WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.600 You know, it is every single day. It feels like 00:00:01.600 --> 00:00:03.960 we're just wading through this massive ocean 00:00:03.960 --> 00:00:07.559 of information. Oh, absolutely. News, social 00:00:07.559 --> 00:00:10.640 media, opinions, everywhere you look. Yeah, it's 00:00:10.640 --> 00:00:12.939 overwhelming. So for this deep dive, we thought 00:00:12.939 --> 00:00:16.059 let's give you our listener. A bit of a life 00:00:16.059 --> 00:00:20.000 raft. Some practical tools to navigate all that 00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:22.480 noise. Tools to think smarter, not necessarily 00:00:22.480 --> 00:00:25.100 harder, right? In your everyday life. Exactly. 00:00:25.100 --> 00:00:28.300 We've dug into a really fascinating set of sources, 00:00:28.359 --> 00:00:30.780 actually, that get right to the core of critical 00:00:30.780 --> 00:00:34.219 thinking. Think of this as maybe a personal guide 00:00:34.219 --> 00:00:37.179 to figuring out how to analyze information more 00:00:37.179 --> 00:00:39.979 effectively. Okay, great. So let's unpack this 00:00:39.979 --> 00:00:42.280 a bit. We're essentially looking to build a sort 00:00:42.280 --> 00:00:45.340 of mental toolkit. for everyone listening. That's 00:00:45.340 --> 00:00:47.079 a good way to put it. We'll explore what critical 00:00:47.079 --> 00:00:49.759 thinking really means, why it's so vital today. 00:00:50.219 --> 00:00:52.960 Then maybe tackle how to question those assumptions 00:00:52.960 --> 00:00:55.340 we all carry around. Yeah, the hidden ones especially. 00:00:55.799 --> 00:01:00.060 And we'll also try to demystify logical fallacies. 00:01:00.320 --> 00:01:02.420 Oh, definitely need that. And figure out how 00:01:02.420 --> 00:01:05.260 to evaluate evidence like a pro. Yes. And see 00:01:05.260 --> 00:01:08.180 how all this can lead to better decisions, better 00:01:08.180 --> 00:01:10.700 problem solving for you personally. And you mentioned 00:01:10.700 --> 00:01:13.099 it's not just about work or big decisions, right? 00:01:13.719 --> 00:01:16.079 it touches other parts of life too. We're not 00:01:16.079 --> 00:01:18.459 stopping there, no. We'll also dive into how 00:01:18.459 --> 00:01:20.500 these skills can actually enrich your relationships. 00:01:20.799 --> 00:01:22.700 Interesting. And the importance of having like 00:01:22.700 --> 00:01:25.500 a growth mindset to keep sharpening your thinking. 00:01:25.560 --> 00:01:27.959 Plus some really straightforward exercises you 00:01:27.959 --> 00:01:30.420 can start using, well, today. Okay, and here's 00:01:30.420 --> 00:01:31.819 where I think it gets really interesting for 00:01:31.819 --> 00:01:35.000 people. We all have those moments, right? Where 00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:37.879 we look back and think, why on earth did I believe 00:01:37.879 --> 00:01:41.099 that? Or how did I fall for that? Happens to 00:01:41.099 --> 00:01:43.700 the best of us. So this deep dive hopefully will 00:01:43.700 --> 00:01:47.079 shine a light on some of those sneaky ways our 00:01:47.079 --> 00:01:49.640 assumptions and biases can trip us up. And crucially, 00:01:49.680 --> 00:01:52.120 give you some concrete strategies to kind of 00:01:52.120 --> 00:01:54.799 take back control of your own thought process. 00:01:54.980 --> 00:01:57.900 Yeah, ready to jump in. Absolutely. Let's maybe 00:01:57.900 --> 00:02:00.500 start right at the beginning. What is critical 00:02:00.500 --> 00:02:02.900 thinking? Exactly. Our sources really stress 00:02:02.900 --> 00:02:05.280 that it's not about being negative or just poking 00:02:05.280 --> 00:02:07.519 holes in things. Right. It's not just being critical 00:02:07.519 --> 00:02:09.520 of everything. It's more constructive. Way more 00:02:09.520 --> 00:02:11.840 constructive. It's about actively engaging with 00:02:11.840 --> 00:02:14.379 information, really understanding it, breaking 00:02:14.379 --> 00:02:17.199 it down, evaluating it carefully. So you can 00:02:17.199 --> 00:02:19.979 form your own well -reasoned judgments, not just 00:02:19.979 --> 00:02:21.860 parroting what you heard. Exactly. And what's 00:02:21.860 --> 00:02:24.699 interesting is that the sources frame it as a 00:02:24.699 --> 00:02:27.680 deliberate process. Okay. It involves analysis. 00:02:28.939 --> 00:02:32.099 You know, dissecting complex ideas, evaluation, 00:02:32.219 --> 00:02:35.039 checking if the arguments or evidence actually 00:02:35.039 --> 00:02:38.080 hold up synthesis, putting different pieces together 00:02:38.080 --> 00:02:41.699 to see the bigger picture. And importantly, reflection. 00:02:42.759 --> 00:02:45.400 Looking at how we are thinking about it. That 00:02:45.400 --> 00:02:47.819 reflection bit seems really key. Like for you 00:02:47.819 --> 00:02:50.659 and me, stopping and asking, hang on, am I jumping 00:02:50.659 --> 00:02:52.599 to conclusions here? Are my own feelings getting 00:02:52.599 --> 00:02:54.699 in the way? Yeah. Like a little internal alarm 00:02:54.699 --> 00:02:57.819 bell for clear thinking. Precisely. And the sources 00:02:57.819 --> 00:03:01.000 also highlight being open -minded. That's critical. 00:03:01.199 --> 00:03:04.099 Being willing to consider new ideas. Yeah. Even 00:03:04.099 --> 00:03:06.340 the uncomfortable ones. Especially if they challenge 00:03:06.340 --> 00:03:08.810 what we already believe. Yeah. Particularly if 00:03:08.810 --> 00:03:10.710 there's good evidence pointing that way. Okay, 00:03:10.770 --> 00:03:14.129 so critical thinking is this active, analytical, 00:03:14.330 --> 00:03:16.669 self -aware way of dealing with information. 00:03:17.129 --> 00:03:22.110 But is it something you're just born with? Or 00:03:22.110 --> 00:03:24.310 can we actually get better at it? Oh, the sources 00:03:24.310 --> 00:03:26.189 are really clear on this. It's a skill. Okay, 00:03:26.250 --> 00:03:28.770 good. And like any skill, playing piano, learning 00:03:28.770 --> 00:03:30.469 a language, you can definitely get better with 00:03:30.469 --> 00:03:33.069 practice. It's not some, you know, secret magic 00:03:33.069 --> 00:03:35.479 talent only a few people have. That's actually 00:03:35.479 --> 00:03:37.939 really encouraging for, well, for all of us. 00:03:37.979 --> 00:03:40.979 So it's less about innate genius and more about 00:03:40.979 --> 00:03:43.139 putting in the mental reps, basically. You've 00:03:43.139 --> 00:03:45.819 got a consistent mental exercise. Now, you often 00:03:45.819 --> 00:03:48.960 hear critical thinking lumped together with problem 00:03:48.960 --> 00:03:51.159 solving and decision making. Are they kind of 00:03:51.159 --> 00:03:53.460 the same thing? They're definitely related, very 00:03:53.460 --> 00:03:55.580 closely linked, but the sources explain that 00:03:55.580 --> 00:03:57.360 critical thinking is more like the foundation 00:03:57.360 --> 00:03:59.800 for the other two. Oh, okay. Problem solving 00:03:59.800 --> 00:04:02.419 is, you know, focused on tackling a specific 00:04:02.419 --> 00:04:04.919 challenge and finding a solution. Critical thinking 00:04:04.919 --> 00:04:07.439 gives you the sharp tools to analyze that problem 00:04:07.439 --> 00:04:09.699 properly in the first place. So critical thinking 00:04:09.699 --> 00:04:12.000 helps you dig down to the real root of the issue, 00:04:12.039 --> 00:04:14.439 not just the surface stuff. Exactly that. And 00:04:14.439 --> 00:04:16.839 when it comes to making decisions, choosing which 00:04:16.839 --> 00:04:19.220 way to go critical thinking lets you look at 00:04:19.220 --> 00:04:22.220 your options carefully. weigh the likely outcomes. 00:04:22.500 --> 00:04:24.439 And make choices based on logic and evidence 00:04:24.439 --> 00:04:27.319 rather than just, I don't know, a gut feeling 00:04:27.319 --> 00:04:30.040 or habit. Right. Not just pure intuition, though 00:04:30.040 --> 00:04:32.980 intuition can play a role, but it's about reasoned 00:04:32.980 --> 00:04:36.199 judgment. Makes sense. So critical thinking is 00:04:36.199 --> 00:04:38.959 like the engine driving effective problem solving 00:04:38.959 --> 00:04:42.100 and decision making in your life. OK, let's zoom 00:04:42.100 --> 00:04:43.699 in on something you brought up earlier, questioning 00:04:43.699 --> 00:04:48.100 assumptions. This feels huge. It really is. The 00:04:48.100 --> 00:04:51.839 sources describe assumptions as these often invisible 00:04:51.839 --> 00:04:54.879 forces shaping how we think. The things we just 00:04:54.879 --> 00:04:57.579 accept as true without really checking. Pretty 00:04:57.579 --> 00:05:00.019 much. Yeah. Without necessarily having hard facts 00:05:00.019 --> 00:05:02.019 to back them up. And they can come from our culture, 00:05:02.139 --> 00:05:04.139 our upbringing, personal experiences, societal 00:05:04.139 --> 00:05:08.579 norms, even just logical leaps we make unconsciously. 00:05:08.600 --> 00:05:10.819 They're like mental shortcuts, aren't they? Sometimes 00:05:10.819 --> 00:05:12.860 helpful, but other times. Other times they can 00:05:12.860 --> 00:05:15.500 steer us way off course if we don't examine them. 00:05:15.829 --> 00:05:18.290 And the tricky part is they often operate below 00:05:18.290 --> 00:05:20.970 the level of our conscious awareness. Neaky. 00:05:21.290 --> 00:05:24.529 Very. They can reinforce our biases. They can 00:05:24.529 --> 00:05:26.689 blind us to new possibilities. They can completely 00:05:26.689 --> 00:05:30.009 warp how we interpret events. The sources really 00:05:30.009 --> 00:05:32.689 hammer home that actively questioning these assumptions 00:05:32.689 --> 00:05:35.410 is a cornerstone of critical thinking. Okay, 00:05:35.449 --> 00:05:38.029 so how can you and I actually start spotting 00:05:38.029 --> 00:05:40.189 these hidden assumptions? Are there practical 00:05:40.189 --> 00:05:42.910 ways to bring them out to the open? Yeah, the 00:05:42.910 --> 00:05:45.819 sources suggest a few key things. First, just 00:05:45.819 --> 00:05:48.019 cultivating more self -awareness about your own 00:05:48.019 --> 00:05:50.180 potential biases. Paying attention to your own 00:05:50.180 --> 00:05:53.019 thought patterns. Exactly. Looking for patterns 00:05:53.019 --> 00:05:55.379 that might hint you're relying on assumptions 00:05:55.379 --> 00:05:58.579 and asking yourself directly, what actual proof 00:05:58.579 --> 00:06:01.699 do I have for believing this? Or maybe. What 00:06:01.699 --> 00:06:03.939 if the opposite were true? That's a really powerful 00:06:03.939 --> 00:06:06.319 one. What if I'm wrong about this? It forces 00:06:06.319 --> 00:06:08.420 you to consider alternatives. Definitely opens 00:06:08.420 --> 00:06:10.639 things up. Another really valuable thing the 00:06:10.639 --> 00:06:13.079 sources suggest is actively seeking out different 00:06:13.079 --> 00:06:15.639 perspectives. Talking to people who see the world 00:06:15.639 --> 00:06:19.029 differently. Yes. Engaging with people from different 00:06:19.029 --> 00:06:21.810 backgrounds, different viewpoints, that can really 00:06:21.810 --> 00:06:23.930 throw your own unchallenged assumptions into 00:06:23.930 --> 00:06:27.269 sharp relief. And finally, they suggest testing 00:06:27.269 --> 00:06:30.089 your assumptions whenever possible. If you assume, 00:06:30.129 --> 00:06:32.250 say, a certain way of doing something at work 00:06:32.250 --> 00:06:34.850 will be best, maybe try it and see what actually 00:06:34.850 --> 00:06:36.889 happens. Yeah, there's some real world data. 00:06:37.170 --> 00:06:39.829 Exactly. Get feedback to see if your assumption 00:06:39.829 --> 00:06:42.589 holds water. I like the treating assumptions 00:06:42.589 --> 00:06:46.040 almost like hypotheses you can test. Okay, so 00:06:46.040 --> 00:06:48.439 we've talked about spotting flawed thinking in 00:06:48.439 --> 00:06:51.519 ourselves. What about when we're looking at arguments 00:06:51.519 --> 00:06:54.420 or information coming from others? That's where 00:06:54.420 --> 00:06:56.680 understanding logical fallacies comes in handy 00:06:56.680 --> 00:06:59.079 for you, right? Absolutely. Logical fallacies 00:06:59.079 --> 00:07:02.079 are basically errors in reasoning. They can make 00:07:02.079 --> 00:07:04.519 an argument sound convincing, even if it's actually 00:07:04.519 --> 00:07:07.660 flawed or, well, manipulative sometimes. Gotcha. 00:07:07.779 --> 00:07:09.620 And the sources give a great rundown of some 00:07:09.620 --> 00:07:11.399 common ones you'll definitely encounter in daily 00:07:11.399 --> 00:07:13.740 life. Okay, lay some on us. What are the big 00:07:13.740 --> 00:07:16.019 ones we should watch out for? Well, a really 00:07:16.019 --> 00:07:18.740 common one is the ad hominem fallacy. Okay, what's 00:07:18.740 --> 00:07:21.399 that? That's when, instead of addressing the 00:07:21.399 --> 00:07:23.639 substance of someone's argument, you attack the 00:07:23.639 --> 00:07:26.800 person making the argument. Ah, playing the man, 00:07:26.920 --> 00:07:29.879 not the ball. Exactly, like dismissing someone's 00:07:29.879 --> 00:07:32.339 valid point about, say, city planning just because 00:07:32.339 --> 00:07:34.839 you think they dress funny or something irrelevant 00:07:34.839 --> 00:07:37.540 like that. We see that online constantly. Okay, 00:07:37.620 --> 00:07:40.019 what else? The false dilemma, sometimes called 00:07:40.019 --> 00:07:42.800 the either fallacy. That sounds familiar. This 00:07:42.800 --> 00:07:45.160 is when someone presents only two options as 00:07:45.160 --> 00:07:47.819 if they're the only possibilities when, in reality, 00:07:48.000 --> 00:07:50.720 there might be many other alternatives or nuances. 00:07:51.139 --> 00:07:54.120 Like you're either with us or against us. Precisely. 00:07:54.120 --> 00:07:57.620 You either support this policy 100 % or you want 00:07:57.620 --> 00:08:00.459 the whole project to fail. It ignores any middle 00:08:00.459 --> 00:08:03.120 ground. Any alternative solution. Yeah, that 00:08:03.120 --> 00:08:05.000 black and white thinking can really shut down 00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:07.439 productive discussion. It really can. Another 00:08:07.439 --> 00:08:09.959 big one is the straw man fallacy. Straw man. 00:08:10.160 --> 00:08:13.160 Okay. This happens when someone distorts or exaggerates 00:08:13.160 --> 00:08:15.160 their opponent's argument to make it seem weaker 00:08:15.160 --> 00:08:18.480 and easier to attack. So they build up this flimsy, 00:08:18.480 --> 00:08:21.300 fake version of the other person's point. And 00:08:21.300 --> 00:08:25.459 then knock that down, claiming victory. It's... 00:08:25.709 --> 00:08:27.810 arguing against something the other person didn't 00:08:27.810 --> 00:08:30.709 even say. Clever, but dishonest, yeah. Very. 00:08:30.870 --> 00:08:33.850 Then there's the appeal to authority. Oh, like, 00:08:34.009 --> 00:08:36.190 well, Dr. So -and -so said it, so it must be 00:08:36.190 --> 00:08:39.370 true. Exactly. It assumes something is true simply 00:08:39.370 --> 00:08:41.809 because an authority figure claims it is without 00:08:41.809 --> 00:08:44.830 necessarily providing independent evidence. Now, 00:08:44.870 --> 00:08:46.909 expert opinions are valuable, of course. But 00:08:46.909 --> 00:08:48.429 they shouldn't be the only reason to believe 00:08:48.429 --> 00:08:50.450 something. You still need the evidence. Correct. 00:08:50.590 --> 00:08:53.370 Just because a celebrity endorses a health supplement 00:08:53.370 --> 00:08:55.850 doesn't automatically mean it works or is right 00:08:55.850 --> 00:08:59.250 for you. Got it. Any others jump out from the 00:08:59.250 --> 00:09:01.610 sources? Yeah, they also mention things like 00:09:01.610 --> 00:09:04.909 hasty generalization, drawing a huge conclusion 00:09:04.909 --> 00:09:07.490 from just one or two examples. Like seeing one 00:09:07.490 --> 00:09:10.090 bad driver from a certain place and assuming 00:09:10.090 --> 00:09:12.490 everyone there drives badly. Perfect example. 00:09:12.529 --> 00:09:14.950 And the bandwagon fallacy, basically assuming 00:09:14.950 --> 00:09:17.070 something's right or good just because lots of 00:09:17.070 --> 00:09:19.490 other people believe it or are doing it. Everyone's 00:09:19.490 --> 00:09:21.990 buying this phone, so it must be the best. Popularity 00:09:21.990 --> 00:09:24.740 doesn't equal correctness. Not necessarily. So 00:09:24.740 --> 00:09:27.340 recognizing these fallacies is a key skill for 00:09:27.340 --> 00:09:30.159 you, the listener, to evaluate arguments based 00:09:30.159 --> 00:09:32.679 on their actual merit, their logic and evidence, 00:09:32.940 --> 00:09:35.679 not just surface tricks or popularity. This is 00:09:35.679 --> 00:09:38.240 incredibly useful for sifting through, well, 00:09:38.299 --> 00:09:40.399 everything you encounter. Speaking of evaluating 00:09:40.399 --> 00:09:43.340 information, our sources really underscore the 00:09:43.340 --> 00:09:46.679 critical role of evidence. Why is that so central 00:09:46.679 --> 00:09:49.379 to critical thinking for you? Because evidence 00:09:49.379 --> 00:09:52.120 is what provides the factual grounding for logical 00:09:52.120 --> 00:09:55.350 reasoning. Without solid evidence, your opinions, 00:09:55.509 --> 00:09:57.669 your decisions, they're much more likely to be 00:09:57.669 --> 00:10:01.049 swayed by assumptions, biases, emotions. Which 00:10:01.049 --> 00:10:03.309 aren't always the most reliable guides, are they? 00:10:03.409 --> 00:10:06.309 Not consistently, no. Evidence offers objective 00:10:06.309 --> 00:10:08.649 information that can hopefully lead you to more 00:10:08.649 --> 00:10:11.750 accurate, more reliable conclusions. The sources 00:10:11.750 --> 00:10:14.309 stress that critical thinking isn't just passively 00:10:14.309 --> 00:10:17.309 soaking up information. It's actively scrutinizing 00:10:17.309 --> 00:10:19.529 its validity and its relevance for you. Okay, 00:10:19.570 --> 00:10:21.909 but presumably not all evidence is created equal. 00:10:22.299 --> 00:10:23.960 What different kinds of evidence should you be 00:10:23.960 --> 00:10:26.960 aware of? That's a great point. Our sources outline 00:10:26.960 --> 00:10:30.159 several types. There's empirical evidence that's 00:10:30.159 --> 00:10:32.539 based on direct observation, experimentation, 00:10:33.019 --> 00:10:36.059 things you can measure or experience, often seen 00:10:36.059 --> 00:10:38.759 as very strong. Okay. Then there's statistical 00:10:38.759 --> 00:10:41.860 evidence using numbers, data, surveys to show 00:10:41.860 --> 00:10:45.039 trends or correlations. Right. Testimonial evidence 00:10:45.039 --> 00:10:47.480 comes from personal accounts or expert statements. 00:10:48.479 --> 00:10:50.879 Anecdotal evidence, which is based on individual 00:10:50.879 --> 00:10:54.620 stories or isolated examples, is generally considered 00:10:54.620 --> 00:10:57.360 less reliable because one person's story might 00:10:57.360 --> 00:10:59.679 not represent the norm. Could be an outlier. 00:10:59.840 --> 00:11:03.039 Exactly. And finally, documentary evidence, written 00:11:03.039 --> 00:11:05.820 records, historical documents, official reports, 00:11:06.100 --> 00:11:07.980 that sort of thing. That's a really helpful breakdown 00:11:07.980 --> 00:11:10.399 for you to have in mind. So when you need evidence, 00:11:10.600 --> 00:11:13.279 how should you go about gathering good, relevant 00:11:13.279 --> 00:11:19.370 stuff? or problem you're actually trying to address. 00:11:19.649 --> 00:11:22.350 What do you need evidence for? Get specific. 00:11:22.549 --> 00:11:25.789 Yes. Then seek out a variety of sources. Don't 00:11:25.789 --> 00:11:27.929 just rely on one article or one perspective. 00:11:28.289 --> 00:11:30.830 Get a more rounded view. Critically prioritize 00:11:30.830 --> 00:11:33.870 credible sources. That means looking for peer 00:11:33.870 --> 00:11:36.750 -reviewed journals if it's science. Recognize 00:11:36.750 --> 00:11:39.929 experts in a field. Reputable news organizations 00:11:39.929 --> 00:11:42.629 with fact -checking standards. Do your due diligence 00:11:42.629 --> 00:11:44.809 on the source itself. Absolutely. And always 00:11:44.809 --> 00:11:47.549 try to verify key information across multiple 00:11:47.549 --> 00:11:50.570 independent sources. If only one place is recording 00:11:50.570 --> 00:11:53.529 something extraordinary, be skeptical. Good advice. 00:11:54.149 --> 00:11:56.889 Triangulate the information, maybe. And once 00:11:56.889 --> 00:11:59.210 you have the evidence, how do you decide if it's 00:11:59.210 --> 00:12:01.350 actually any good, if it's trustworthy for you? 00:12:01.610 --> 00:12:04.129 The sources give us several criteria to use as 00:12:04.129 --> 00:12:06.870 filters. First, source credibility. Is the author 00:12:06.870 --> 00:12:09.629 or organization an expert? Do they have a track 00:12:09.629 --> 00:12:11.669 record of accuracy, any conflicts of interest? 00:12:12.090 --> 00:12:14.610 Then, relevance. Does this piece of evidence 00:12:14.610 --> 00:12:17.049 actually directly support the specific claim 00:12:17.049 --> 00:12:19.669 being made? Or is it slightly off topic? Check 00:12:19.669 --> 00:12:22.429 for consistency. Does this evidence align with 00:12:22.429 --> 00:12:24.389 other reliable information you've found on the 00:12:24.389 --> 00:12:25.870 subject, or does it contradict everything else? 00:12:25.950 --> 00:12:29.049 Red flag. It's way out there. It could be. Consider 00:12:29.049 --> 00:12:32.820 timeliness. Is the information current enough 00:12:32.820 --> 00:12:36.259 for your needs? Medical advice from 1950 might 00:12:36.259 --> 00:12:38.759 not be relevant today, for example. Good point. 00:12:38.940 --> 00:12:42.659 And finally, assess objectivity. Is the information 00:12:42.659 --> 00:12:45.440 presented fairly or does the source seem to have 00:12:45.440 --> 00:12:48.179 a strong bias or agenda that might be skewing 00:12:48.179 --> 00:12:50.960 the facts? These are excellent filters for you, 00:12:51.019 --> 00:12:53.840 the listener, to apply to pretty much any information 00:12:53.840 --> 00:12:57.480 you come across. Okay. Let's shift gears slightly 00:12:57.480 --> 00:12:59.860 and think about how critical thinking actually 00:12:59.860 --> 00:13:02.500 plays out in your day to day life, especially 00:13:02.500 --> 00:13:04.600 when you're facing decisions. Right. This is 00:13:04.600 --> 00:13:06.820 where it gets really practical. The sources offer 00:13:06.820 --> 00:13:09.000 a pretty clear framework for applying critical 00:13:09.000 --> 00:13:11.600 thinking to decision making. And the very first 00:13:11.600 --> 00:13:13.759 step for you is to clearly define the decision 00:13:13.759 --> 00:13:16.679 itself. What exactly is the problem you're trying 00:13:16.679 --> 00:13:18.759 to solve or the goal you're trying to reach with 00:13:18.759 --> 00:13:21.399 this decision? That initial clarity seems crucial. 00:13:21.500 --> 00:13:23.340 If you don't even know what you're deciding about. 00:13:23.740 --> 00:13:25.879 How can you make a good choice? You really can't. 00:13:25.879 --> 00:13:29.139 It sets the stage. Then the next phase is gathering 00:13:29.139 --> 00:13:31.240 relevant information. Researching the options. 00:13:31.799 --> 00:13:34.159 Researching options, maybe seeking advice from 00:13:34.159 --> 00:13:36.279 people you trust who know something about it, 00:13:36.360 --> 00:13:38.940 reflecting on similar decisions you've made before, 00:13:39.080 --> 00:13:42.639 what worked, what didn't. Okay. Next. You identify 00:13:42.639 --> 00:13:45.539 and carefully evaluate all the feasible alternatives. 00:13:46.059 --> 00:13:48.779 Don't just stop at the first one or two. Brainstorm 00:13:48.779 --> 00:13:51.559 a bit wider. Exactly. And then systematically 00:13:51.559 --> 00:13:54.700 weigh the potential pros and cons of each viable 00:13:54.700 --> 00:13:57.500 option for you. What are the likely benefits? 00:13:57.759 --> 00:14:00.799 What are the potential downsides or risks? That 00:14:00.799 --> 00:14:03.399 structured approach really forces you to move 00:14:03.399 --> 00:14:05.539 beyond just your initial reaction or preference, 00:14:05.759 --> 00:14:07.759 doesn't it? It absolutely does. It encourages 00:14:07.759 --> 00:14:10.539 logical analysis. After that thorough evaluation, 00:14:10.960 --> 00:14:13.179 you make your decision. And importantly, you 00:14:13.179 --> 00:14:15.259 take action on it. A decision without action 00:14:15.259 --> 00:14:17.639 isn't very useful. But it doesn't end there for 00:14:17.639 --> 00:14:20.620 you. The final crucial step is to reflect on 00:14:20.620 --> 00:14:22.779 the outcome. How did it turn out? What did you 00:14:22.779 --> 00:14:24.600 learn from this experience that you can apply 00:14:24.600 --> 00:14:27.360 next time? So it's a loop, really, a continuous 00:14:27.360 --> 00:14:29.440 cycle of learning and improving your decision 00:14:29.440 --> 00:14:32.700 making. And what about common pitfalls? Are there 00:14:32.700 --> 00:14:34.740 mistakes people often make when deciding things? 00:14:35.059 --> 00:14:37.419 Oh, yes. The sources point out several common 00:14:37.419 --> 00:14:39.899 cognitive biases that can really trick you up. 00:14:40.240 --> 00:14:42.179 Confirmation bias is a big one. Where you just 00:14:42.179 --> 00:14:44.549 look for info that... agrees with what you already 00:14:44.549 --> 00:14:47.850 think. Exactly. You unconsciously favor information 00:14:47.850 --> 00:14:50.149 that confirms your existing beliefs and ignore 00:14:50.149 --> 00:14:52.950 evidence that challenges them. Overconfidence 00:14:52.950 --> 00:14:55.970 bias is another thinking you know more or are 00:14:55.970 --> 00:14:58.649 better at something than you actually are, which 00:14:58.649 --> 00:15:02.330 can lead to taking unwise risks. The sunk cost 00:15:02.330 --> 00:15:05.149 fallacy can be painful. That's when you find 00:15:05.149 --> 00:15:07.250 it hard to abandon a course of action, even if 00:15:07.250 --> 00:15:09.409 it's failing, just because you've already invested 00:15:09.409 --> 00:15:12.389 so much time, money, or effort into it. Throwing 00:15:12.389 --> 00:15:14.850 good money after bad, as they say. Pretty much. 00:15:14.950 --> 00:15:17.309 And even something like decision fatigue, just 00:15:17.309 --> 00:15:19.250 being mentally worn out from making too many 00:15:19.250 --> 00:15:21.629 choices, can lead to poorer quality decisions 00:15:21.629 --> 00:15:24.350 later on. Interesting. Being aware that these 00:15:24.350 --> 00:15:26.830 biases exist is really the first step for you 00:15:26.830 --> 00:15:29.009 to try and counteract their influence. It's like 00:15:29.009 --> 00:15:31.129 knowing about the blind spots in your car mirror 00:15:31.129 --> 00:15:33.950 helps you drive more safely. Critical thinking 00:15:33.950 --> 00:15:37.309 helps you spot these mental blind spots. Okay, 00:15:37.370 --> 00:15:40.169 another huge area where this applies is problem 00:15:40.169 --> 00:15:42.899 solving, right? Absolutely. The sources really 00:15:42.899 --> 00:15:45.360 emphasize how critical thinking helps you approach 00:15:45.360 --> 00:15:48.179 problems systematically, logically, breaking 00:15:48.179 --> 00:15:51.519 them down into more manageable pieces for you. 00:15:51.600 --> 00:15:53.240 Instead of just feeling overwhelmed by the whole 00:15:53.240 --> 00:15:56.440 big mess. Exactly. And the first step. much like 00:15:56.440 --> 00:15:59.879 decision making, is to fully understand and clearly 00:15:59.879 --> 00:16:02.500 define the problem. What is the actual issue 00:16:02.500 --> 00:16:05.500 here? Often that means looking beyond the immediate 00:16:05.500 --> 00:16:07.919 symptoms to identify the underlying root cause 00:16:07.919 --> 00:16:10.340 for you. That's that peeling back the onion layers 00:16:10.340 --> 00:16:12.860 idea again, isn't it? Getting to the core. Precisely. 00:16:12.860 --> 00:16:14.879 Once you've got a clear definition, the next 00:16:14.879 --> 00:16:16.820 step is often to break the problem down into 00:16:16.820 --> 00:16:18.700 smaller components. What are the key elements 00:16:18.700 --> 00:16:20.580 involved? What are the different facets of this 00:16:20.580 --> 00:16:23.789 issue? Makes it less daunting. It does. Then 00:16:23.789 --> 00:16:26.169 you generate a range of potential solutions, 00:16:26.470 --> 00:16:29.110 brainstorming freely at first, not judging ideas 00:16:29.110 --> 00:16:32.190 too quickly, and then evaluating those potential 00:16:32.190 --> 00:16:34.990 solutions based on criteria like feasibility, 00:16:35.210 --> 00:16:38.389 potential impact, resources required for you. 00:16:38.529 --> 00:16:40.950 So again, it's about exploring options, not just 00:16:40.950 --> 00:16:43.740 grabbing the first. Easiest idea that pops into 00:16:43.740 --> 00:16:47.179 your head. Exactly. And then critically evaluating 00:16:47.179 --> 00:16:50.440 each promising solution, weighing the pros and 00:16:50.440 --> 00:16:52.899 cons, considering potential obstacles or unintended 00:16:52.899 --> 00:16:55.240 consequences before you commit to one. Thinking 00:16:55.240 --> 00:16:58.179 it through. Yes. And finally, it's about implementing 00:16:58.179 --> 00:17:00.659 the chosen solution and then monitoring its effectiveness. 00:17:00.799 --> 00:17:04.000 Is it actually working? Do we need to adjust 00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:07.359 our approach for you? And similar to decisions, 00:17:07.559 --> 00:17:10.339 are there common traps people fall into when 00:17:10.339 --> 00:17:12.650 trying to solve problems? Yes, definitely. The 00:17:12.650 --> 00:17:15.730 sources mentioned things like maybe overcomplicating 00:17:15.730 --> 00:17:19.089 the problem unnecessarily or conversely oversimplifying 00:17:19.089 --> 00:17:21.670 it. Okay. Relying too heavily on solutions that 00:17:21.670 --> 00:17:23.509 worked in the past, even if the current situation 00:17:23.509 --> 00:17:25.750 is different. That's called functional fixedness 00:17:25.750 --> 00:17:27.970 sometimes. Right. Using the same old hammer for 00:17:27.970 --> 00:17:31.369 every new nail. Exactly. Ignoring emotional factors 00:17:31.369 --> 00:17:33.490 that might actually be part of the problem or 00:17:33.490 --> 00:17:36.089 solution. And a big one is failing to adapt, 00:17:36.329 --> 00:17:39.210 sticking rigidly to an initial plan, even when 00:17:39.210 --> 00:17:41.769 it's clearly not working out. Critical thinking 00:17:41.769 --> 00:17:44.630 encourages more flexibility and analysis for 00:17:44.630 --> 00:17:46.849 you. It sounds like it's about staying open, 00:17:46.910 --> 00:17:49.210 open to new information, open to changing course 00:17:49.210 --> 00:17:51.289 based on what you learn. Yeah. Now, all this 00:17:51.289 --> 00:17:54.700 talk about. internal processes. Yeah. But critical 00:17:54.700 --> 00:17:56.920 thinking isn't just about you in your own head, 00:17:57.000 --> 00:17:59.500 is it? It impacts how you deal with other people, 00:17:59.599 --> 00:18:02.140 especially in relationships. Oh, massively. The 00:18:02.140 --> 00:18:04.440 sources dedicate a good chunk to this. They highlight 00:18:04.440 --> 00:18:06.680 how critical thinking can really improve communication 00:18:06.680 --> 00:18:09.599 and help you navigate relationships more smoothly, 00:18:09.740 --> 00:18:12.700 more effectively. How so? Well, it starts with 00:18:12.700 --> 00:18:14.839 trying to assess situations more objectively, 00:18:15.119 --> 00:18:17.799 stepping back from your immediate emotional reactions 00:18:17.799 --> 00:18:20.720 or personal biases, trying to see things clearly 00:18:20.720 --> 00:18:23.559 for you. Sounds hard, especially in the heat 00:18:23.559 --> 00:18:25.460 of an argument with someone you care about. It 00:18:25.460 --> 00:18:28.460 is hard, but critical thinking prompts you to 00:18:28.460 --> 00:18:32.019 pause, to consider multiple perspectives, to 00:18:32.019 --> 00:18:34.460 genuinely try and understand where the other 00:18:34.460 --> 00:18:37.029 person might be coming from. even if you disagree. 00:18:37.230 --> 00:18:39.190 Putting yourself in their shoes, so to speak. 00:18:39.349 --> 00:18:42.369 Exactly. And skills like active listening, really 00:18:42.369 --> 00:18:46.210 listening to understand, not just to reply and 00:18:46.210 --> 00:18:49.410 asking clarifying questions, become super important 00:18:49.410 --> 00:18:51.349 here. So it's about making sure you actually 00:18:51.349 --> 00:18:53.349 get what they're saying and feeling, not just 00:18:53.349 --> 00:18:55.470 formulating your rebuttal while they're talking. 00:18:55.670 --> 00:18:58.210 Precisely. And when conflicts inevitably arise, 00:18:58.470 --> 00:19:00.970 critical thinking can help you stay calmer, identify 00:19:00.970 --> 00:19:03.289 the core issue instead of getting bogged down 00:19:03.289 --> 00:19:06.390 in accusations or blame. And work towards solutions 00:19:06.390 --> 00:19:08.269 that actually try to address everyone's needs 00:19:08.269 --> 00:19:10.869 or at least acknowledge them for you. Yes. It's 00:19:10.869 --> 00:19:13.569 about aiming for resolution with clarity and, 00:19:13.650 --> 00:19:16.650 importantly, empathy. That makes a ton of sense 00:19:16.650 --> 00:19:18.529 for you. Approaching disagreements critically 00:19:18.529 --> 00:19:20.990 but also empathetically seems way more likely 00:19:20.990 --> 00:19:23.250 to lead to constructive outcomes and ultimately 00:19:23.250 --> 00:19:25.990 stronger relationships. Does self -awareness 00:19:25.990 --> 00:19:29.009 play a role here too? Absolutely crucial. Understanding 00:19:29.009 --> 00:19:31.990 your own values, your beliefs, your emotional 00:19:31.990 --> 00:19:35.430 triggers, what pushes your buttons is essential 00:19:35.430 --> 00:19:38.089 for communicating effectively and avoiding unnecessary 00:19:38.089 --> 00:19:41.000 misunderstandings for you. Knowing yourself better. 00:19:41.119 --> 00:19:43.799 Yes. Self -reflection helps you see how your 00:19:43.799 --> 00:19:46.759 own biases or assumptions might be coloring your 00:19:46.759 --> 00:19:48.920 interactions with others. It's about managing 00:19:48.920 --> 00:19:51.799 yourself so you can engage with others more intentionally, 00:19:51.940 --> 00:19:55.420 less reactively. Okay, wow. We've covered a lot 00:19:55.420 --> 00:19:57.299 of ground -defining critical thinking, seeing 00:19:57.299 --> 00:19:59.559 how it applies to assumptions, fallacies, evidence, 00:19:59.839 --> 00:20:03.119 decisions, problems, relationships. Our sources 00:20:03.119 --> 00:20:05.099 also really stress that developing this skill 00:20:05.099 --> 00:20:07.579 isn't a one -and -done thing, right? It's ongoing. 00:20:07.819 --> 00:20:10.740 Yes, exactly. And that's where the idea of a 00:20:10.740 --> 00:20:13.279 growth mindset really comes into play for you. 00:20:13.380 --> 00:20:15.180 Okay, tell us about that. The sources explain 00:20:15.180 --> 00:20:17.519 that critical thinking isn't some fixed trait 00:20:17.519 --> 00:20:20.539 you either have or don't. It's a skill that absolutely 00:20:20.539 --> 00:20:23.099 improves with practice and, crucially, the right 00:20:23.099 --> 00:20:26.299 attitude. A growth mindset is basically the belief 00:20:26.299 --> 00:20:28.720 that your abilities, your intelligence, they 00:20:28.720 --> 00:20:30.819 aren't set in stone. They can be developed through 00:20:30.819 --> 00:20:33.390 dedication, effort, and learning. Right. It's 00:20:33.390 --> 00:20:35.609 the opposite of a fixed mindset where you think, 00:20:35.670 --> 00:20:38.470 I'm just not good at this and give up. Precisely. 00:20:38.529 --> 00:20:40.990 And for developing critical thinking, having 00:20:40.990 --> 00:20:44.150 that growth mindset is vital. It means you see 00:20:44.150 --> 00:20:47.029 challenges not as threats, but as opportunities 00:20:47.029 --> 00:20:50.950 to learn. You view mistakes or failures not as 00:20:50.950 --> 00:20:54.630 proof of your inadequacy, but as valuable feedback 00:20:54.630 --> 00:20:57.250 information you can use to improve. It helps 00:20:57.250 --> 00:20:59.789 you persist when things get tough for you. That 00:20:59.789 --> 00:21:02.329 reframing of failure is powerful. It becomes 00:21:02.329 --> 00:21:06.490 data, not disaster. Exactly. It fuels your curiosity 00:21:06.490 --> 00:21:08.809 and your commitment to keep getting better at 00:21:08.809 --> 00:21:12.390 thinking. So how can you, our listener, actively 00:21:12.390 --> 00:21:15.529 cultivate this growth mindset specifically for 00:21:15.529 --> 00:21:17.769 critical thinking? Well, the sources offer some 00:21:17.769 --> 00:21:20.650 practical strategies. Things like actively seeking 00:21:20.650 --> 00:21:22.630 out challenges that stretch your thinking rather 00:21:22.630 --> 00:21:24.509 than sticking to what's easy. Get out of the 00:21:24.509 --> 00:21:27.410 comfort zone. Yes. consciously reframing setbacks 00:21:27.410 --> 00:21:29.910 asking what can i learn from this instead of 00:21:29.910 --> 00:21:32.589 just feeling bad actively seeking out and using 00:21:32.589 --> 00:21:34.910 constructive feedback even if it's hard to hear 00:21:34.910 --> 00:21:37.210 sometimes focusing on the process of learning 00:21:37.210 --> 00:21:39.910 and improving not just the final outcome or grade 00:21:39.910 --> 00:21:42.849 staying curious committing to being a lifelong 00:21:42.849 --> 00:21:45.869 learner and a really simple but powerful one 00:21:45.869 --> 00:21:49.349 consciously replacing thoughts like i can't figure 00:21:49.349 --> 00:21:52.059 this out with, okay, how can I figure this out? 00:21:52.099 --> 00:21:55.000 Or what strategies could I try here? That little 00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.160 linguistic shift from I can't to how can I feels 00:21:59.160 --> 00:22:01.880 incredibly empowering for you. Okay. And to really 00:22:01.880 --> 00:22:04.420 build those critical thinking muscles, the sources 00:22:04.420 --> 00:22:07.359 also suggest some specific practical exercises 00:22:07.359 --> 00:22:09.019 you can do, right? I think these people can start 00:22:09.019 --> 00:22:11.279 doing today. They do. Simple things, actually. 00:22:11.539 --> 00:22:13.859 One suggestion is for you to pick a news article 00:22:13.859 --> 00:22:17.200 or opinion piece and actively analyze it. Identify 00:22:17.200 --> 00:22:19.059 the main argument. Evaluate the sources they 00:22:19.059 --> 00:22:21.660 use. Look for any potential biases or fallacies 00:22:21.660 --> 00:22:23.220 we talked about. Like a mini critical thinking 00:22:23.220 --> 00:22:25.819 workout. Exactly. Solving logic puzzles, brain 00:22:25.819 --> 00:22:27.980 teasers, riddles. Those are fun ways for you 00:22:27.980 --> 00:22:29.960 to practice analytical reasoning. Yeah, I always 00:22:29.960 --> 00:22:31.480 feel like my brain gets a good stretch trying 00:22:31.480 --> 00:22:34.180 to solve those. It does. Another powerful one 00:22:34.180 --> 00:22:37.099 is reflecting on recent decisions you made. Go 00:22:37.099 --> 00:22:39.240 back and examine the factors that influenced 00:22:39.240 --> 00:22:41.759 your choice. Think about the actual outcome, 00:22:42.019 --> 00:22:44.039 what you might do differently next time for you. 00:22:44.569 --> 00:22:48.069 Learning from your own experience. Engaging in 00:22:48.069 --> 00:22:50.650 structured debates or discussions, even informal 00:22:50.650 --> 00:22:53.170 ones with friends, where you take opposing sides 00:22:53.170 --> 00:22:55.730 on a topic, forces you to organize your thoughts, 00:22:55.910 --> 00:22:58.789 anticipate counter -arguments, and consider different 00:22:58.789 --> 00:23:01.289 viewpoints. Builds argumentative and perspective 00:23:01.289 --> 00:23:03.730 -taking skills. Yes. And there's a technique 00:23:03.730 --> 00:23:05.990 called the five whys. Ah, yes, where you keep 00:23:05.990 --> 00:23:08.730 asking why to get to the root cause. That's the 00:23:08.730 --> 00:23:11.440 one. A simple but surprisingly effective way 00:23:11.440 --> 00:23:13.640 for you to dig deeper when analyzing a problem. 00:23:13.880 --> 00:23:16.579 Don't just stop at the surface explanation. Probing. 00:23:16.579 --> 00:23:19.740 Right. Actively seeking out and trying to understand 00:23:19.740 --> 00:23:22.500 viewpoints that oppose your own strongly held 00:23:22.500 --> 00:23:24.900 beliefs is another great exercise. It really 00:23:24.900 --> 00:23:27.019 challenges your assumptions. Forces you to see 00:23:27.019 --> 00:23:29.019 the other side's logic. even if you don't agree. 00:23:29.299 --> 00:23:32.559 Exactly. And finally, practicing mindful reflection, 00:23:32.680 --> 00:23:35.660 just taking a few moments regularly to notice 00:23:35.660 --> 00:23:37.980 your own thought patterns, your emotional reactions, 00:23:38.299 --> 00:23:41.480 your potential biases as they happen, can build 00:23:41.480 --> 00:23:43.559 that crucial self -awareness muscle for you. 00:23:43.740 --> 00:23:46.660 So it sounds like a mix of active analysis, deliberate 00:23:46.660 --> 00:23:49.839 practice in problem solving and debate, self 00:23:49.839 --> 00:23:52.519 -reflection, and intentionally seeking out different 00:23:52.519 --> 00:23:54.900 perspectives. Yeah. All really actionable steps 00:23:54.900 --> 00:23:56.440 for you to build that critical thinking ability. 00:23:56.829 --> 00:23:58.849 They really are. And the sources consistently 00:23:58.849 --> 00:24:01.569 emphasize that this is a skill you develop over 00:24:01.569 --> 00:24:04.549 time. It's cumulative. The more you consciously 00:24:04.549 --> 00:24:06.930 practice these kinds of activities, the more 00:24:06.930 --> 00:24:08.970 second nature critical thinking will become in 00:24:08.970 --> 00:24:10.930 your daily life. OK, well, we have covered a 00:24:10.930 --> 00:24:13.069 phenomenal amount of ground in this deep dive. 00:24:13.170 --> 00:24:15.390 Hopefully you, our listener, are feeling a bit 00:24:15.390 --> 00:24:18.130 more equipped now with some valuable insights. 00:24:18.880 --> 00:24:20.559 more importantly, practical strategies to think 00:24:20.559 --> 00:24:23.539 smarter, not harder. Absolutely. And just to 00:24:23.539 --> 00:24:26.140 maybe quickly circle back on a few key takeaways 00:24:26.140 --> 00:24:28.839 for you, please remember the importance of questioning 00:24:28.839 --> 00:24:31.579 your assumptions. Those cultural ones, personal 00:24:31.579 --> 00:24:35.839 ones, societal ones, even logical leaps. Questioning 00:24:35.839 --> 00:24:38.000 them helps you see beyond your biases, opens 00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:40.440 up new ways of understanding. And when you encounter 00:24:40.440 --> 00:24:43.000 information, really make an effort to evaluate 00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:45.960 the evidence critically. Know the different types, 00:24:46.039 --> 00:24:48.380 empirical, statistical, testimonial, anecdotal, 00:24:48.400 --> 00:24:51.160 documentary, and always check that source for 00:24:51.160 --> 00:24:53.859 credibility, relevance, consistency, timeliness, 00:24:54.079 --> 00:24:56.240 and objectivity. For making better decisions, 00:24:56.480 --> 00:24:58.980 try that structured framework we discussed. Define 00:24:58.980 --> 00:25:01.279 the decision clearly, gather your info, identify 00:25:01.279 --> 00:25:03.759 alternatives, weigh the pros and cons carefully, 00:25:04.079 --> 00:25:06.400 make the choice, act on it, and then crucially, 00:25:06.500 --> 00:25:09.400 reflect on how it went for you. Learn from it. 00:25:09.519 --> 00:25:11.380 And keep an eye out for those common logical 00:25:11.380 --> 00:25:14.279 fallacies in your own thinking, too. Things like 00:25:14.279 --> 00:25:16.799 attacking the person ad hominem, false dilemmas, 00:25:16.799 --> 00:25:18.960 trauma and arguments, hasty generalizations, 00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:21.880 appeals to questionable authority, or just popularity. 00:25:22.599 --> 00:25:24.819 Recognizing them helps you avoid being misled 00:25:24.819 --> 00:25:27.400 or making flawed arguments yourself. And definitely 00:25:27.400 --> 00:25:30.319 try to cultivate that growth mindset, embrace 00:25:30.319 --> 00:25:32.980 challenges, learn from feedback and failures, 00:25:33.319 --> 00:25:37.000 focus on the process, stay curious, and practice 00:25:37.000 --> 00:25:40.460 replacing I can't with how can I when you face 00:25:40.460 --> 00:25:43.039 something tricky for you. And finally, don't 00:25:43.039 --> 00:25:45.099 forget how powerful critical thinking can be 00:25:45.099 --> 00:25:47.599 in your relationships. It helps you assess situations 00:25:47.599 --> 00:25:50.160 more objectively, really understand different 00:25:50.160 --> 00:25:52.200 perspectives through active listening and empathy, 00:25:52.420 --> 00:25:55.200 and resolve conflicts with more clarity and connection. 00:25:55.640 --> 00:25:57.500 So maybe here's a final thought for you to take 00:25:57.500 --> 00:25:59.720 away and chew on. Think about one assumption, 00:25:59.859 --> 00:26:01.660 just one that you've held recently. Could be 00:26:01.660 --> 00:26:04.700 about anything, big or small, a person, a situation, 00:26:04.920 --> 00:26:08.140 a belief. Okay. Now really ask yourself, how 00:26:08.140 --> 00:26:10.700 might questioning that specific assumption change 00:26:10.700 --> 00:26:13.000 your understanding? How might it influence what 00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:15.420 you do next? The whole journey of critical thinking 00:26:15.420 --> 00:26:18.180 really is about that continuous process of learning, 00:26:18.380 --> 00:26:20.180 questioning, and applying these tools to your 00:26:20.180 --> 00:26:23.160 everyday life for hopefully greater clarity and 00:26:23.160 --> 00:26:24.819 just, well, better outcomes all around.