1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,640 Have you ever thought about how a rainstorm could change history? 2 00:00:04,640 --> 00:00:07,480 We're gonna be talking about that on meteorology matters today. 3 00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:08,320 Sounds interesting. 4 00:00:08,320 --> 00:00:11,640 It all starts with something called the Tempest Stila. 5 00:00:11,640 --> 00:00:12,640 Okay. 6 00:00:12,640 --> 00:00:17,520 It's a 3,500-year-old stone block from Egypt, 7 00:00:17,520 --> 00:00:20,120 and it might be the oldest weather report in the world. 8 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:22,640 The really interesting part is this inscription. 9 00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:24,960 It doesn't just talk about like little rain shower. 10 00:00:24,960 --> 00:00:27,120 It describes this huge event. 11 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:27,680 Wow. 12 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:30,480 A sky that's just constantly in turmoil. 13 00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:32,640 And lots of scholars think that it's connected 14 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,240 to a massive volcanic eruption. 15 00:00:35,240 --> 00:00:37,520 The imagery on the stila is really amazing. 16 00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:39,560 It talks about this relentless storm. 17 00:00:39,560 --> 00:00:40,000 Right. 18 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:43,040 A sky louder than the cries of the masses. 19 00:00:43,040 --> 00:00:43,600 Wow. 20 00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:46,080 And even bodies being swept along the Nile. 21 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:47,480 It paints quite a picture. 22 00:00:47,480 --> 00:00:50,160 Yeah, it's a chilling look into a really chaotic past. 23 00:00:50,160 --> 00:00:51,040 It really is. 24 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:53,360 So the main theory is that this crazy weather 25 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:55,440 came from the eruption of Thera. 26 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:56,240 Right. 27 00:00:56,240 --> 00:00:58,360 The volcano we know today is Santorini. 28 00:00:58,360 --> 00:00:58,880 Exactly. 29 00:00:58,880 --> 00:01:04,080 Around 1600 BC, this volcano erupted with a force 30 00:01:04,080 --> 00:01:06,280 unlike almost anything in human history. 31 00:01:06,280 --> 00:01:07,880 It's hard to even imagine. 32 00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:09,600 And the effects of that eruption 33 00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:11,280 would have been felt far and wide. 34 00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:12,040 Definitely. 35 00:01:12,040 --> 00:01:14,520 And Egypt probably got hit really hard. 36 00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:15,960 Yes, very likely. 37 00:01:15,960 --> 00:01:19,480 So, OK, we've got a volcano erupting in the Mediterranean Sea 38 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:22,440 and causing this disastrous weather in Egypt. 39 00:01:22,440 --> 00:01:25,400 But how is that even possible over such a huge distance? 40 00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:28,160 Well, you see volcanic eruptions. 41 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:32,080 They can throw up these huge amounts of ash and gases 42 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:34,120 high up into the atmosphere. 43 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:37,080 And that can mess up weather patterns all over the world. 44 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:37,640 Oh, wow. 45 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:39,520 And what's really interesting here 46 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:41,760 is that there's emissions. 47 00:01:41,760 --> 00:01:44,800 They were full of sulfur dioxide. 48 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:48,400 And that's particularly good at blocking sunlight 49 00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:51,280 and changing how air circulates in the atmosphere. 50 00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:53,720 So that could have set off this whole chain reaction 51 00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:56,440 leading to changes in the big weather systems that 52 00:01:56,440 --> 00:01:57,800 control Egypt's climate. 53 00:01:57,800 --> 00:01:58,640 That's amazing. 54 00:01:58,640 --> 00:01:59,640 It is. 55 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:02,880 So is there anything else besides the inscription itself 56 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:06,280 that supports this connection between the eruption 57 00:02:06,280 --> 00:02:07,560 and what happened on the stele? 58 00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:09,680 Well, the inscription itself, it talks about things 59 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:11,840 that would happen after a big eruption, 60 00:02:11,840 --> 00:02:17,400 like a messed up weather, tons of rain, and flooding everywhere. 61 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:19,320 And there's another Egyptian document. 62 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:19,960 There is. 63 00:02:19,960 --> 00:02:21,280 From the same time period. 64 00:02:21,280 --> 00:02:21,840 That's right. 65 00:02:21,840 --> 00:02:24,000 Called the Rhined Mathematical Papyrus. 66 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:25,200 Yeah, I've heard of that. 67 00:02:25,200 --> 00:02:28,800 And it also talks about a time of crazy thunder and rain. 68 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:29,600 Oh, wow. 69 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:32,080 During the rule of Pharaoh Amos. 70 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:33,040 Interesting. 71 00:02:33,040 --> 00:02:35,920 The same Pharaoh named on the Tempest Stila. 72 00:02:35,920 --> 00:02:37,400 So we've got two separate texts. 73 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:37,840 We do. 74 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:42,040 Both hinting at some pretty wild weather during Amos' time. 75 00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:42,400 Right. 76 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:42,920 Hi. 77 00:02:42,920 --> 00:02:45,200 I can see why scholars are so interested in this. 78 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:46,800 Yeah, for sure. 79 00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:50,080 So you want to know more about how the Thera eruption could 80 00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:53,680 cause those specific weather events in Egypt, 81 00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:55,240 even though they're so far apart. 82 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:56,360 Yeah, that's what I'm wondering. 83 00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:57,160 That's a good point. 84 00:02:57,160 --> 00:02:58,880 The distance is really significant. 85 00:02:58,880 --> 00:02:59,380 It is. 86 00:02:59,380 --> 00:03:00,680 So how did that happen? 87 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:02,680 Well, the key is understanding this thing 88 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:04,200 called the Red Sea Trough. 89 00:03:04,200 --> 00:03:04,640 OK. 90 00:03:04,640 --> 00:03:06,800 It's the main weather pattern in the area. 91 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:07,280 Right. 92 00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:11,160 And it usually brings this hot, dry air to Egypt, 93 00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:13,120 all the way from East Africa. 94 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:15,720 But when something messes with this system, 95 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:19,040 it can cause heavy rainfall and flash floods. 96 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,240 And those are the exact kinds of things 97 00:03:21,240 --> 00:03:22,920 that are described on the Tempest Stela. 98 00:03:22,920 --> 00:03:23,400 Yes. 99 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:26,600 So are you saying that the Thera eruption 100 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:28,600 messed with this Red Sea Trough system? 101 00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:30,040 That's the main idea. 102 00:03:30,040 --> 00:03:30,280 OK. 103 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,520 And that's what caused those catastrophic storms in Egypt. 104 00:03:34,520 --> 00:03:37,400 Scientists have looked at the information on the Stela. 105 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:38,040 Right. 106 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:40,280 And compared it to the known weather patterns, 107 00:03:40,280 --> 00:03:42,680 and they found a really strong connection. 108 00:03:42,680 --> 00:03:43,480 There is. 109 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:47,720 To the kind of disruption that a volcanic eruption as big 110 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:49,160 as Thera is could cause. 111 00:03:49,160 --> 00:03:50,160 Exactly. 112 00:03:50,160 --> 00:03:51,400 That makes a lot of sense. 113 00:03:51,400 --> 00:03:51,920 It does. 114 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:53,680 So we have this ancient inscription. 115 00:03:53,680 --> 00:03:54,200 We do. 116 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:56,080 Maybe the world's oldest weather report. 117 00:03:56,080 --> 00:03:57,160 Quite possibly. 118 00:03:57,160 --> 00:04:00,080 And it could actually change our understanding of history. 119 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:01,280 It's really interesting. 120 00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:05,040 Is there a specific way that this weather report 121 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:07,600 could rewrite history? 122 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:08,960 It all depends on the timeline. 123 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:09,640 Oh, OK. 124 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:13,640 Most people think that a moth rolled around 1550 BC. 125 00:04:13,640 --> 00:04:14,280 Right. 126 00:04:14,280 --> 00:04:16,040 But if the Tempest Stela is really 127 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:18,720 describing what happened after Thera, 128 00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:24,400 and we know Thera erupted somewhere between 1621 and 1605 BC, 129 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:28,440 then Amos's rain would have to be moved back 30 to 50 years 130 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:29,240 earlier. 131 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:32,640 So one volcanic eruption and this ancient weather report. 132 00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:33,720 To change everything. 133 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:36,600 Could completely change how we see ancient history. 134 00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:38,240 It's definitely a possibility. 135 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:38,920 Wow. 136 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:40,840 And it would have big implications. 137 00:04:40,840 --> 00:04:41,560 Yeah, like what? 138 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:44,400 Well, moving the dates of Amos's rain 139 00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:45,840 could have a ripple effect. 140 00:04:45,840 --> 00:04:46,340 OK. 141 00:04:46,340 --> 00:04:47,960 It could change our understanding 142 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:50,480 of other major events in the ancient world. 143 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:51,360 Give me an example. 144 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:53,520 Well, like the fall, the Canaanites, 145 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:55,520 the collapse of the Babylonian Empire. 146 00:04:55,520 --> 00:04:58,000 All of those events would have to be looked at again 147 00:04:58,000 --> 00:04:59,520 within this new timeline. 148 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:00,360 That's incredible. 149 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:01,640 It is pretty amazing. 150 00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:04,720 But are there other ways to interpret the Tempest Stela? 151 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:05,680 Of course. 152 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:07,440 It seems like a really big change. 153 00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:07,960 It is. 154 00:05:07,960 --> 00:05:09,400 And how we understand history. 155 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:11,600 You always have different opinions in history. 156 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:12,080 Right. 157 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,200 Some researchers think that the text might be a metaphor. 158 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:17,040 A metaphor for what? 159 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:19,920 For the Hixas invasion of Egypt. 160 00:05:19,920 --> 00:05:20,320 OK. 161 00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:23,160 They were a foreign dynasty that ruled parts of Egypt 162 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:25,440 before Amos. 163 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:29,640 So these researchers think it's not about a real weather event. 164 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:30,560 OK. 165 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:33,000 But the detailed descriptions of the weather, 166 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:36,560 especially that phrase sky in constant storm 167 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,320 and the possibility that it lines up with the Thera eruption. 168 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:42,440 All of that makes a really strong argument. 169 00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:42,920 It does. 170 00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:46,000 That it is a real record of an amazing weather event. 171 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:47,880 This is all so fascinating. 172 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:48,440 It is. 173 00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:50,000 It really makes you think about how 174 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:52,000 weather has affected human history. 175 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:52,880 Definitely. 176 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:55,720 I wonder if there are other historical events 177 00:05:55,720 --> 00:05:58,000 that would make sense if we looked at them 178 00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,160 from a weather perspective. 179 00:05:59,160 --> 00:06:00,000 I'm sure there are. 180 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:01,480 There are tons of examples. 181 00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:05,400 The one that always comes to mind is the year 1816. 182 00:06:05,400 --> 00:06:05,960 OK. 183 00:06:05,960 --> 00:06:08,040 It's called the year without a summer. 184 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:08,560 Oh, wow. 185 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:10,480 In Europe and North America. 186 00:06:10,480 --> 00:06:11,640 What happened? 187 00:06:11,640 --> 00:06:14,480 Crops died, temperatures dropped, 188 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:16,800 and there was this weird haze in the air. 189 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:18,080 That sounds awful. 190 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:18,960 It was. 191 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:24,040 And the cause was the eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. 192 00:06:24,040 --> 00:06:24,600 Really? 193 00:06:24,600 --> 00:06:28,160 One of the biggest volcanic eruptions ever recorded. 194 00:06:28,160 --> 00:06:32,360 It's incredible how a volcano on one side of the world 195 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:35,600 can cause such crazy weather changes across the globe. 196 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:36,920 It really is. 197 00:06:36,920 --> 00:06:40,560 And what's really interesting is how this year without a summer 198 00:06:40,560 --> 00:06:43,480 seems to have inspired Mary Shelley to write Frankenstein. 199 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:45,600 It's a fascinating connection. 200 00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,320 You don't often think about how unrelated events 201 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:49,640 can be linked like that. 202 00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:52,200 So Mary Shelley was on vacation in Switzerland 203 00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:53,440 during that time. 204 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:56,040 And the weather was so cold and dreary 205 00:06:56,040 --> 00:06:57,320 that everyone had to stay inside. 206 00:06:57,320 --> 00:06:58,040 Makes sense. 207 00:06:58,040 --> 00:06:59,800 And to keep themselves entertained, 208 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:02,000 they decided to have a contest to see who 209 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:03,920 could write the scariest ghost story. 210 00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:06,480 And that's how Frankenstein was born. 211 00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:07,280 Exactly. 212 00:07:07,280 --> 00:07:11,080 It makes you think about how many other creative works 213 00:07:11,080 --> 00:07:15,240 throughout history might have been influenced by the weather. 214 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:16,200 That's a really cool thought. 215 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:18,600 Maybe Shakespeare's plays about storms 216 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:21,040 were inspired by a really rough winter in England. 217 00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:22,440 Or Van Gogh's paintings. 218 00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:22,960 Disaster. 219 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:26,240 All those bright colors could reflect a beautiful sunrise 220 00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:28,080 after a volcanic eruption. 221 00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:30,680 It has a whole new dimension to how we understand 222 00:07:30,680 --> 00:07:31,800 art and literature. 223 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:32,520 Absolutely. 224 00:07:32,520 --> 00:07:34,520 And it goes back to what we were saying before. 225 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:35,120 Right. 226 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:38,080 About looking at history through the lens of weather. 227 00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:39,880 It's amazing what we might discover. 228 00:07:39,880 --> 00:07:42,520 Who knows what other hidden connections are out there. 229 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:44,840 Speaking of events with a global impact. 230 00:07:44,840 --> 00:07:45,200 OK. 231 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:47,360 Let's talk about something that's causing a lot of debate 232 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:47,840 right now. 233 00:07:47,840 --> 00:07:48,520 What's that? 234 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:51,400 Mega constellations of satellites. 235 00:07:51,400 --> 00:07:54,840 You mean the huge increase in satellite launches? 236 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:55,440 Exactly. 237 00:07:55,440 --> 00:07:58,720 With companies like SpaceX putting up thousands of satellites 238 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:00,840 for their Starlink network? 239 00:08:00,840 --> 00:08:02,160 Yeah, that's a big one. 240 00:08:02,160 --> 00:08:05,000 And while having internet everywhere sounds great, 241 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:05,600 sure. 242 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:08,240 There are some growing concerns. 243 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:09,280 There are. 244 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:12,920 About what might happen with so many objects up in orbit. 245 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:13,640 It's true. 246 00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:15,880 Starlink gets a lot of attention. 247 00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:16,360 It does. 248 00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:18,400 Because they're launching so many satellites. 249 00:08:18,400 --> 00:08:19,480 Right. 250 00:08:19,480 --> 00:08:20,920 Tens of thousands. 251 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:22,640 But they're not the only ones. 252 00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:23,600 Oh, right. 253 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:25,680 Lots of other companies and countries 254 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:28,360 are launching their own satellite constellations too. 255 00:08:28,360 --> 00:08:29,920 So space is getting pretty crowded. 256 00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:31,840 It's getting a lot more crowded. 257 00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:36,880 So what are the main worries about these mega constellations? 258 00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:38,720 Is it just that there's not enough space? 259 00:08:38,720 --> 00:08:40,400 Well, overcrowding is a big problem. 260 00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:40,880 OK. 261 00:08:40,880 --> 00:08:43,240 The more objects you have up there, 262 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:45,000 the higher the risk of collisions. 263 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:45,600 That makes sense. 264 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:46,760 And every time there's a collision, 265 00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:49,640 it creates a bunch of debris, which just makes things 266 00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:51,200 even more dangerous. 267 00:08:51,200 --> 00:08:52,520 So it's like a chain reaction. 268 00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:53,000 Exactly. 269 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:56,240 That could make space too risky for future missions. 270 00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:57,560 It's a really concern. 271 00:08:57,560 --> 00:09:00,800 That's like a giant game of billiards in space. 272 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:01,720 Kind of. 273 00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:03,360 But with much higher stakes. 274 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:04,520 Definitely. 275 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:07,760 So are there any other worries besides collisions? 276 00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:08,280 Yes. 277 00:09:08,280 --> 00:09:10,240 Light pollution is another big one. 278 00:09:10,240 --> 00:09:11,080 Oh, white. 279 00:09:11,080 --> 00:09:14,040 These satellites reflect sunlight back to Earth, 280 00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:16,680 especially around dawn and dusk. 281 00:09:16,680 --> 00:09:19,800 And that messes with astronomical observations. 282 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:22,040 So astronomers are already dealing with light pollution 283 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:23,360 from cities and towns. 284 00:09:23,360 --> 00:09:24,000 They are. 285 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:26,600 And now they have to worry about these mega constellations 286 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:26,880 too. 287 00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:27,480 Exactly. 288 00:09:27,480 --> 00:09:30,080 It could make it harder to study and understand the universe. 289 00:09:30,080 --> 00:09:31,200 Yeah, that's so worried. 290 00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:34,040 It's a shame because those incredible images 291 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:36,080 from space telescopes have really 292 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:38,040 changed how we see the cosmos. 293 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:39,080 They have. 294 00:09:39,080 --> 00:09:42,320 It would be awful if they were ruined by light pollution. 295 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:43,200 It would. 296 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:45,400 And it's not just professional astronomers who were affected. 297 00:09:45,400 --> 00:09:47,000 It's amateur stargazers too. 298 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:47,680 Definitely. 299 00:09:47,680 --> 00:09:50,240 And people who like to take pictures of the night sky. 300 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:52,760 Everyone who enjoys looking at the stars. 301 00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:54,680 The night sky belongs to everyone. 302 00:09:54,680 --> 00:09:55,200 It does. 303 00:09:55,200 --> 00:09:57,720 And these mega constellations are changing it. 304 00:09:57,720 --> 00:09:58,440 They are. 305 00:09:58,440 --> 00:10:00,520 In ways that a lot of people are worried about. 306 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:01,480 And rightfully so. 307 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:05,280 So we've got potential collisions, light pollution. 308 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:07,160 What else should we be concerned about? 309 00:10:07,160 --> 00:10:09,040 Well, there's also the long-term impact 310 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:11,120 on the space environment itself. 311 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:15,080 More and more satellites means more and more space debris. 312 00:10:15,080 --> 00:10:17,840 And that makes it harder to launch future missions. 313 00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:18,720 It does make it harder. 314 00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:20,080 And more dangerous too. 315 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:21,280 Much more dangerous. 316 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:24,160 This debris can stay up there for hundreds of years. 317 00:10:24,160 --> 00:10:24,920 It can. 318 00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:27,000 It's a hazard to spacecraft and satellites. 319 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:28,560 It's a serious problem. 320 00:10:28,560 --> 00:10:30,160 It seems like we're at a crossroads. 321 00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:31,040 I think we are. 322 00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:33,160 On one hand, these satellite constellations 323 00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:34,920 could be really beneficial. 324 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:37,960 Yeah, like giving internet access to remote areas. 325 00:10:37,960 --> 00:10:38,600 Exactly. 326 00:10:38,600 --> 00:10:40,040 That's a huge plus. 327 00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:43,720 But on the other hand, they could be dangerous. 328 00:10:43,720 --> 00:10:47,000 The space environment to astronomy. 329 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,640 And even to the future of space travel. 330 00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:51,520 So how do we deal with this? 331 00:10:51,520 --> 00:10:52,920 It's a complicated issue. 332 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:53,240 It is. 333 00:10:53,240 --> 00:10:54,760 That needs a lot of thought. 334 00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:56,960 We need to find a way to balance 335 00:10:56,960 --> 00:10:58,760 the advantages of new technologies. 336 00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:02,080 With the responsibility of protecting our skies. 337 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:04,760 And making sure that space exploration can continue. 338 00:11:04,760 --> 00:11:06,240 For future generations. 339 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:08,480 This is going to require countries working together. 340 00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:09,000 Definitely. 341 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:10,520 Responsible regulations. 342 00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:11,000 They're sure. 343 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:12,720 And finding creative solutions. 344 00:11:12,720 --> 00:11:16,160 That minimize the negative impacts of these mega-constellations. 345 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:19,920 It's clear that something as simple as launching a satellite. 346 00:11:19,920 --> 00:11:20,560 Right. 347 00:11:20,560 --> 00:11:22,360 Can have huge consequences. 348 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:22,880 It can. 349 00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:24,520 That go way beyond our planet. 350 00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:28,200 And it shows how important it is to make thoughtful decisions 351 00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:31,280 and to realize that everything we do is connected. 352 00:11:31,280 --> 00:11:32,200 Well said. 353 00:11:32,200 --> 00:11:35,360 The challenges of these mega-constellations are big. 354 00:11:35,360 --> 00:11:35,760 They are. 355 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:38,800 But they also give us a chance to rethink 356 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:41,680 how we approach space exploration. 357 00:11:41,680 --> 00:11:42,320 I like that. 358 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:45,480 And to come up with a better plan for what we do out there. 359 00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:47,240 A plan that's more sustainable. 360 00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:47,840 Exactly. 361 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:48,760 And more responsible. 362 00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:49,560 Yes. 363 00:11:49,560 --> 00:11:51,440 But for now, let's come back down to Earth. 364 00:11:51,440 --> 00:11:51,800 OK. 365 00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:54,880 And keep exploring how weather has shaped human history. 366 00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:55,600 Sounds good. 367 00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:58,200 Are there any other historical events 368 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:00,120 that you find particularly interesting? 369 00:12:00,120 --> 00:12:01,000 Well, let me. 370 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:02,720 From a meteorological perspective. 371 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:03,320 Oh, absolutely. 372 00:12:03,320 --> 00:12:05,880 One that comes to mind is the Spanish Armada. 373 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:06,320 Oh, yeah. 374 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:06,960 I've heard of that. 375 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:11,560 In 1588, King Philip II of Spain, 376 00:12:11,560 --> 00:12:15,520 he sent this huge fleet of warships to invade England. 377 00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:16,200 Wow. 378 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:18,320 They thought the Armada was undedible. 379 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:18,720 Really? 380 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:20,440 But then a bunch of storms hit. 381 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:20,880 Oh, no. 382 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:22,600 And scattered the ships. 383 00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:25,120 And that really helped lead to their defeat. 384 00:12:25,120 --> 00:12:27,040 That's a perfect example of how weather can 385 00:12:27,040 --> 00:12:28,760 change military campaigns. 386 00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:29,600 It really is. 387 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:33,200 It makes you wonder how many battles throughout history 388 00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:36,960 were influenced or even decided by unexpected weather. 389 00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:38,440 It's fascinating to think about. 390 00:12:38,440 --> 00:12:40,400 What if the wind had been blowing the other way? 391 00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:41,040 Yeah. 392 00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:43,320 Could the Spanish Armada have won? 393 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:46,440 Could European history have been completely different? 394 00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:48,320 It's a really interesting question. 395 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:51,160 It seems like even the strongest armies and navies 396 00:12:51,160 --> 00:12:53,000 are still at the mercy of Mother Nature. 397 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:53,640 They are. 398 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:56,280 But it's not just these big historical events 399 00:12:56,280 --> 00:12:57,520 that are shaped by weather. 400 00:12:57,520 --> 00:12:58,040 That's true. 401 00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:01,160 Our individual lives are affected by weather, too. 402 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:04,200 Definitely, weather affects our everyday routines, 403 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:06,960 our moods, even our long-term plans. 404 00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:07,520 That's true. 405 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:11,240 It shapes the landscapes we live in, the food we grow, 406 00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:13,040 and how we connect with each other. 407 00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:14,880 Weather is a part of everything we do. 408 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:15,380 It is. 409 00:13:15,380 --> 00:13:17,920 From the clothes we wear to the stories we tell. 410 00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:19,440 We often take it for granted. 411 00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:19,960 I know. 412 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:22,000 Until something unexpected happens. 413 00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:24,280 And sometimes those unexpected things 414 00:13:24,280 --> 00:13:26,120 can change our lives forever. 415 00:13:26,120 --> 00:13:26,800 Like what? 416 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:33,160 Think about hurricanes, droughts, extreme heat waves. 417 00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:37,080 These events can force people to leave their homes, 418 00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:39,800 disrupt entire economies, and leave 419 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:42,040 lasting damage on communities. 420 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:43,800 It's a reminder that we're all connected 421 00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:44,560 to the natural world. 422 00:13:44,560 --> 00:13:46,360 In ways we don't always understand. 423 00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:49,600 And that brings us back to why meteorology is so important. 424 00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:50,200 Yes. 425 00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:52,080 Understanding weather patterns. 426 00:13:52,080 --> 00:13:52,640 Right. 427 00:13:52,640 --> 00:13:55,840 Being able to predict extreme events 428 00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:58,680 and adapting to a changing climate. 429 00:13:58,680 --> 00:13:59,120 Yeah. 430 00:13:59,120 --> 00:14:02,000 These are all crucial for our well-being in our future. 431 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:04,320 Meteorology isn't just about knowing 432 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:05,880 if you need an umbrella anymore. 433 00:14:05,880 --> 00:14:06,480 It's not. 434 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:09,920 It's about understanding these really complex systems. 435 00:14:09,920 --> 00:14:10,400 Definitely. 436 00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:14,320 Analyzing data and sharing important information 437 00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:16,600 that can help us make smart decisions. 438 00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:17,680 And protect our planet. 439 00:14:17,680 --> 00:14:18,280 Exactly. 440 00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:19,880 It's a field that's always changing. 441 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:20,380 It is. 442 00:14:20,380 --> 00:14:22,840 Pushing the limits of science and technology. 443 00:14:22,840 --> 00:14:24,800 And if you're interested in learning more 444 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,560 about weather and history, you should check out Rob Jones. 445 00:14:28,560 --> 00:14:29,680 Oh, I know Rob. 446 00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:32,240 He's a meteorologist who loves making weather fun 447 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:33,520 and easy to understand. 448 00:14:33,520 --> 00:14:34,600 He does great work. 449 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:37,240 You can find him on Instagram as meteorologist. 450 00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:37,840 OK. 451 00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:40,360 On TikTok as TV meteorologist. 452 00:14:40,360 --> 00:14:40,920 Got it. 453 00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:43,400 And on YouTube, his channel is Rob Jones Hurricane. 454 00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:44,920 He's got lots of great content. 455 00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:45,560 He does. 456 00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:47,960 And you can also find the Meteorology Matters podcast 457 00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:50,360 playlist on his YouTube channel. 458 00:14:50,360 --> 00:14:52,480 So we've gone from ancient inscriptions 459 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:55,360 to mega constellations. 460 00:14:55,360 --> 00:14:56,520 It's been quite a journey. 461 00:14:56,520 --> 00:15:01,640 From volcanic eruptions to famous works of literature. 462 00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:04,440 We've explored all these fascinating ways 463 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:07,520 that meteorology has shaped our world. 464 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:09,240 And continues to shape it today. 465 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:09,880 It does. 466 00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:12,040 It's been a really eye-opening discussion. 467 00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:12,600 It has. 468 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:16,320 And as we move forward, it's so important to stay informed. 469 00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:16,920 Absolutely. 470 00:15:16,920 --> 00:15:18,840 To appreciate the power of nature. 471 00:15:18,840 --> 00:15:19,800 For sure. 472 00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,800 And to remember that everything on our planet is connected. 473 00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:23,600 Well said. 474 00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:26,720 Until next time, keep an eye on the sky. 475 00:15:26,720 --> 00:15:27,080 Yes. 476 00:15:27,080 --> 00:15:48,720 And never underestimate the power of a good storm.