Okay. 61 00:01:49,940 --> 00:01:51,800 Which often gets overlooked, I think. 62 00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:52,640 Yes. 63 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:53,920 But it's fascinating in its own right. 64 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:54,760 It is. 65 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:55,900 It's the smallest planet, 66 00:01:55,900 --> 00:01:58,980 but it experiences some of the most wild temperature swings 67 00:01:58,980 --> 00:01:59,920 in the solar system. 68 00:01:59,920 --> 00:02:00,760 Really? 69 00:02:00,760 --> 00:02:04,640 Imagine going from 427 degrees Celsius during the day. 70 00:02:04,640 --> 00:02:05,480 Wow. 71 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:07,400 To negative 173 at night. 72 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:08,400 Oh my goodness. 73 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:09,800 That is an extreme swing. 74 00:02:09,800 --> 00:02:10,640 Yeah. 75 00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:12,240 That's like going from an oven to a freezer 76 00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:13,320 in a matter of hours. 77 00:02:13,320 --> 00:02:14,160 Yeah. 78 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:15,120 But what I find really interesting 79 00:02:15,120 --> 00:02:18,440 is that there's evidence of water ice on Mercury. 80 00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:19,280 Yeah. 81 00:02:19,280 --> 00:02:20,780 How is that even possible? 82 00:02:20,780 --> 00:02:22,520 Yeah, it's definitely a bit of a head scratcher 83 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:24,520 when you think about those extreme temperatures. 84 00:02:24,520 --> 00:02:25,360 Right. 85 00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,120 This is found in permanently shadowed craters 86 00:02:28,120 --> 00:02:29,960 at Mercury's poles, you see. 87 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:30,800 Okay. 88 00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:32,480 These areas never see sunlight. 89 00:02:32,480 --> 00:02:33,320 Right. 90 00:02:33,320 --> 00:02:34,640 So the temperatures remain low enough for that ice 91 00:02:34,640 --> 00:02:35,800 to just stay there. 92 00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:36,620 Oh wow. 93 00:02:36,620 --> 00:02:37,840 So it's like a scorching desert 94 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:39,960 with these secret pockets of ice. 95 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:40,800 Exactly. 96 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:43,160 What other surprises does Mercury hold? 97 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:45,300 Well, one of the biggest mysteries 98 00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:48,160 is its disproportionately large core. 99 00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:49,000 Okay. 100 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:51,720 Which accounts for about 85% of the planet's volume. 101 00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:52,560 Wow. 102 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:54,280 That's much higher than any other planet we know of. 103 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:55,120 Really? 104 00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:57,040 This massive core generates 105 00:02:57,040 --> 00:02:59,920 a surprisingly weak magnetic field, 106 00:02:59,920 --> 00:03:02,160 which is unexpected given its small size. 107 00:03:02,160 --> 00:03:02,980 Interesting. 108 00:03:02,980 --> 00:03:04,400 So a small planet with a big heart, 109 00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:06,040 both literally and figuratively. 110 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:06,880 Yeah. 111 00:03:06,880 --> 00:03:07,720 Okay. 112 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:09,500 Next stop on our planetary tour. 113 00:03:09,500 --> 00:03:10,340 Okay. 114 00:03:10,340 --> 00:03:11,280 Venus. 115 00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:14,880 This one has a reputation as Earth's evil twin. 116 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:15,700 Right. 117 00:03:15,700 --> 00:03:17,140 And I think that's pretty accurate. 118 00:03:17,140 --> 00:03:20,460 Venus is similar in size and composition to the Earth, 119 00:03:20,460 --> 00:03:22,640 but its environment is very different. 120 00:03:22,640 --> 00:03:24,400 Well, I've heard it's pretty hellish. 121 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:26,160 Yeah, that might be an understatement. 122 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,480 Venus has surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead. 123 00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:30,320 Wow. 124 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:33,000 Exceeding 470 degrees Celsius. 125 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:34,280 That's incredible. 126 00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:35,760 And this is due to something called 127 00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:37,680 a runaway greenhouse effect. 128 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:38,520 Okay. 129 00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:42,160 Caused by its incredibly thick carbon dioxide atmosphere. 130 00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:45,640 So while Earth has this balanced greenhouse effect, right? 131 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:46,480 Right. 132 00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:48,120 That keeps our planet habitable, 133 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:50,200 Venus kind of took it to the extreme. 134 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:51,280 Exactly. 135 00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:54,320 The dense CO2 traps heat like a blanket. 136 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:55,160 Yeah. 137 00:03:55,160 --> 00:03:56,680 Creates this scorching inferno 138 00:03:56,680 --> 00:04:00,040 underneath a thick blanket of sulfuric acid clouds. 139 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:00,880 Wow. 140 00:04:00,880 --> 00:04:02,040 That sounds pretty inhospitable. 141 00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:03,200 It's a hostile environment 142 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:05,680 that has made exploration a big challenge, yeah. 143 00:04:05,680 --> 00:04:08,020 So no wonder we haven't seen any astronauts there. 144 00:04:08,020 --> 00:04:10,200 But what does it look like beneath those clouds? 145 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:12,600 It's a world shaped by volcanic activity. 146 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:13,440 Okay. 147 00:04:13,440 --> 00:04:14,680 Imagine vast plains, 148 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:15,860 towering volcanoes, 149 00:04:15,860 --> 00:04:18,840 and these strange pancake-like domes. 150 00:04:18,840 --> 00:04:20,280 Pancake-like domes. 151 00:04:20,280 --> 00:04:22,480 Yeah, formed by thick lava flows. 152 00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:26,000 It's a world that's both beautiful and terrifying. 153 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:28,440 It really does sound like a scene out of a sci-fi movie. 154 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:29,280 It does. 155 00:04:29,280 --> 00:04:30,400 And get this, 156 00:04:30,400 --> 00:04:33,320 Venus also rotates backward 157 00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:35,720 compared to most planets in our solar system. 158 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:36,540 It does, yeah. 159 00:04:36,540 --> 00:04:38,040 A retrograde rotation. 160 00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:38,880 Yes. 161 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:40,200 Spinning in the opposite direction. 162 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:41,040 Why is that? 163 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:43,020 It's one of the many mysteries 164 00:04:43,020 --> 00:04:44,960 that scientists are still trying to figure out. 165 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:46,160 Okay. 166 00:04:46,160 --> 00:04:50,360 So we've got a scorching hot, backward spinning planet 167 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:51,960 with a toxic atmosphere. 168 00:04:51,960 --> 00:04:52,800 Yeah. 169 00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:55,000 Definitely living up to its evil twin reputation. 170 00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:55,840 For sure. 171 00:04:55,840 --> 00:04:58,360 So now, let's come back home to Earth. 172 00:04:58,360 --> 00:04:59,800 Ah, our oasis. 173 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:00,920 Our hail blue dot. 174 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:01,760 Error. 175 00:05:01,760 --> 00:05:03,320 Our oasis, teeming with life. 176 00:05:03,320 --> 00:05:04,760 What makes Earth so special? 177 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:06,440 I think what sets Earth apart 178 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:09,120 is this delicate balance of its system. 179 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:11,280 Right, so we've got the shifting tectonic plates 180 00:05:11,280 --> 00:05:12,840 creating mountains and continents. 181 00:05:12,840 --> 00:05:13,680 Yeah. 182 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:15,240 We have vast oceans regulating our climate. 183 00:05:15,240 --> 00:05:16,080 Right. 184 00:05:16,080 --> 00:05:17,560 And this protective magnetic field 185 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:19,640 that shields us from harmful radiation. 186 00:05:19,640 --> 00:05:20,480 Exactly. 187 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:22,960 It really is like the perfect recipe for life as we know it. 188 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:23,800 It is. 189 00:05:23,800 --> 00:05:25,840 And it's not just on the surface either. 190 00:05:25,840 --> 00:05:28,680 I was reading that there are thriving ecosystems 191 00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:32,340 in the deep ocean around hydrothermal vents. 192 00:05:32,340 --> 00:05:33,180 Right. 193 00:05:33,180 --> 00:05:34,920 But it's in complete darkness. 194 00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:35,760 It is. 195 00:05:35,760 --> 00:05:36,760 How is that possible? 196 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:38,900 These vents release heat and chemicals 197 00:05:38,900 --> 00:05:40,160 from the Earth's interior, 198 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:42,880 and that provides energy for these organisms 199 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:45,720 that have evolved to survive in those crazy environments. 200 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:46,560 That's wild. 201 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:47,380 That is. 202 00:05:47,380 --> 00:05:49,520 So life really can exist in the most unexpected places. 203 00:05:49,520 --> 00:05:50,360 It can. 204 00:05:50,360 --> 00:05:52,440 And it really highlights how crucial 205 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:53,840 those Earth processes are, 206 00:05:53,840 --> 00:05:56,680 like recycling carbon and water 207 00:05:56,680 --> 00:05:59,000 to keep this whole habitable environment going, 208 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:00,160 something we often take for granted. 209 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:02,280 Yes, we do take it for granted. 210 00:06:02,280 --> 00:06:04,440 But it's essential for life as we know it. 211 00:06:04,440 --> 00:06:05,360 Absolutely. 212 00:06:05,360 --> 00:06:07,300 Okay, so speaking of habitability. 213 00:06:07,300 --> 00:06:08,140 Yes. 214 00:06:08,140 --> 00:06:09,700 Let's shift our focus to a planet 215 00:06:09,700 --> 00:06:13,280 that has captivated our imagination for centuries. 216 00:06:13,280 --> 00:06:14,440 Okay. 217 00:06:14,440 --> 00:06:16,000 Mars. 218 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:17,040 The red planet. 219 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:18,240 The one everyone's looking at. 220 00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:19,080 Yeah. 221 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:20,060 It holds clues to the past, 222 00:06:20,060 --> 00:06:21,840 and maybe possibilities for the future. 223 00:06:21,840 --> 00:06:22,960 Yeah, it really does. 224 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:24,560 What secrets has it been hiding? 225 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:28,360 Mars today is a cold, arid planet with a thin atmosphere. 226 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:29,200 Right. 227 00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:31,120 But there's evidence it wasn't always this way. 228 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:31,960 Right. 229 00:06:31,960 --> 00:06:35,080 We see ancient river beds, deltas, lake beds, 230 00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:38,200 all suggest that liquid water once flowed on the surface. 231 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:40,400 So we're talking about the possibility of ancient life then. 232 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:42,380 It's a real possibility. 233 00:06:42,380 --> 00:06:44,520 The presence of liquid water in the past 234 00:06:44,520 --> 00:06:47,800 makes it a prime candidate for having harbored life. 235 00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:51,840 And even today, there's evidence of vast reserves 236 00:06:51,840 --> 00:06:54,880 of frozen water beneath the surface. 237 00:06:54,880 --> 00:06:55,720 Wow. 238 00:06:55,720 --> 00:06:58,440 And perhaps even liquid water in underground lakes. 239 00:06:58,440 --> 00:06:59,660 That's fascinating. 240 00:06:59,660 --> 00:07:02,240 No wonder we have rovers like Perseverance 241 00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:03,280 out there exploring. 242 00:07:03,280 --> 00:07:04,120 Exactly. 243 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:06,200 Searching for signs of past or present life. 244 00:07:06,200 --> 00:07:08,320 It's a time capsule holding clues. 245 00:07:08,320 --> 00:07:09,160 Yeah. 246 00:07:09,160 --> 00:07:10,920 To the history of our solar system, 247 00:07:10,920 --> 00:07:13,080 maybe even the origins of life itself. 248 00:07:13,080 --> 00:07:14,760 This has already been an incredible journey, 249 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:16,000 and we've only just begun. 250 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:17,560 I know, right? 251 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:19,720 Next, we'll venture out to the gas giants. 252 00:07:19,720 --> 00:07:20,560 Oh, yeah. 253 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:23,960 The swirling storms, icy rings, and fascinating moons await. 254 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:24,800 Get ready. 255 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:25,600 Buckle up. 256 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:26,400 Yeah. 257 00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:28,120 It's going to be quite the cosmic adventure. 258 00:07:28,120 --> 00:07:28,920 It will. 259 00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:31,440 And now we're venturing into the realm of gas giants, 260 00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:35,240 a region of our solar system where size and scale 261 00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:36,840 take on a whole new meaning. 262 00:07:36,840 --> 00:07:37,560 They do. 263 00:07:37,560 --> 00:07:39,880 And what better place to start than with Jupiter, 264 00:07:39,880 --> 00:07:41,240 the king of planets? 265 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:45,120 It's hard to even comprehend just how big Jupiter 266 00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:46,400 is compared to Earth. 267 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:47,160 It's true. 268 00:07:47,160 --> 00:07:47,800 Yeah. 269 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:50,880 Its diameter is over 11 times that of Earth, 270 00:07:50,880 --> 00:07:53,840 and you could fit more than 1,300 Earths inside it. 271 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:54,760 That's insane. 272 00:07:54,760 --> 00:07:55,240 Yeah. 273 00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:56,680 But it's not just the size. 274 00:07:56,680 --> 00:08:00,560 It's a world of dynamic weather, incredible features. 275 00:08:00,560 --> 00:08:02,120 OK, well, speaking of features, we 276 00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:03,840 can't talk about Jupiter without mentioning 277 00:08:03,840 --> 00:08:04,840 the great red spot. 278 00:08:04,840 --> 00:08:05,640 Of course. 279 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:08,000 This storm has been raging for centuries, 280 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:10,040 and it's bigger than our entire planet. 281 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:12,840 It's an iconic feature, a swirling vortex 282 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:16,080 of red, huge clouds with winds exceeding 283 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:18,040 hundreds of kilometers per hour. 284 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:18,560 Wow. 285 00:08:18,560 --> 00:08:20,600 It's been observed for at least four centuries, 286 00:08:20,600 --> 00:08:23,320 but what's interesting is that it's slowly shrinking. 287 00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:23,920 Shrinking? 288 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:24,240 Yeah. 289 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:26,760 You mean this massive storm could eventually disappear. 290 00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:28,080 It's a possibility. 291 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:30,400 Scientists are still studying why it's shrinking 292 00:08:30,400 --> 00:08:33,000 and what the fate of the great red spot might be. 293 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:35,920 It's a reminder that even in the vastness of space, 294 00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:37,640 things are constantly changing. 295 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:40,480 Yeah, like a cosmic mystery unfolding right before our eyes. 296 00:08:40,480 --> 00:08:41,640 Exactly. 297 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:44,440 But Jupiter's wonders extend beyond its stormy atmosphere, 298 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:44,960 right? 299 00:08:44,960 --> 00:08:45,460 Right. 300 00:08:45,460 --> 00:08:47,280 What about its moons? 301 00:08:47,280 --> 00:08:50,240 Specifically, Europa, which has captured 302 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:52,960 the attention of a lot of scientists searching for life. 303 00:08:52,960 --> 00:08:55,040 Yeah, Europa is an intriguing world. 304 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:57,400 It's covered in a thick shell of ice. 305 00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:57,900 Right. 306 00:08:57,900 --> 00:08:59,400 And beneath that ice, scientists 307 00:08:59,400 --> 00:09:03,040 believe there is a vast global ocean of liquid water. 308 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:03,560 Wow. 309 00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:07,000 Possibly twice the volume of all the oceans on Earth combined. 310 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:08,360 An ocean on a moon. 311 00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:08,920 Yeah. 312 00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:10,040 That's incredible. 313 00:09:10,040 --> 00:09:13,320 But how can liquid water exist so far from the sun? 314 00:09:13,320 --> 00:09:16,440 It's thought that tidal forces from Jupiter's gravity, 315 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:18,320 along with the moon's internal heat, 316 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:21,280 create enough energy to keep the water beneath the ice 317 00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:22,400 in a liquid state. 318 00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:24,680 So it's like this giant tug of war creating 319 00:09:24,680 --> 00:09:26,480 friction to melt the ice. 320 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:27,920 It's a good way to think about it. 321 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:29,680 And what makes Europa even more exciting 322 00:09:29,680 --> 00:09:32,640 is that this ocean could potentially harbor life. 323 00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:36,760 So alien life swimming around in an ocean on Jupiter's moon. 324 00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:38,400 It's a possibility that scientists are 325 00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:41,300 very eager to explore further. 326 00:09:41,300 --> 00:09:43,680 There are future missions planned to study Europa 327 00:09:43,680 --> 00:09:47,000 in more detail, searching for signs of life, 328 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:49,480 analyzing the composition of its ocean. 329 00:09:49,480 --> 00:09:52,440 And if we do find life on Europa, 330 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:53,960 what would it even look like? 331 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:54,460 Yeah. 332 00:09:54,460 --> 00:09:57,560 Would it be similar to life on Earth or something completely 333 00:09:57,560 --> 00:09:58,240 different? 334 00:09:58,240 --> 00:09:59,880 That's the beauty of exploration. 335 00:09:59,880 --> 00:10:02,000 It pushes the boundaries of our understanding 336 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:03,800 and opens up new possibilities. 337 00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:04,440 Absolutely. 338 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:07,040 And Jupiter itself has a formidable boundary. 339 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:08,520 Its magnetic field. 340 00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:10,600 Well, I've heard it's the most intense magnetic field 341 00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:11,680 in our solar system. 342 00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:12,240 It is. 343 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:15,600 It's so powerful that it traps charged particles 344 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:18,520 from the solar wind, creating these amazing auroras 345 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:21,440 at its poles, just like the northern lights 346 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:22,480 that we see on Earth. 347 00:10:22,480 --> 00:10:24,640 Jupiter has its own version of the northern lights. 348 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:25,280 It does. 349 00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:26,280 That's spectacular. 350 00:10:26,280 --> 00:10:29,440 It's a light show on a cosmic scale. 351 00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:33,160 Now let's move on to another ringed beauty, Saturn. 352 00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:34,000 OK. 353 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:38,160 It's a planet that captivates us with its elegance and grandeur. 354 00:10:38,160 --> 00:10:39,920 Well, Saturn's rings are truly iconic. 355 00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:41,360 They're like a celestial ballet. 356 00:10:41,360 --> 00:10:42,120 They are. 357 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:44,680 This delicate dance of ice and dust. 358 00:10:44,680 --> 00:10:46,440 And what's remarkable is that those rings 359 00:10:46,440 --> 00:10:48,480 are surprisingly young. 360 00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:50,160 Astronomically speaking, they may 361 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:52,440 have formed only about 100 million years ago. 362 00:10:52,440 --> 00:10:53,000 Oh, wow. 363 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:55,240 Which is relatively recent in the grand scheme 364 00:10:55,240 --> 00:10:56,800 of our solar system's history. 365 00:10:56,800 --> 00:10:57,480 Yeah. 366 00:10:57,480 --> 00:10:58,840 I would have thought that they were 367 00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:00,280 as old as the planet itself. 368 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:00,840 Right. 369 00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:03,560 But if they're that young, how did they even form? 370 00:11:03,560 --> 00:11:05,160 There are a few theories. 371 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:07,360 One possibility is that a moon or a comet 372 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:09,600 got too close to Saturn and was torn apart 373 00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:10,520 by its gravity. 374 00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:11,080 Oh, wow. 375 00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:13,440 Another theory is that the rings formed from material 376 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:16,360 left over from the formation of Saturn itself. 377 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:17,920 Interesting. 378 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:20,320 Either way, it's a reminder that our solar system 379 00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:22,240 is a dynamic place, things constantly 380 00:11:22,240 --> 00:11:23,560 evolving and changing. 381 00:11:23,560 --> 00:11:24,080 It is. 382 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:27,160 But Saturn's allure extends beyond its rings, what 383 00:11:27,160 --> 00:11:29,720 lies beneath its swirling clouds. 384 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:34,280 Deep down, Saturn is a gas giant, core of rock and ice, 385 00:11:34,280 --> 00:11:36,040 similar to Jupiter. 386 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:39,480 But what sets Saturn apart is its density. 387 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:42,520 It's actually the least dense planet in our solar system, 388 00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:43,880 less dense than water. 389 00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:46,720 So if you had a bathtub big enough, Saturn would float. 390 00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:47,760 A floating planet. 391 00:11:47,760 --> 00:11:48,960 A floating planet. 392 00:11:48,960 --> 00:11:50,400 That's an image. 393 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:52,880 But Saturn has more to offer than just its density. 394 00:11:52,880 --> 00:11:53,600 Oh, yeah. 395 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,000 It also boasts a fascinating collection of moons. 396 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:56,920 It does. 397 00:11:56,920 --> 00:11:59,080 Saturn has over 80 moons. 398 00:11:59,080 --> 00:11:59,720 Wow. 399 00:11:59,720 --> 00:12:02,160 Each with its own unique story to tell. 400 00:12:02,160 --> 00:12:04,200 And one moon in particular has captured 401 00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:06,560 the attention of scientists looking for life 402 00:12:06,560 --> 00:12:08,240 beyond Earth, Enceladus. 403 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:11,240 Enceladus, the icy moon with geysers 404 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:12,840 erupting from its south pole. 405 00:12:12,840 --> 00:12:13,320 Yes. 406 00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:16,120 I remember seeing images of those geysers spewing 407 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:19,200 water vapor and organic molecules into space. 408 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:20,200 Right. 409 00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:22,880 Those geysers are a sign that there's a vast ocean 410 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:24,960 beneath that icy shell. 411 00:12:24,960 --> 00:12:27,000 And the presence of organic molecules, 412 00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:29,960 the building blocks of life, makes this moon 413 00:12:29,960 --> 00:12:32,800 a prime candidate for hosting extraterrestrial life. 414 00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:33,720 Another ocean moon. 415 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:34,720 Another ocean moon. 416 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:36,840 It seems like they're more common than we once thought. 417 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:37,960 They do, yeah. 418 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:40,240 What makes Enceladus stand out is that we've actually 419 00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:41,800 sampled those geysers. 420 00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:42,600 Right. 421 00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:46,000 The Cassini spacecraft, it flew through those plumes 422 00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:48,200 and collected data revealing the presence 423 00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:53,040 of organic molecules, salts, and even tiny grains of silica. 424 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:55,600 So not only do we have evidence of this vast ocean, 425 00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:58,480 but also possible hydrothermal vents. 426 00:12:58,480 --> 00:12:59,080 Yes. 427 00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:00,680 Similar to the ones found on Earth 428 00:13:00,680 --> 00:13:02,360 that support life in the deep ocean. 429 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:03,080 Exactly. 430 00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:05,800 Enceladus has become one of the most promising places 431 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,200 to search for life beyond Earth. 432 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:10,560 And it's a testament to the power of exploration, 433 00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:13,960 how each new discovery opens up new possibilities 434 00:13:13,960 --> 00:13:16,920 and challenges our understanding of the universe. 435 00:13:16,920 --> 00:13:20,360 This journey through the gas giants is already mind blowing. 436 00:13:20,360 --> 00:13:23,720 From shrinking storms to floating planets to ocean moons. 437 00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:24,960 I know, right. 438 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:27,680 The scale and diversity of these worlds is just incredible. 439 00:13:27,680 --> 00:13:28,640 And we're not done yet. 440 00:13:28,640 --> 00:13:29,400 Oh, there's more. 441 00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:31,240 Next, we'll delve into the ice giants. 442 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:31,760 OK. 443 00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:33,600 Uranus and Neptune, worlds that lie 444 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:36,160 in the distant reaches of our solar system, shrouded 445 00:13:36,160 --> 00:13:38,160 in mystery and wonder. 446 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:41,280 And as we venture even further into the outer solar system, 447 00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:43,040 we encounter the ice giants. 448 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:43,680 OK. 449 00:13:43,680 --> 00:13:44,920 Uranus and Neptune. 450 00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:46,720 All right, the ice giants. 451 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:49,000 These are definitely the less famous siblings 452 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:50,200 of the gas giant family. 453 00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:50,680 Right. 454 00:13:50,680 --> 00:13:53,080 What makes them so different from Jupiter and Saturn? 455 00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:55,680 Well, as their name suggests, ice giants 456 00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:57,960 are composed mostly of ices. 457 00:13:57,960 --> 00:13:58,680 Ices. 458 00:13:58,680 --> 00:14:00,240 But not just water ice. 459 00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:03,080 We're talking about ices of methane, ammonia, 460 00:14:03,080 --> 00:14:06,160 other compounds swirling around this rocky core. 461 00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:07,040 Right. 462 00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:11,000 This composition gives them their distinct bluish hues. 463 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:13,600 So they're like giant slushies with a rocky center. 464 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:14,760 That's one way to put it. 465 00:14:14,760 --> 00:14:17,200 And these icy giants, they have some pretty quirky 466 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:18,240 characteristics. 467 00:14:18,240 --> 00:14:20,160 Let's start with Uranus, the planet that just 468 00:14:20,160 --> 00:14:21,680 seems to be doing its own thing. 469 00:14:21,680 --> 00:14:22,240 OK. 470 00:14:22,240 --> 00:14:22,960 Yeah. 471 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:25,080 Well, I've heard that it's tilted on its side. 472 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:25,560 It is. 473 00:14:25,560 --> 00:14:26,120 Is that true? 474 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:26,680 Yeah. 475 00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:29,600 Uranus has an axial tilt of 98 degrees, 476 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,040 meaning it's practically rotating on its side 477 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:33,720 as it orbits the sun. 478 00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:34,320 What? 479 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:37,320 So imagine a planet rolling around like a ball 480 00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:38,680 instead of spinning like a top. 481 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:39,520 Exactly. 482 00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:40,240 That's crazy. 483 00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:42,240 What causes such an extreme tilt? 484 00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,200 Scientists believe that early in the solar system's history, 485 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,160 a massive object collided with Uranus. 486 00:14:48,160 --> 00:14:48,920 Wow. 487 00:14:48,920 --> 00:14:50,880 Knocking it off its axis. 488 00:14:50,880 --> 00:14:51,400 Wow. 489 00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:54,240 And this tilt creates some really unusual seasons 490 00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:56,640 on Uranus, with each pole experiencing 491 00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:00,040 decades of sunlight followed by decades of darkness. 492 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:00,640 Wow. 493 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:01,760 Talk about extreme weather. 494 00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:05,040 And I remember hearing that Uranus has rings, too. 495 00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:05,600 It does. 496 00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:07,080 Not as prominent as Saturn's. 497 00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:07,580 Yeah. 498 00:15:07,580 --> 00:15:11,040 Uranus has a system of faint rings discovered in 1977. 499 00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:14,760 They're much darker, less massive than Saturn's rings. 500 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:17,000 And they're thought to be composed of dust and rock 501 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:18,160 rather than ice. 502 00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:21,400 So it's like a cosmic echo of Saturn's grandeur. 503 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:21,920 Yeah. 504 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:25,680 But with this kind of narker, more subdued beauty. 505 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:26,880 And what about its moons? 506 00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:29,600 Oh, Uranus has at least 27 moons. 507 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:30,080 Wow. 508 00:15:30,080 --> 00:15:32,720 And some of them show signs of geological activity, 509 00:15:32,720 --> 00:15:34,720 which is surprising considering how far away 510 00:15:34,720 --> 00:15:35,600 they are from the sun. 511 00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:36,120 Right. 512 00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:39,240 For example, Miranda, one of Uranus's moons, 513 00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:42,160 it has a surface that looks like a giant jigsaw puzzle. 514 00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:42,680 Really? 515 00:15:42,680 --> 00:15:46,160 With canyons and cliffs and these strange, grooved terrains. 516 00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:46,660 Wow. 517 00:15:46,660 --> 00:15:48,920 It sounds like a moon that's been through some rough times. 518 00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:50,680 Definitely suggests a dynamic history. 519 00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:51,240 OK. 520 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:52,720 Now let's move on to Neptune. 521 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:55,720 The outermost planet in our solar system, 522 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:59,360 a world shrouded in mystery and powerful winds. 523 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:01,640 Neptune is known for its deep blue color. 524 00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:02,280 Yes. 525 00:16:02,280 --> 00:16:04,320 Which I'm imagining comes from all that methane 526 00:16:04,320 --> 00:16:05,480 ice in its atmosphere. 527 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:06,040 You're right. 528 00:16:06,040 --> 00:16:08,840 The methane absorbs red light and reflects blue light. 529 00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:09,340 OK. 530 00:16:09,340 --> 00:16:11,840 Giving Neptune that striking azure hue. 531 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:13,000 And it's not just beautiful. 532 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:15,040 It's a planet of extremes. 533 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:18,280 Neptune boasts the fastest winds in the solar system, 534 00:16:18,280 --> 00:16:21,640 reaching speeds of over 2,100 kilometers per hour. 535 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:23,400 That's over 1,300 miles per hour. 536 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:24,040 Oh. 537 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:26,800 Anything caught in those winds would be shredded to bits. 538 00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:27,480 Oh, yeah. 539 00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:31,480 What drives such intense winds on a planet so far from the sun? 540 00:16:31,480 --> 00:16:34,560 Scientists believe that the internal heat of Neptune, 541 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:37,840 combined with its fast rotation, creates the conditions 542 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:39,640 for those powerful winds. 543 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:41,480 And it's not just the winds that are extreme. 544 00:16:41,480 --> 00:16:45,160 Neptune also has a surprisingly dynamic atmosphere 545 00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:46,840 with storms that come and go. 546 00:16:46,840 --> 00:16:49,520 So even though it's so far from the sun, 547 00:16:49,520 --> 00:16:51,960 it's a world that's full of energy and activity. 548 00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:52,460 Yes. 549 00:16:52,460 --> 00:16:53,280 Very active. 550 00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:54,400 What about its moons? 551 00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:54,880 OK. 552 00:16:54,880 --> 00:16:56,800 Does Neptune have any notable companions? 553 00:16:56,800 --> 00:16:57,400 It does. 554 00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:00,400 Neptune has 14 known moons. 555 00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:02,240 And the most interesting one is Triton. 556 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:03,160 Triton. 557 00:17:03,160 --> 00:17:06,240 Yeah, a moon that stands out for a couple of reasons. 558 00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:08,680 First, it's the only large moon in our solar system 559 00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:11,040 that orbits its planet in the opposite direction 560 00:17:11,040 --> 00:17:12,400 of the planet's rotation. 561 00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:13,320 Really? 562 00:17:13,320 --> 00:17:15,040 This suggests that Triton was likely 563 00:17:15,040 --> 00:17:16,880 captured by Neptune's gravity. 564 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:18,320 So a captured moon. 565 00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:20,520 Yeah, rather than forming alongside it. 566 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:22,880 Like an interloper from another part of the solar system. 567 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:24,880 That's the leading theory. 568 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:28,760 Trane is also notable for its icy volcanism. 569 00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:32,200 Instead of spewing molten rock, these volcanoes 570 00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:35,320 erupt with nitrogen gas and ice particles. 571 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:36,040 Ice volcanism. 572 00:17:36,040 --> 00:17:38,880 Creating this strange and beautiful landscape. 573 00:17:38,880 --> 00:17:40,480 That sounds like something straight out 574 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:41,720 of a science fiction novel. 575 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:42,800 It does, doesn't it? 576 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:44,840 It's amazing to think about the diversity of worlds 577 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:45,880 in our own solar system. 578 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:46,840 It is. 579 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:51,360 From scorching hot surfaces to icy geysers and extreme winds. 580 00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:52,080 Yeah. 581 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:55,560 Our solar system is a tapestry of wonder and diversity. 582 00:17:55,560 --> 00:17:58,520 And we've only just begun to explore its secrets. 583 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:00,440 Well, speaking of exploring, we can't 584 00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:02,000 forget about the dwarf planets. 585 00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:05,560 Especially Pluto, which holds a special place in our hearts. 586 00:18:05,560 --> 00:18:06,360 Pluto, yes. 587 00:18:06,360 --> 00:18:08,720 Even though it's no longer considered a full-fledged planet. 588 00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:09,240 Right. 589 00:18:09,240 --> 00:18:11,040 Pluto may have been reclassified, 590 00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:13,040 but it's still a fascinating world. 591 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:13,640 It is. 592 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:17,960 And the New Horizons mission gave us our first close-up look 593 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:21,000 at this distant dwarf planet in 2015. 594 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:24,800 Revealing a surprisingly complex and diverse surface. 595 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:29,160 I remember seeing those images of Pluto's heart-shaped nitrogen 596 00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:29,880 glacier. 597 00:18:29,880 --> 00:18:30,440 Yes. 598 00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:33,240 It's towering mountains of water ice. 599 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:33,880 Yes. 600 00:18:33,880 --> 00:18:36,880 And its vast plains of frozen nitrogen. 601 00:18:36,880 --> 00:18:38,720 And there's evidence that Pluto might even 602 00:18:38,720 --> 00:18:40,160 have a subsurface ocean. 603 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:41,280 Oh, wow. 604 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:42,560 Another ocean world. 605 00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:44,160 Hidden beneath its icy shell. 606 00:18:44,160 --> 00:18:45,880 It seems like they're everywhere we look. 607 00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:46,800 They do seem to be. 608 00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:48,720 But Pluto isn't alone out there, right? 609 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:49,220 Right. 610 00:18:49,220 --> 00:18:50,440 What lies beyond Pluto? 611 00:18:50,440 --> 00:18:52,200 Yeah, what is out there? 612 00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:55,360 Beyond Neptune, we enter the realm of the Kuiper Belt, 613 00:18:55,360 --> 00:18:58,640 a vast region filled with icy bodies, dwarf planets. 614 00:18:58,640 --> 00:19:01,400 It's like a cosmic graveyard, holding remnants 615 00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:03,840 from the early formation of our solar system. 616 00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:05,920 So it's like a time capsule, offering clues 617 00:19:05,920 --> 00:19:09,080 to the processes that shaped our solar system billions 618 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:09,760 of years ago. 619 00:19:09,760 --> 00:19:10,520 Exactly. 620 00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:11,020 Wow. 621 00:19:11,020 --> 00:19:12,760 Studying these objects can help us 622 00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:15,160 understand the evolution of planetary systems. 623 00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:15,680 Right. 624 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:18,280 Not just our own, but those around other stars. 625 00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:21,280 So it's a reminder that our solar system is just 626 00:19:21,280 --> 00:19:24,720 one small part of a vast and intricate universe. 627 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:25,480 It is. 628 00:19:25,480 --> 00:19:27,520 And we're constantly learning more about our place 629 00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:29,280 in this cosmic expanse. 630 00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:29,880 We are. 631 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:33,760 And that journey of discovery, it's far from over. 632 00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:34,520 Absolutely. 633 00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:38,520 There are countless mysteries still waiting to be unraveled, 634 00:19:38,520 --> 00:19:40,560 countless stories waiting to be told. 635 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:43,280 So keep looking up, folks, because the next great discovery 636 00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:45,440 could be just around the cosmic corner. 637 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:47,140 And don't forget to follow and subscribe 638 00:19:47,140 --> 00:19:50,280 to Cosmos in a Pod for more deep dives into the mysteries 639 00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:51,520 of the universe. 640 00:19:51,520 --> 00:20:18,120 We'll see you next time, space explorers.