WEBVTT 00:00:14.189 --> 00:00:20.969 Creeping over fields of green Remembering the 00:00:20.969 --> 00:00:27.269 faces The moments unseen The hands that built 00:00:27.269 --> 00:00:33.590 a dynasty The vision in their eyes Echoes in 00:00:33.590 --> 00:00:38.810 the auction bar Beneath an endless sky This is 00:00:38.810 --> 00:01:04.609 the bull buy Turn the bar Welcome to the Bullvine 00:01:04.609 --> 00:01:07.209 Podcast, where we dig deep into the stories that 00:01:07.209 --> 00:01:10.069 shaped the dairy industry you work in today. 00:01:11.129 --> 00:01:13.530 I'm your host, and today we're taking you back 00:01:13.530 --> 00:01:17.709 to 1973, to a Pennsylvania barn where one farmer's 00:01:17.709 --> 00:01:20.269 decision would affect millions of cows you've 00:01:20.269 --> 00:01:22.730 never seen, in countries you've never visited, 00:01:22.890 --> 00:01:25.709 for generations that haven't even been born yet. 00:01:26.370 --> 00:01:28.909 This is the story of Charlie Plushansky and a 00:01:28.909 --> 00:01:31.489 cow named Faith. It's about the day he said no 00:01:31.489 --> 00:01:34.530 to more money than most farms were worth. It's 00:01:34.530 --> 00:01:36.829 about genetics that still flow through your herd 00:01:36.829 --> 00:01:41.069 today. Adding $1 ,500 per cow in value you might 00:01:41.069 --> 00:01:44.250 not even know exists. For the next hour and a 00:01:44.250 --> 00:01:47.109 half, you're not just listening to history. You're 00:01:47.109 --> 00:01:50.829 living it. You'll stand in that barn. Feel the 00:01:50.829 --> 00:01:54.109 weight of impossible decisions. Experience what 00:01:54.109 --> 00:01:57.069 it means to choose legacy over profit. Whether 00:01:57.069 --> 00:02:00.030 you're milking 50 cows or 5 ,000, whether you're 00:02:00.030 --> 00:02:02.489 in Wisconsin or Western Australia, this story 00:02:02.489 --> 00:02:05.269 matters to you. Because the genetics Charlie 00:02:05.269 --> 00:02:08.669 protected in 1973 might be the reason your best 00:02:08.669 --> 00:02:11.009 cows are still milking strong in their fifth 00:02:11.009 --> 00:02:13.370 lactation instead of breaking down in their third. 00:02:13.930 --> 00:02:18.469 So settle in. This is the Bullvine Podcast. And 00:02:18.469 --> 00:02:22.050 this is the know that built a dynasty. You stand 00:02:22.050 --> 00:02:26.090 in your barn on a crisp morning in 1973. The 00:02:26.090 --> 00:02:28.990 familiar smell of hay and silage fills your lungs 00:02:28.990 --> 00:02:32.030 as you run your hand along the flank of a five 00:02:32.030 --> 00:02:35.129 -year -old Holstein cow. She's not just any cow. 00:02:35.310 --> 00:02:37.610 She's the kind that makes other dairymen stop 00:02:37.610 --> 00:02:40.550 and stare when they visit. The kind your father 00:02:40.550 --> 00:02:44.009 would have called once in a lifetime. You're 00:02:44.009 --> 00:02:46.770 Charlie Plushansky, and in about 30 minutes, 00:02:46.930 --> 00:02:49.090 you're going to make a decision that will affect 00:02:49.090 --> 00:02:52.270 dairy farms you'll never see, in countries you'll 00:02:52.270 --> 00:02:55.340 never visit, For generations, you'll never meet. 00:02:55.800 --> 00:02:58.539 You hear vehicles approaching your Kutztown, 00:02:58.580 --> 00:03:01.479 Pennsylvania farmyard. The Holstein industry 00:03:01.479 --> 00:03:04.080 is booming, and word is spread about your cow. 00:03:04.419 --> 00:03:07.360 Buyers have been calling, visiting, making offers. 00:03:07.960 --> 00:03:10.819 Earlier this year, when Pete Heffering was preparing 00:03:10.819 --> 00:03:13.639 to move his operation from New York to Port Perry, 00:03:13.759 --> 00:03:16.479 Ontario, he'd inquired about purchasing cattle 00:03:16.479 --> 00:03:19.680 from top breeders. Now others are following suit. 00:03:20.039 --> 00:03:22.139 looking for the genetics that will define the 00:03:22.139 --> 00:03:26.400 next generation. Your cow. Plushansky Chief Faith. 00:03:26.659 --> 00:03:29.379 The offers being discussed could solve every 00:03:29.379 --> 00:03:32.580 financial problem you've ever had. We're talking 00:03:32.580 --> 00:03:35.020 about money that could buy another farm outright, 00:03:35.240 --> 00:03:38.439 set your family up for years. You think about 00:03:38.439 --> 00:03:40.800 the mortgage payment due next month, the new 00:03:40.800 --> 00:03:43.580 milking equipment you've been putting off. Your 00:03:43.580 --> 00:03:46.599 son carries future. He's graduating from Cutstown 00:03:46.599 --> 00:03:49.659 Area High School this year. You watch Faith shift 00:03:49.659 --> 00:03:52.680 her weight in the stall, her massive udder swaying 00:03:52.680 --> 00:03:55.240 slightly, those genetics worth their weight in 00:03:55.240 --> 00:03:58.080 gold to the right buyer. You know what everyone 00:03:58.080 --> 00:04:01.000 expects you to do. Hell, you know what you'd 00:04:01.000 --> 00:04:05.060 tell another farmer to do. The buyers arrive, 00:04:05.400 --> 00:04:08.599 their city shoes clicking on the concrete. You 00:04:08.599 --> 00:04:10.960 can see it in their eyes. They're prepared to 00:04:10.960 --> 00:04:14.360 pay whatever it takes. The Holstein market is 00:04:14.360 --> 00:04:18.600 exploding. The 1972 Hanover Hill dispersal just 00:04:18.600 --> 00:04:21.180 set records. Money is flowing into registered 00:04:21.180 --> 00:04:24.240 cattle like never before. But here's what nobody 00:04:24.240 --> 00:04:27.519 else knows yet. Not the buyers. Not even your 00:04:27.519 --> 00:04:30.439 wife waiting anxiously in the kitchen. You've 00:04:30.439 --> 00:04:33.259 already made your decision. And 50 years from 00:04:33.259 --> 00:04:36.180 now, that decision will still be adding $1 ,500 00:04:36.180 --> 00:04:39.360 to the bottom line of dairy operations from Wisconsin 00:04:39.360 --> 00:04:42.720 to Western Australia. You're about to say no. 00:04:43.500 --> 00:04:45.879 You need to understand what the dairy industry 00:04:45.879 --> 00:04:49.220 looked like when all this began. Picture yourself 00:04:49.220 --> 00:04:52.860 in 1945, standing on any dairy farm in America. 00:04:53.240 --> 00:04:56.839 The war has just ended. You've got maybe 30 cows 00:04:56.839 --> 00:04:59.300 if you're doing well, each producing about 5 00:04:59.300 --> 00:05:02.220 ,000 pounds of milk a year, less than a quarter 00:05:02.220 --> 00:05:04.819 of what cows produce today. You milk them by 00:05:04.819 --> 00:05:07.980 hand or with primitive surge milkers. No pipelines, 00:05:08.339 --> 00:05:11.040 no parlors, no computers telling you optimal 00:05:11.040 --> 00:05:13.980 feed ratios. You keep your records in a notebook, 00:05:14.220 --> 00:05:16.819 bloodlines tracked on index cards your wife helps 00:05:16.819 --> 00:05:20.360 maintain. Breeding decisions? You make them based 00:05:20.360 --> 00:05:23.199 on what you can see. A straight back, a well 00:05:23.199 --> 00:05:26.120 -attached udder, good feet and legs. There's 00:05:26.120 --> 00:05:28.740 no genomics, no expected progeny differences, 00:05:29.060 --> 00:05:32.019 no total performance index. You breed to the 00:05:32.019 --> 00:05:34.660 bull down the road or pay for semen from one 00:05:34.660 --> 00:05:36.959 of the few AI companies just getting started. 00:05:37.180 --> 00:05:40.459 The entire Holstein industry is about to explode. 00:05:41.000 --> 00:05:43.399 but you don't know that yet. You're just trying 00:05:43.399 --> 00:05:46.319 to survive in a world where milk brings $3 .50 00:05:46.319 --> 00:05:49.319 per hundred weight and feed costs eat up most 00:05:49.319 --> 00:05:51.980 of your profit. The average farm has eight cows. 00:05:52.540 --> 00:05:55.379 Eight. You laugh about it now, thinking about 00:05:55.379 --> 00:05:58.759 operations today, milking thousands. You flip 00:05:58.759 --> 00:06:00.879 through the Holstein Friesian World magazine, 00:06:01.160 --> 00:06:03.879 one of the only connections to the broader breeding 00:06:03.879 --> 00:06:07.120 community. The ads showcase bulls with names 00:06:07.120 --> 00:06:10.180 like sovereign, emperor, king, royalty in black 00:06:10.180 --> 00:06:12.540 and white, But two bulls are about to change 00:06:12.540 --> 00:06:14.879 everything, and the industry is choosing sides. 00:06:15.519 --> 00:06:19.519 Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief, born in 1962 at Pawnee 00:06:19.519 --> 00:06:22.540 Farm in Illinois. You study his daughter's production 00:06:22.540 --> 00:06:26.319 records, and your pulse quickens. These aren't 00:06:26.319 --> 00:06:28.740 just good cows. They're rewriting what's possible. 00:06:29.339 --> 00:06:33.120 Milk production jumping 20, 30, sometimes 40 00:06:33.120 --> 00:06:36.980 % over their dams. The will to milk. Breeders 00:06:36.980 --> 00:06:39.319 are calling it. Chief daughters just want to 00:06:39.319 --> 00:06:42.860 produce. Feed efficiency be damned. But you also 00:06:42.860 --> 00:06:45.540 hear the whispers at the county fair, the concerns 00:06:45.540 --> 00:06:48.939 shared over coffee at the feed store. Chief daughters 00:06:48.939 --> 00:06:52.040 don't always last. Some break down after two 00:06:52.040 --> 00:06:55.060 lactations. The udders don't always hold up. 00:06:55.339 --> 00:06:58.040 And there are the stillbirths, though nobody's 00:06:58.040 --> 00:07:00.500 connected the dots yet on that genetic time bomb 00:07:00.500 --> 00:07:04.079 that UC Davis will later discover, a lethal mutation 00:07:04.079 --> 00:07:07.560 that will cause over 500 ,000 stillbirths worldwide. 00:07:08.810 --> 00:07:12.050 Then there's Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation, the 00:07:12.050 --> 00:07:14.170 bull from Virginia that's creating a different 00:07:14.170 --> 00:07:17.189 kind of revolution. His daughters might not milk 00:07:17.189 --> 00:07:20.050 quite as hard as Chief's, but they last. They 00:07:20.050 --> 00:07:23.189 classify well, score excellent, keep producing 00:07:23.189 --> 00:07:27.490 through four, five, six lactations. In an industry 00:07:27.490 --> 00:07:30.250 where every cow is a massive investment, longevity 00:07:30.250 --> 00:07:33.209 matters. You're watching an industry divide itself 00:07:33.209 --> 00:07:36.910 into camps. The commercial dairymen chasing Chief's 00:07:36.910 --> 00:07:39.959 production. the show breeders following Elevation's 00:07:39.959 --> 00:07:42.439 type. It's like watching your neighbors choose 00:07:42.439 --> 00:07:45.339 between Ford and Chevy, except these decisions 00:07:45.339 --> 00:07:48.540 will echo through decades of genetics. By the 00:07:48.540 --> 00:07:51.620 early 1960s, you can feel the change in the air. 00:07:51.879 --> 00:07:54.300 Herds are getting bigger. The guys who used to 00:07:54.300 --> 00:07:57.600 milk 20 cows by hand now have pipelines and bulk 00:07:57.600 --> 00:08:00.220 tanks. The surge milker salesman who used to 00:08:00.220 --> 00:08:02.660 come by quarterly now talks about herringbone 00:08:02.660 --> 00:08:06.029 parlors that can milk 40 cows an hour. You read 00:08:06.029 --> 00:08:08.230 in Horde's Dairyman about farms in California 00:08:08.230 --> 00:08:13.310 milking 500 cows. 500. It seems impossible, but 00:08:13.310 --> 00:08:15.949 the economics are shifting. Milk prices aren't 00:08:15.949 --> 00:08:18.529 keeping up with costs. You either grow or you 00:08:18.529 --> 00:08:22.769 die. The phrase, get big or get out, starts appearing 00:08:22.769 --> 00:08:25.670 in every farm magazine. This is the world Charlie 00:08:25.670 --> 00:08:29.529 Plushansky inhabits in 1965 when he makes a decision 00:08:29.529 --> 00:08:32.730 that seems crazy. While everyone else is picking 00:08:32.730 --> 00:08:36.240 sides, chief or elevation, Charlie's about to 00:08:36.240 --> 00:08:38.740 try something different. He's going to combine 00:08:38.740 --> 00:08:41.620 genetics in a way that could either create greatness 00:08:41.620 --> 00:08:45.539 or complete disaster. You're Charlie Plushansky, 00:08:45.659 --> 00:08:48.059 and you're building something from nothing in 00:08:48.059 --> 00:08:51.580 Berks County, Pennsylvania. The year is 1945, 00:08:51.940 --> 00:08:54.860 and you've just returned from World War II, where 00:08:54.860 --> 00:08:58.019 you served as a Marine. The stories that circulate 00:08:58.019 --> 00:09:01.240 about you include tales of boxing matches, using 00:09:01.240 --> 00:09:03.759 your fists to earn money for this dream of farming. 00:09:04.350 --> 00:09:07.590 You walk the property line, 120 acres of decent 00:09:07.590 --> 00:09:10.269 ground, with a barn that needs work and a house 00:09:10.269 --> 00:09:13.049 that needs more. Your hands are rough from the 00:09:13.049 --> 00:09:15.610 war, from work, from fighting for everything 00:09:15.610 --> 00:09:18.809 you have. You've seen things in the Pacific that 00:09:18.809 --> 00:09:21.149 you'll never talk about, not even to your wife 00:09:21.149 --> 00:09:24.649 Clara decades later. But standing here, smelling 00:09:24.649 --> 00:09:27.529 the earth after a morning rain, you feel something 00:09:27.529 --> 00:09:30.830 you haven't felt since before Pearl Harbor. Hope. 00:09:31.169 --> 00:09:34.059 Your father thinks you're crazy. a marine becoming 00:09:34.059 --> 00:09:36.820 a farmer, but you've always been able to see 00:09:36.820 --> 00:09:39.659 angles others miss. You could spot weakness, 00:09:39.899 --> 00:09:42.700 exploit opportunity, see the path to victory 00:09:42.700 --> 00:09:45.840 when others saw defeat. Now you're looking at 00:09:45.840 --> 00:09:48.659 dairy cows the same way. You start with six cows 00:09:48.659 --> 00:09:51.340 bought at the Lebanon County sale. Nothing special, 00:09:51.559 --> 00:09:54.000 grades and a couple registered Holsteins that 00:09:54.000 --> 00:09:57.360 classify good plus at best. You milk them by 00:09:57.360 --> 00:10:00.059 hand morning and evening, your hands surprisingly 00:10:00.059 --> 00:10:02.899 gentle. You've got a theory that cows respond 00:10:02.899 --> 00:10:06.039 to routine, to calmness, to the same steady presence 00:10:06.039 --> 00:10:09.440 every day. You're right, though it'll be decades 00:10:09.440 --> 00:10:14.259 before studies prove it. By 1960, you've built 00:10:14.259 --> 00:10:17.580 the herd to 40 head. You've married Clara, who 00:10:17.580 --> 00:10:20.159 keeps your books and asks questions about breeding 00:10:20.159 --> 00:10:22.980 that make you think harder. Your children are 00:10:22.980 --> 00:10:26.700 growing, including Carrie. born in 1955, who 00:10:26.700 --> 00:10:28.659 follows you around the barn with the serious 00:10:28.659 --> 00:10:30.840 expression of a child who knows he's witnessing 00:10:30.840 --> 00:10:34.399 something important. You study bloodlines the 00:10:34.399 --> 00:10:37.200 way you once studied opponents. Spread across 00:10:37.200 --> 00:10:39.899 your kitchen table are registration papers, production 00:10:39.899 --> 00:10:43.799 records, classification scores. Clara makes coffee 00:10:43.799 --> 00:10:46.940 while you trace pedigrees back four, five generations, 00:10:47.220 --> 00:10:50.500 looking for patterns. You're not formally educated 00:10:50.500 --> 00:10:53.399 in genetics, but you understand breeding intuitively. 00:10:54.220 --> 00:10:56.240 The breakthrough comes when your brother Henry, 00:10:56.440 --> 00:10:59.200 who works for Sire Power, calls about some heifers 00:10:59.200 --> 00:11:02.639 for sale down in Perry County. It's October 1965, 00:11:03.120 --> 00:11:06.080 and you're standing in Alan Yoder's barn looking 00:11:06.080 --> 00:11:09.700 at 12 Whirlhill Kingpin daughters. Every other 00:11:09.700 --> 00:11:13.120 buyer has passed on them. Kingpin daughters milk 00:11:13.120 --> 00:11:15.840 well, but they're udders. You can see the problem. 00:11:16.139 --> 00:11:18.860 They're deep, sometimes too deep, attachments 00:11:18.860 --> 00:11:21.700 that won't last. But you see something else. 00:11:22.299 --> 00:11:25.200 You see frames that can carry production, width 00:11:25.200 --> 00:11:27.799 through the chest, that dairy strength your father 00:11:27.799 --> 00:11:30.419 taught you to recognize. And you think about 00:11:30.419 --> 00:11:33.440 Chief, about those production genetics everyone's 00:11:33.440 --> 00:11:36.340 chasing. What if you could combine Chief's will 00:11:36.340 --> 00:11:39.500 to milk with these frames? What if the utter 00:11:39.500 --> 00:11:41.879 problems are correctable with the right mating? 00:11:42.220 --> 00:11:46.000 You buy all 12 heifers. The ride home, your truck 00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:48.080 loaded with yearlings, you're already planning 00:11:48.080 --> 00:11:50.879 the matings in your head. Clara meets you at 00:11:50.879 --> 00:11:53.370 the barn. takes one look at the heifers, and 00:11:53.370 --> 00:11:57.129 raises an eyebrow. You explain your theory, corrective 00:11:57.129 --> 00:11:59.649 mating, using chief to fix what kingpin lacks. 00:12:00.269 --> 00:12:04.129 One heifer stands out, born September 1964, a 00:12:04.129 --> 00:12:07.029 full year before you bought her. 80 Whirlhill 00:12:07.029 --> 00:12:09.710 Frona. She's not the prettiest, won't win any 00:12:09.710 --> 00:12:12.269 shows, but when you run your hand along her spine, 00:12:12.529 --> 00:12:15.110 feel the width of her chest, watch how she moves, 00:12:15.149 --> 00:12:19.529 you know. This is the one. Spring 1967. Frona's 00:12:19.529 --> 00:12:22.100 ready to breed. You've gone back and forth on 00:12:22.100 --> 00:12:24.799 the decision a hundred times. Chief seaman isn't 00:12:24.799 --> 00:12:27.580 cheap dollars. 25 a straw when you're lucky to 00:12:27.580 --> 00:12:31.639 clear $100 a month after expenses. Your neighbors 00:12:31.639 --> 00:12:34.820 think you're wasting money. Why breed a kingpin 00:12:34.820 --> 00:12:37.600 daughter to chief? Why not use a cheaper bull? 00:12:37.840 --> 00:12:40.220 See what happens. But you've learned something 00:12:40.220 --> 00:12:42.740 from your time in the Marines, from battles both 00:12:42.740 --> 00:12:45.860 literal and figurative. Sometimes you have to 00:12:45.860 --> 00:12:49.820 risk it all on the decision that matters. You 00:12:49.820 --> 00:12:53.299 call the AI technician. You breed Frona to chief. 00:12:53.700 --> 00:12:58.340 November 1968. You're in the barn, at 3 a .m., 00:12:58.340 --> 00:13:00.899 the way you always are when a cow's close to 00:13:00.899 --> 00:13:03.559 calving. Frona's been in labor for two hours. 00:13:03.879 --> 00:13:06.139 You've got your calving chains ready, but she 00:13:06.139 --> 00:13:09.539 doesn't need help. The calf slides out, perfect 00:13:09.539 --> 00:13:12.019 presentation, and even in the dim barn light, 00:13:12.240 --> 00:13:14.960 you can see she's special. The calf struggles 00:13:14.960 --> 00:13:17.480 to her feet, already showing that vigor chief 00:13:17.480 --> 00:13:20.279 daughters are known for. But it's her composition 00:13:20.279 --> 00:13:23.360 that stops you cold. The perfect blend of her 00:13:23.360 --> 00:13:25.740 parents' traits, Chief's dairy strength with 00:13:25.740 --> 00:13:29.139 a refinement, a balance you rarely see. You towel 00:13:29.139 --> 00:13:31.740 her off, make sure she nurses, but you already 00:13:31.740 --> 00:13:35.000 know. You've just bred Plushansky, Chief Faith. 00:13:35.340 --> 00:13:39.100 Or on a humid morning in June 1970, watching 00:13:39.100 --> 00:13:42.000 Faith come into her second lactation. She's already 00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:44.820 exceeded every expectation from her first. The 00:13:44.820 --> 00:13:47.480 DHIA tester shakes his head as he records her 00:13:47.480 --> 00:13:51.179 numbers. 92 pounds of milk yesterday. 92 pounds 00:13:51.179 --> 00:13:53.659 from a second calf heifer when your mature cows 00:13:53.659 --> 00:13:56.679 average 60. But it's not just the production. 00:13:57.000 --> 00:13:59.559 You watch her move through the parlor. Notice 00:13:59.559 --> 00:14:02.279 how her udder has improved since her first lactation. 00:14:02.580 --> 00:14:05.759 Higher, tighter, with that perfect four udder 00:14:05.759 --> 00:14:08.779 attachment. Most chief daughters are breaking 00:14:08.779 --> 00:14:11.879 down by now. Faith's getting better. The feed 00:14:11.879 --> 00:14:14.840 bill comes, and you wince. With production like 00:14:14.840 --> 00:14:17.789 Faith's, you're feeding more grain. buying better 00:14:17.789 --> 00:14:20.850 quality hay. Clara looks at the numbers over 00:14:20.850 --> 00:14:23.110 breakfast, her pencil scratching calculations 00:14:23.110 --> 00:14:26.370 on the back of an envelope. At current milk prices, 00:14:26.610 --> 00:14:29.409 Faith's earning her keep and then some, but margins 00:14:29.409 --> 00:14:32.970 are tight. One sick month, one drop in production, 00:14:33.210 --> 00:14:36.049 and she becomes a liability. Your neighbors start 00:14:36.049 --> 00:14:38.990 noticing. At the county fair, men you've known 00:14:38.990 --> 00:14:41.870 for 20 years suddenly want to talk bloodlines. 00:14:42.289 --> 00:14:44.470 They've heard about your Chief Kingpin Cross. 00:14:44.970 --> 00:14:46.809 want to know if you have any daughters for sale. 00:14:47.049 --> 00:14:49.649 You don't, not yet, but you're thinking ahead. 00:14:50.269 --> 00:14:52.950 Faith breeds again, and you make a decision that 00:14:52.950 --> 00:14:56.169 surprises even you. Instead of breeding her back 00:14:56.169 --> 00:14:58.850 to chief, doubling down on those genetics, you 00:14:58.850 --> 00:15:02.090 use other bulls, diversifying the genetics. You're 00:15:02.090 --> 00:15:05.870 building a family, not just a cow. Spring 1971. 00:15:06.710 --> 00:15:09.450 Faith calves again, this time with a heifer you 00:15:09.450 --> 00:15:12.769 name Plushansky Valiant Fran. Even as a wet calf, 00:15:13.009 --> 00:15:15.450 you can see she's different from Faith. Where 00:15:15.450 --> 00:15:18.090 Faith is all about production and function, Fran 00:15:18.090 --> 00:15:21.110 has something else, presence, style, what the 00:15:21.110 --> 00:15:23.789 show people call bloom. You're learning something 00:15:23.789 --> 00:15:27.450 crucial. Faith doesn't just produce, she transmits. 00:15:27.590 --> 00:15:29.830 Her daughters are better than they should be, 00:15:29.950 --> 00:15:33.250 consistently exceeding genetic predictions. It's 00:15:33.250 --> 00:15:36.169 what breeders dream about but rarely find, a 00:15:36.169 --> 00:15:39.149 cow that improves everything she touches. The 00:15:39.149 --> 00:15:42.289 phone starts ringing. First, it's locals, guys 00:15:42.289 --> 00:15:44.309 from Lancaster and Lebanon counties who've heard 00:15:44.309 --> 00:15:47.110 about Faith's production records. Then the calls 00:15:47.110 --> 00:15:50.090 get longer distance. A breeder from Ohio wants 00:15:50.090 --> 00:15:52.710 to know if you'll sell a pregnancy. Someone from 00:15:52.710 --> 00:15:55.809 Wisconsin offers to buy Fran as a calf. You say 00:15:55.809 --> 00:15:58.649 no to all of them. Clara questions this over 00:15:58.649 --> 00:16:01.990 dinner. Practical, as always. The money would 00:16:01.990 --> 00:16:05.230 help. You need a new bulk tank. The tractor needs 00:16:05.230 --> 00:16:07.870 an overhaul. Carrie's talking about college. 00:16:08.009 --> 00:16:11.110 He'll graduate high school in 1973. But you've 00:16:11.110 --> 00:16:13.370 got a feeling about Faith, about what she could 00:16:13.370 --> 00:16:16.129 become. You tell Clara you're building something, 00:16:16.370 --> 00:16:19.669 though you can't quite articulate what. Fall 00:16:19.669 --> 00:16:23.769 1972. The Holstein world is experiencing unprecedented 00:16:23.769 --> 00:16:27.389 change. Pete Heffering is planning to move his 00:16:27.389 --> 00:16:29.950 Hanover Hill operation from New York to Canada. 00:16:30.399 --> 00:16:34.220 His Amenia farm lease expires January 1, 1973, 00:16:34.539 --> 00:16:36.980 and he's already purchased property in Port Perry, 00:16:37.120 --> 00:16:40.139 Ontario. The upcoming Hanover Hill dispersal 00:16:40.139 --> 00:16:42.820 is all anyone talks about. It'll be one of the 00:16:42.820 --> 00:16:45.879 biggest sales in Holstein history. This creates 00:16:45.879 --> 00:16:49.659 opportunity and pressure. With major herds dispersing 00:16:49.659 --> 00:16:52.539 and reforming, genetics are being redistributed 00:16:52.539 --> 00:16:56.019 across North America. Everyone's looking for 00:16:56.019 --> 00:16:59.259 the next great cow, the next foundation female. 00:16:59.919 --> 00:17:02.559 and word about Faith has spread through the breeding 00:17:02.559 --> 00:17:06.200 community like wildfire. You receive inquiries 00:17:06.200 --> 00:17:08.799 from prominent breeders, each wanting to know 00:17:08.799 --> 00:17:12.299 if Faith or her daughters are for sale. The offers 00:17:12.299 --> 00:17:14.960 are substantial, more money than your farm has 00:17:14.960 --> 00:17:18.319 grossed in years. You ask for time to think about 00:17:18.319 --> 00:17:21.640 it. After they leave, you stand in Faith's stall 00:17:21.640 --> 00:17:24.420 for a long time. You think about the bills piling 00:17:24.420 --> 00:17:27.279 up, about Clara's worried looks when she balances 00:17:27.279 --> 00:17:31.039 the checkbook, about carrie's future that night 00:17:31.039 --> 00:17:33.420 you and clara sit at the kitchen table until 00:17:33.420 --> 00:17:36.220 past midnight she spread out all the financial 00:17:36.220 --> 00:17:39.640 records what you owe what's coming due what faith 00:17:39.640 --> 00:17:42.599 and her daughters could bring the math is simple 00:17:42.599 --> 00:17:45.960 selling would solve everything but you keep coming 00:17:45.960 --> 00:17:49.460 back to faith's daughters franz already classified 00:17:49.460 --> 00:17:51.880 very good as a two -year -old the math something 00:17:51.880 --> 00:17:55.240 almost unheard of job fancy's production numbers 00:17:55.240 --> 00:17:58.609 as a first calf heifer match her dams Neil Flute 00:17:58.609 --> 00:18:00.970 and Mark Fife show promise you can feel in your 00:18:00.970 --> 00:18:04.289 bones. Clara finally asks the question that matters. 00:18:04.690 --> 00:18:07.809 Not what's smart, not what's safe, but what does 00:18:07.809 --> 00:18:10.589 your gut tell you? You look at the numbers one 00:18:10.589 --> 00:18:14.069 more time, then push the papers aside. Your gut 00:18:14.069 --> 00:18:16.349 tells you faith is the foundation of something 00:18:16.349 --> 00:18:19.890 bigger than money. You're keeping her. While 00:18:19.890 --> 00:18:21.589 you're making decisions in your Pennsylvania 00:18:21.589 --> 00:18:25.289 barn, the Holstein world is experiencing a transformation 00:18:25.289 --> 00:18:28.869 unlike anything in its history. You read about 00:18:28.869 --> 00:18:31.849 it in the farm magazines, hear about it at every 00:18:31.849 --> 00:18:35.069 sale and show. Money is pouring into registered 00:18:35.069 --> 00:18:38.150 cattle like never before. You're sitting in the 00:18:38.150 --> 00:18:40.809 Kutztown Diner reading the latest sale report 00:18:40.809 --> 00:18:44.630 in the Holstein world. The 1972 Hanover Hill 00:18:44.630 --> 00:18:47.589 dispersal has just concluded. Pete Heffring's 00:18:47.589 --> 00:18:49.950 heard from New York, selling before his move 00:18:49.950 --> 00:18:54.180 to Canada. Cows are bringing $50 ,000, $75 ,000, 00:18:54.180 --> 00:18:58.720 even $122 ,000 for top individuals. These aren't 00:18:58.720 --> 00:19:01.279 just cattle prices. They're investment vehicle 00:19:01.279 --> 00:19:04.700 prices. Tax laws have changed, making cattle 00:19:04.700 --> 00:19:07.599 attractive investments for doctors, lawyers, 00:19:07.940 --> 00:19:10.940 business owners looking for write -offs. Syndication 00:19:10.940 --> 00:19:14.319 is the new word everyone's throwing around, splitting 00:19:14.319 --> 00:19:17.180 ownership of elite cattle into shares, like a 00:19:17.180 --> 00:19:20.579 corporation. You hear about cows with more owners 00:19:20.579 --> 00:19:23.759 than your local bank has shareholders. At the 00:19:23.759 --> 00:19:27.460 World Dairy Expo in 1972, you walk through the 00:19:27.460 --> 00:19:30.059 sale pavilion, watching city people bid against 00:19:30.059 --> 00:19:33.319 each other for show heifers. The auctioneer's 00:19:33.319 --> 00:19:36.160 chant reaches numbers that make traditional dairymen 00:19:36.160 --> 00:19:38.599 shake their heads. These aren't even proven cows. 00:19:38.900 --> 00:19:41.640 They're buying potential, dreams, tax shelters 00:19:41.640 --> 00:19:44.279 dressed in black and white. The market's going 00:19:44.279 --> 00:19:47.500 international, too. You hear about Japanese buyers 00:19:47.500 --> 00:19:50.880 paying record prices for embryos, European syndicates 00:19:50.880 --> 00:19:53.940 shopping for new bloodlines, Canadians like Heffering 00:19:53.940 --> 00:19:56.319 building super herds with unlimited budgets. 00:19:56.759 --> 00:19:59.599 The local nature of dairy farming, where you 00:19:59.599 --> 00:20:02.180 knew every cow in the county, is disappearing. 00:20:03.180 --> 00:20:06.160 But you also see the dark side. Herds built on 00:20:06.160 --> 00:20:09.339 speculation rather than function. Cows valued 00:20:09.339 --> 00:20:11.220 for their paper rather than their production. 00:20:11.700 --> 00:20:14.519 At the feed store, Old -timers grumble about 00:20:14.519 --> 00:20:16.819 breeders who don't even milk their cows anymore, 00:20:16.980 --> 00:20:20.579 just flush embryos and cash checks. You think 00:20:20.579 --> 00:20:22.480 about all this as you do your evening milking. 00:20:22.960 --> 00:20:26.160 Faith's averaging 120 pounds a day now in her 00:20:26.160 --> 00:20:29.119 peak, but she's more than numbers. She's proven. 00:20:29.299 --> 00:20:32.400 Her daughters are proven. In a market drunk on 00:20:32.400 --> 00:20:35.660 speculation, you're sitting on actual, documented 00:20:35.660 --> 00:20:39.680 genetic gold. The calls keep coming. Major breeding 00:20:39.680 --> 00:20:43.079 operations, syndicates, investors. all wanting 00:20:43.079 --> 00:20:45.680 a piece of what you've built. Each offer seems 00:20:45.680 --> 00:20:48.660 bigger than the last. Each time you say no, you 00:20:48.660 --> 00:20:51.259 wonder if you're being stubborn or smart. The 00:20:51.259 --> 00:20:53.779 bills don't stop. The milk check doesn't get 00:20:53.779 --> 00:20:56.660 bigger. But every time you watch Faith's daughters, 00:20:56.900 --> 00:20:58.940 now starting to have daughters of their own, 00:20:59.099 --> 00:21:02.259 you see generations of genetics unfolding. It's 00:21:02.259 --> 00:21:06.319 in this context that 1973 arrives. The year that 00:21:06.319 --> 00:21:09.400 will define everything. Inflation is eating into 00:21:09.400 --> 00:21:13.559 farm profits. Feed costs have jumped 40%. The 00:21:13.559 --> 00:21:16.380 Arab oil embargo will soon triple fuel costs. 00:21:16.680 --> 00:21:19.259 Many of your neighbors are selling out, their 00:21:19.259 --> 00:21:21.660 farms becoming developments for people commuting 00:21:21.660 --> 00:21:24.259 to Philadelphia. You're not immune to these pressures. 00:21:24.619 --> 00:21:26.960 The mortgage payment gets harder each month. 00:21:27.119 --> 00:21:29.700 The equipment dealer wants cash up front now. 00:21:29.880 --> 00:21:32.940 No more credit. Clara doesn't say anything, but 00:21:32.940 --> 00:21:34.960 you see her adding columns of numbers late at 00:21:34.960 --> 00:21:37.759 night, trying to make them balance. And Faith? 00:21:38.240 --> 00:21:40.660 She's five years old in her prime, classified 00:21:40.660 --> 00:21:44.460 EX94, one of only a handful of cows in Pennsylvania 00:21:44.460 --> 00:21:47.099 to score that high. Her daughters are making 00:21:47.099 --> 00:21:50.140 names for themselves. Fran's headed to her first 00:21:50.140 --> 00:21:53.359 show. Job Fancy's production records are turning 00:21:53.359 --> 00:21:56.279 heads. This is when the breeding world comes 00:21:56.279 --> 00:21:59.299 calling one more time. You're in the barn on 00:21:59.299 --> 00:22:02.720 a morning in early 1973 when the weight of everything 00:22:02.720 --> 00:22:05.539 crashes down. Carrie's been accepted to Penn 00:22:05.539 --> 00:22:08.640 State. Your son graduating from Kutztown Area 00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:11.119 High School this year, has a bright future ahead. 00:22:11.440 --> 00:22:14.700 But the tuition? It might as well be a million 00:22:14.700 --> 00:22:17.019 dollars for all the chance you have of paying 00:22:17.019 --> 00:22:20.339 it. The offers for faith have become almost daily 00:22:20.339 --> 00:22:23.680 occurrences. The Holstein market is at a fever 00:22:23.680 --> 00:22:27.420 pitch. With Heffering's successful move to Canada 00:22:27.420 --> 00:22:30.380 and his new facility at Port Perry Operational, 00:22:30.400 --> 00:22:32.980 with major sales setting records every month, 00:22:33.420 --> 00:22:36.700 everyone wants proven genetics. You've been offered 00:22:36.700 --> 00:22:39.859 substantial money, enough to pay off the farm, 00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:43.059 send Carrie to college, modernize your entire 00:22:43.059 --> 00:22:45.980 operation. The kind of money that would let you 00:22:45.980 --> 00:22:48.059 sleep at night without worrying about the next 00:22:48.059 --> 00:22:51.380 mortgage payment. You walk through your barn, 00:22:51.480 --> 00:22:54.680 stopping at each of Faith's daughters. Valiant 00:22:54.680 --> 00:22:56.859 Fran, showing the elegance that could make her 00:22:56.859 --> 00:23:00.059 a champion. Job Fancy, whose production records 00:23:00.059 --> 00:23:03.539 are exceptional. Neil Flute and Mark Fife, younger 00:23:03.539 --> 00:23:07.140 but equally promising. The math is simple. Faith's 00:23:07.140 --> 00:23:09.640 in her prime. Her value will never be higher. 00:23:09.839 --> 00:23:12.619 The market might never be this hot again. Every 00:23:12.619 --> 00:23:15.640 logical bone in your body says sell. But you 00:23:15.640 --> 00:23:18.559 keep coming back to something deeper. This isn't 00:23:18.559 --> 00:23:20.859 just about money. It's about what you're building. 00:23:21.079 --> 00:23:23.900 What you're proving. That a small farmer with 00:23:23.900 --> 00:23:26.180 good instincts can create something lasting. 00:23:26.440 --> 00:23:29.180 That patience and vision matter more than deep 00:23:29.180 --> 00:23:32.799 pockets. The calls intensify. Offers that would 00:23:32.799 --> 00:23:35.250 make your neighbor's jaws drop. Partnerships, 00:23:35.309 --> 00:23:38.029 syndications, every creative financing structure 00:23:38.029 --> 00:23:41.029 imaginable, each one more tempting than the last. 00:23:41.849 --> 00:23:44.589 Clara finds you in the barn one evening, sitting 00:23:44.589 --> 00:23:47.289 on a hay bale, head in your hands. She doesn't 00:23:47.289 --> 00:23:49.950 say anything, just sits beside you. Finally, 00:23:50.130 --> 00:23:52.349 she speaks. She tells you about her mother's 00:23:52.349 --> 00:23:55.369 house in town, inherited last year. It's worth 00:23:55.369 --> 00:23:58.730 maybe $8 ,000. Enough to buy time with the bank, 00:23:58.869 --> 00:24:01.529 keep things going. She's offering to sell her 00:24:01.529 --> 00:24:04.690 inheritance to keep faith. Carrie comes into 00:24:04.690 --> 00:24:08.490 the barn. Your son, 17 years old, tall and serious. 00:24:08.769 --> 00:24:11.589 He says he's been thinking about college, about 00:24:11.589 --> 00:24:14.049 the expense. He says he could go to community 00:24:14.049 --> 00:24:17.369 college first, save money, transfer later. He's 00:24:17.369 --> 00:24:19.450 choosing the farm over his immediate dreams. 00:24:19.950 --> 00:24:23.349 You stand there, your family around you, everyone 00:24:23.349 --> 00:24:25.769 willing to sacrifice for something they believe 00:24:25.769 --> 00:24:29.009 in. For faith. For the future you're building 00:24:29.009 --> 00:24:31.779 together. You make the decision. Faith stays. 00:24:32.059 --> 00:24:34.640 No amount of money will change that. The word 00:24:34.640 --> 00:24:36.440 spreads quickly through the Holstein community. 00:24:36.980 --> 00:24:39.839 Charlie Plushansky turned down a fortune. Some 00:24:39.839 --> 00:24:42.920 think you're crazy. Others admire your conviction. 00:24:43.220 --> 00:24:45.819 But everyone's watching to see if you've made 00:24:45.819 --> 00:24:49.920 the right choice. September 1973. You're at the 00:24:49.920 --> 00:24:52.099 Pennsylvania All -American show when Valiant 00:24:52.099 --> 00:24:54.619 Fran enters the ring. You watch her move, that 00:24:54.619 --> 00:24:57.799 faith power combined with elegance. When they 00:24:57.799 --> 00:24:59.920 name her junior champion, you feel something 00:24:59.920 --> 00:25:03.640 shift. This is vindication. This is proof. The 00:25:03.640 --> 00:25:06.700 offers for Fran come immediately. $10 ,000 on 00:25:06.700 --> 00:25:09.859 the spot. You decline, politely but firmly. You're 00:25:09.859 --> 00:25:12.220 not just keeping cows, you're keeping a legacy. 00:25:14.299 --> 00:25:16.980 The years that follow prove your decision right 00:25:16.980 --> 00:25:20.420 in ways you never imagined. Faith continues producing, 00:25:20.720 --> 00:25:25.740 eventually reaching 242 ,863 pounds of milk lifetime. 00:25:26.019 --> 00:25:30.269 She earns that EX94 4E GMD designation. Gold 00:25:30.269 --> 00:25:32.609 Medal Dam, one of the highest honors in Holstein 00:25:32.609 --> 00:25:34.769 breeding. Her daughters become the foundation 00:25:34.769 --> 00:25:37.730 of breeding programs worldwide. Valiant Fran 00:25:37.730 --> 00:25:41.670 achieves EX90 with 35 superior offspring, the 00:25:41.670 --> 00:25:44.509 star designation almost unheard of before embryo 00:25:44.509 --> 00:25:47.650 transfer. Job Fancy becomes a Gold Medal Dam 00:25:47.650 --> 00:25:50.569 herself. The younger daughters, Neil Flute and 00:25:50.569 --> 00:25:53.750 Mark Fife, establish their own dynasties. By 00:25:53.750 --> 00:25:56.470 the 1980s, faith genetics are spreading globally. 00:25:56.990 --> 00:25:59.670 Dutch breeders develop the Jovina line from JobFancy, 00:25:59.829 --> 00:26:02.289 creating cows that dominate European rankings 00:26:02.289 --> 00:26:05.269 for decades. Canadian breeders work with the 00:26:05.269 --> 00:26:08.269 Frantisco line from Valiant Fran. Quality BC 00:26:08.269 --> 00:26:10.869 Frantisco will become Grand Champion at the Royal 00:26:10.869 --> 00:26:16.069 Winter Fair in 2004 and 2005. In Australia, breeders 00:26:16.069 --> 00:26:18.890 like Ray Kitchen at Corenda Holsteins build on 00:26:18.890 --> 00:26:22.509 faith genetics. Corenda Pemberton, a faith descendant, 00:26:22.549 --> 00:26:27.039 will have 606 daughters and 79 herds. You think 00:26:27.039 --> 00:26:30.319 often about that decision in 1973. What if you'd 00:26:30.319 --> 00:26:32.559 taken the money? Faith would have been just another 00:26:32.559 --> 00:26:35.200 good cow in someone else's herd. Her genetics 00:26:35.200 --> 00:26:38.000 diluted, controlled by others, maybe lost entirely. 00:26:38.480 --> 00:26:41.559 Instead, by saying no, you created something 00:26:41.559 --> 00:26:44.599 that transcends money, a genetic legacy that 00:26:44.599 --> 00:26:47.500 improves with each generation, a bloodline that 00:26:47.500 --> 00:26:50.799 adds value to every farm it touches. Charlie 00:26:50.799 --> 00:26:54.240 Plushansky passes away in 1991, but the legacy 00:26:54.240 --> 00:26:57.329 continues. His son Kerry, the boy who was willing 00:26:57.329 --> 00:26:59.990 to sacrifice college for the farm, takes over, 00:27:00.170 --> 00:27:02.730 continuing to breed and develop faith genetics 00:27:02.730 --> 00:27:07.130 until his own passing in September 2025. Three 00:27:07.130 --> 00:27:09.809 generations of a family who understood that some 00:27:09.809 --> 00:27:12.789 things are worth more than money. That true wealth 00:27:12.789 --> 00:27:15.269 isn't measured in dollars, but in the legacy 00:27:15.269 --> 00:27:18.230 you leave behind. You're standing in your own 00:27:18.230 --> 00:27:22.230 barn now, in 2025. You're facing your own impossible 00:27:22.230 --> 00:27:26.220 choices. Replacement heifers at $3 ,800 each. 00:27:26.440 --> 00:27:30.420 An 800 ,000 head shortage nationwide. Volatile 00:27:30.420 --> 00:27:33.799 milk prices. The same pressures Charlie Plushansky 00:27:33.799 --> 00:27:36.559 faced, just with bigger numbers. You probably 00:27:36.559 --> 00:27:39.259 don't think about Charlie very often, but his 00:27:39.259 --> 00:27:41.940 decision affects you directly. That cow with 00:27:41.940 --> 00:27:44.500 exceptional longevity in your herd? She likely 00:27:44.500 --> 00:27:47.680 carries faith genetics. The bull you're considering 00:27:47.680 --> 00:27:50.859 from your AI catalog? Check the pedigree. You'll 00:27:50.859 --> 00:27:53.740 probably find Jovina. Francisco, or another faith 00:27:53.740 --> 00:27:56.960 descendant line. The math still works. Faith 00:27:56.960 --> 00:28:00.819 genetics add an average of one lactation, 3 .8 00:28:00.819 --> 00:28:04.559 versus 2 .8 industry average. That's $1 ,200 00:28:04.559 --> 00:28:08.160 to $1 ,500 per cow in today's market. Multiplied 00:28:08.160 --> 00:28:11.279 across millions of descendants worldwide, Charlie's 00:28:11.279 --> 00:28:14.339 No created billions in value. But it's about 00:28:14.339 --> 00:28:17.000 more than money. It's about the courage to think 00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:19.539 long -term when everyone else is chasing quick 00:28:19.539 --> 00:28:22.339 profits. about building something that lasts, 00:28:22.539 --> 00:28:25.619 about saying no to good opportunities to preserve 00:28:25.619 --> 00:28:28.660 great ones. You face your own crossroads. The 00:28:28.660 --> 00:28:31.480 developer offering cash for your land, the investor 00:28:31.480 --> 00:28:34.099 wanting to buy your best genetics, the temptation 00:28:34.099 --> 00:28:37.640 to sell out and walk away. Remember Charlie Plushansky. 00:28:37.880 --> 00:28:40.740 Remember that sometimes the hardest choice, saying 00:28:40.740 --> 00:28:43.200 no to immediate profit, creates the greatest 00:28:43.200 --> 00:28:46.380 legacy. Remember that one decision, made with 00:28:46.380 --> 00:28:49.769 conviction, can echo through generations. The 00:28:49.769 --> 00:28:51.630 next time you're facing an impossible choice, 00:28:51.849 --> 00:28:54.910 ask yourself, am I building for today or for 00:28:54.910 --> 00:28:58.029 tomorrow? Am I creating value or just capturing 00:28:58.029 --> 00:29:00.430 it? Because 50 years from now, someone might 00:29:00.430 --> 00:29:03.269 be telling your story. The question is, what 00:29:03.269 --> 00:29:06.150 will that story be? You've just experienced the 00:29:06.150 --> 00:29:08.289 Know That Built a Dynasty on the Bullvine podcast. 00:29:08.890 --> 00:29:12.549 Charlie Plushansky passed away in 1991. His son, 00:29:12.609 --> 00:29:15.130 Kerry, continued the legacy until his own passing 00:29:15.130 --> 00:29:18.029 just this September. But Faith's genetics live 00:29:18.029 --> 00:29:21.130 on in millions of cows worldwide, quietly adding 00:29:21.130 --> 00:29:24.490 value to farms every single day. The next time 00:29:24.490 --> 00:29:26.670 you're looking at your herd, check those pedigrees. 00:29:27.069 --> 00:29:30.509 Look for Jovina in the European lines, Francisco 00:29:30.509 --> 00:29:34.549 in the Canadian bloodlines. Any of Faith's four 00:29:34.549 --> 00:29:37.289 daughters in the ancestry. You might discover 00:29:37.289 --> 00:29:39.289 you've been benefiting from Charlie's decision 00:29:39.289 --> 00:29:42.930 all along. If this story resonated with you, 00:29:43.049 --> 00:29:45.569 share it with another dairy producer who needs 00:29:45.569 --> 00:29:48.720 to hear it. Someone facing their own impossible 00:29:48.720 --> 00:29:51.940 decision. Someone who needs to remember that 00:29:51.940 --> 00:29:55.440 the hardest choice is often the right one. Visit 00:29:55.440 --> 00:29:58.299 TheBullvine .com for more stories that challenge 00:29:58.299 --> 00:30:00.839 what you think you know about dairy. Subscribe 00:30:00.839 --> 00:30:03.000 to The Bullvine Podcast wherever you get your 00:30:03.000 --> 00:30:05.779 podcasts. And remember, in an industry obsessed 00:30:05.779 --> 00:30:09.160 with the newest genetics, sometimes the 50 -year 00:30:09.160 --> 00:30:11.740 -old bloodlines are the ones saving your farm. 00:30:12.220 --> 00:30:15.619 This has been The Bullvine Podcast. Keep breeding 00:30:15.619 --> 00:30:18.400 better cattle and keep saying no to the wrong 00:30:18.400 --> 00:30:21.319 opportunities so you can say yes to the right 00:30:21.319 --> 00:56:38.539 ones. Until next time. Quiet strength they use 00:56:38.539 --> 00:56:42.179 Hear their stories now