Breaking free from the chains of the past Where
truth moves faster than a Holstein calf No law
waiting on some printed page We're charting new
ground in the digital age From genomic codes
to robot facts We cut through the noise, no hold
them back not your daddy's dairy news tonight
we're sparking Welcome to the Bullvine Podcast,
where we dive deep into the vital issues shaping
the modern dairy industry worldwide. I'm your
host, and today we're exploring the crucial balance
between genetic progress and maintaining herd
health. Whether you're a seasoned dairy producer,
breeder, or anyone interested in the future of
dairy genetics, this episode is packed with insights
for you. Let's get started. Welcome back to the
Bullvine Podcast, the show that digs deep into
the topics that matter to dairy producers. That's
right. Today, we're tackling a really interesting
feature article from the Bullvine that's got
everyone talking. We're going to break it all
down. Today, we're taking a deep dive into an
incredibly important piece from the Bullvine
titled The Silent Cost of Elite Dairy Genetics.
Our mission with this deep dive is really to
pull back the curtain on something that's...
quietly yet significantly draining profits from
dairy operations worldwide. That's the often
overlooked financial impact of inbreeding. We're
going to explore why focusing only on those high
genomic indexes and TPI numbers, you know, without
considering the bigger genetic picture, could
be costing you a lot more than you realize. Yeah,
it's a hidden cost. Exactly. And we'll unpack
the critical industry -wide shift that's now
happening towards prioritizing, well, true genetic
diversity in dairy breeding. It's a topic that
might make some people a bit uncomfortable, especially
those who've prided themselves on achieving,
you know, top genomic scores and building what
they think are the most elite herds. But a crucial
point the article makes is that while we've been
relentlessly chasing those high TPI numbers,
often with the best intentions, maybe trying
to maximize profit, there's been this significant
often unseen costs just piling up in the background.
So we're going to challenge some common assumptions
about what elite really means in today's dairy
world and discuss why it's, well, it's never
been more critical to look beyond just the immediate
performance numbers for long -term herd health,
resilience, and yeah, ultimately profitability.
Okay, let's unpack this then. Our first major
theme from the article is the hidden drain unpacking
the silent cost of inbreeding. Right. The piece
kicks off by highlighting this growing feeling
among industry leaders, globally, actually, that
the genetic diversity challenge isn't just crucial
anymore. It's rapidly turning into, well, potentially
a crisis. Yeah, like it's poised to become a
major industry problem if we don't, you know,
get ahead of it. Exactly. Get ahead of it fast.
It really makes you rethink things, doesn't it?
For so long, we've poured resources into chasing
the highest genomic indexes, those impressive
TPI numbers. We celebrate them. We aim for them.
But the article points out we hardly ever dig
into what's lurking underneath those shiny scores,
which is the escalating risk of losing genetic
diversity and, crucially, just quietly bleeding
cash without even noticing. Yeah, it's like finding
a silent leak, like you said, in the strongest
part of your barn. You never knew to look for
it until, whoops, the floorboards are damp. That's
a great analogy. It perfectly captures it. And
it brings to mind that specific anecdote from
the article, too. Oh, yeah, the farm visit. Right,
the writer visiting that pretty solid 2 ,500
cow operation up in New York State. The owner
was, you know, understandably beaming. Proud
his herd's average TPI had hit 2 ,800. And on
the surface, those are fantastic numbers. That's
the benchmark most producers would love to hit.
Absolutely. But then the conversation took this
sharp, kind of unexpected turn. The article describes
how behind those glittering stats, the herd's
genetic base looked, and I quote, dangerously
narrow. Dangerously narrow. Yeah. And that's
when the comfortable chat about elite genetics
suddenly shifted. It became about facing this
looming threat of a shrinking gene pool. And
the writer just says, and honestly, it got uncomfortable
real quick. That phrase really hits home, doesn't
it? It captures that unspoken tension that's
gripping the industry now. It's uncomfortable
because for years we've chased these high TPIs
as the ultimate sign of success, right? We've
invested heavily. And now the very foundation
of that success is being questioned. It exposes
this hidden vulnerability that could honestly
cost a fortune. Uncomfortable, real quick, is
definitely putting it mildly. When you start
talking about the math that should keep you awake
at night, that's the next big thing the article
tackled. Yeah, the dollars and cents. Because
this isn't some abstract genetic theory. This
is about real money just walking right out your
barn door totally unnoticed. Right. The article
specifies that every single 1 % increase in a
cow's inbreeding coefficient, which is basically
a measure of how likely she is to have identical
genes from both parents because of shared ancestry.
Shared family lines. Right. That 1 % uptick can
cost you around $22 to $24 in lifetime profit
per cow. $22 to $24 per cow for every 1%. Yeah.
Let's really put that into perspective. If you've
got, say, a 500 -cow herd and your average inbreeding
goes up by just 1%, you're potentially losing
$11 ,000 to $12 ,000 in lifetime profit across
that herd. Wow. And that's not a one -off hit.
It compounds year after year, cow after cow.
And it shows up in ways you might not immediately
connect to inbreeding, right? Like reduced fertility.
Exactly. More breeding attempts, longer calving
intervals. Higher disease susceptibility. So
more vet bills, more treatments. Yep. Lower calf
figure, maybe higher calf mortality rates, meaning
fewer good replacements coming through. Which
then leads to, I guess, a shorter productive
life for the cow overall. You got it. Higher
replacement costs. Each one of those things just
quietly chips away at your bottom line. Well,
that's only part of the picture because here's
the real kicker, the thing that should genuinely
make you sit up and pay attention. There was
a 2023 Italian study, the article cites it, and
it suggested that the real damage from inbreeding
might be, get this, 40 % worse than we previously
thought. 40 %? Wow. No, the older estimates were
based on pedigree calculations, you know, just
looking at the family tree. Right. Those suggested
about a 44 kilogram loss of milk per 1 % increase
in inbreeding. But now, with genomic data, where
you can actually see the identical DNA segments,
that figure jumped to 61 kilograms of milk loss.
61 kilograms instead of 44. That's huge. It's
a massive difference. It reveals a much higher
unseen cost, reflecting the true biological hit
that we just couldn't measure accurately before
genomics. That's a 40 % higher unseen cost hitting
production directly. And when you put those losses
in today's market, The article mentioned, you
know, milk prices around $18 .93 a hundredweight,
labor costs pushing $18 an hour. Yeah, the current
realities. When you combine that direct profit
loss per cow, the $22, $24, with this bigger
underestimated milk production drop and then
multiply that across your whole herd. It adds
up incredibly fast. It's definitely not small
potatoes. It's quietly eroding years of hard
work, hitting your bottom line hard. It really
is a wake -up call. And the article then asks
this really... pointed question. Have you actually
calculated your operations in breeding exposure?
Good question. It goes on. Most producers I know
haven't. And I get why it's not exactly the sexy
topic your AI rep brings up during sire selection
meetings. No, probably not the first thing they
lead with. Which leads us to why elite has become
this kind of double -edged sword and why there's
this unspoken consensus in the industry that
nobody really wants to tackle head on. Right.
Because genomic selection, I mean, it's been
undeniably powerful right it drove incredible
genetic progress helped us find the best performers
way faster than before absolutely game changer
but at the same time it's acted like this massive
accelerant for inbreeding it concentrated those
elite genetics so quickly that it's kind of inadvertently
created this genetic bottleneck that now directly
threatens the health and productivity of our
herds. That's the paradox, isn't it? Yeah. The
tool that pushed us forward so fast is now creating
this major long -term challenge. Exactly. And
the numbers really back this up. The Council
on Dairy Cattle Breeding data showed that even
back in 2017, the genetic concentration in North
American AI programs was already at concerning
levels. Concerning how? Well, we're talking about
a situation where just a handful of elite sires
were basically fathering the vast majority of
young bulls entering AI programs worldwide. Wow,
a small group having a huge impact. Think about
the ripple effect. If the top 10 or 20 bulls
are used everywhere, overwhelmingly, their genes
quickly dominate the whole population. Now, take
that level of concentration and multiply it across...
millions, literally millions, of breeding decisions
made by dairy producers everywhere, you can see
how that genetic bottleneck doesn't just become
possible. It becomes, like the article says,
inevitable. Inevitable. That's a strong word.
And the reluctance to talk about it openly. It
often comes down to challenging that prevailing
idea that just chasing the highest TPI is always
the best, most profitable move. Right. Because
that's been the mantra for so long. But as we're
seeing, it's quietly eating away at profitability
and resilience. And if your AI rep isn't bringing
it up, well, it's often because the focus is
still on that immediate performance kick, not
the long -term genetic health and the true cost
of that genetic erosion. Okay, so if that's the
problem, what's the solution? Where do we go
from here? This is where the conversation gets
really interesting as we pivot into what the
article calls the elite outcross revolution.
Right. The fix. Now, for a long time, outcrossing,
well, it had a pretty bad rap in the dairy industry,
didn't it? Oh, yeah, definitely. People worried
it would dilute their prized bloodlines. They
thought it meant, you know, random mating with
some genetically distant animal that might actually
be inferior overall. And you can see why, right?
That would set a serious breeding program back.
Nobody wants to just throw random, potentially
negative genetics into years of careful work,
undo decades of progress just to be different.
Absolutely not. But the article really emphasizes
that this new approach to outcrossing, it's fundamentally
different from that old risky idea. How so? It's
not a wild gamble anymore. It's precision science.
It's about leveraging all this robust genomic
data we now have to make calculated, almost surgical
strikes in breeding programs. Surgical strikes.
I like that. Yeah. It's about bringing in new
genetics deliberately with a clear understanding
of what they offer and their potential impact,
not just, you know, throwing darts at a board,
hoping for some genetic wildcard. Makes sense.
And here's a crucial insight the article shares.
Many industry insiders, you know, people at major
companies like Select Sires, ABS, they're actually
moving away from the term outcrossing altogether.
Oh, why is that? Because of that historical baggage,
that negative connotation, they're talking about...
diversity instead. Diversity. And their reasoning
makes a lot of sense. The real goal isn't just
finding one genetically distant bull who's an
outlier. I mean, that might bring in some novelty,
sure, but that one bull could still be pretty
mediocre overall. Right. Different doesn't automatically
mean better. Exactly. The true objective, as
they see it, is strategically using many different
genetic lines, building genuine long -term resilience.
and breadth in your herd's genetic base. It's
about variety on both sides of the pedigree siren
dam to construct something that's fundamentally
stronger, more adaptable, and ultimately more
sustainable. Okay, so it's not just finding a
stranger, it's finding a complementary stranger.
Someone who adds real genetic value and broadens
the base in a targeted way. Precisely. And the
article gives some solid, proven examples that
show the strategy works. It shows that outcrossing
isn't gambling when it's backed by good genomic
data and clear breeding goals. Like who? Well,
think about bulls like co -op boss -eyed Massey.
He brought really wide appeal by offering something
genetically different but still high -performing.
He essentially created a whole new valuable branch
on the Holstein family tree. I remember Massey,
yeah. Or Zannie Bolton -Maskely's. He famously
brought European bloodlines into North America,
which really diversified the gene pool here at
a crucial time. Brought in fresh genetic combos
we didn't have. Okay. And more recently, you've
got stars like 14 -015 -15 -179, Trooper, and
his son, 7 -H -0162 -76, Sheepster. They showed
how you can meticulously blend unique maternal
lines. with high merit sires to create real lasting
value. So these aren't just flukes, it's strategic
planning paying off. Exactly. These bulls weren't
just different, they were purposefully different,
carefully picked to bring in new desirable genes
without wrecking the overall performance package.
And this fundamentally changes the conversation
for producers, right, when they're making breeding
decisions. Absolutely. It's not just about asking
the simple question, what's his TPI? anymore.
I mean, TPI is still important, tells you about
performance potential. Sure. But the smart money,
as the article puts it, is now asking much more
nuanced questions like, okay, what's his relationship
to my herd? Deeper dive. Yeah. It forces you
to look at the pedigree and the genomic data
to see how closely related this potential sire
is to your existing cows. Make sure you're not
just chasing high numbers within an already narrow
pool. And the other key question. Critically.
How does his genetic background really complement
what I've already got? It's not just about avoiding
inbreeding. It's about actively looking for genetic
profiles that fill gaps in your herd. Like adding
disease resistance or heat tolerance, maybe?
Exactly. Things like that. Introduce new strengths.
Enhance overall herd health. Productivity. It's
about building true long -term resilience and
adaptability, not just chasing those short -term
gains that might come with these hidden accumulating
costs down the line. It's strategic thinking
for the sustainability and profitability of your
dairy. Which brings us right to how the smart
money is playing this game. Because the AI companies,
well, they definitely figured this out, haven't
they? And they're adapting fast. Oh, yeah. They
see the writing on the wall. They're realizing
they aren't just selling semen packages anymore.
It's more like they're selling sophisticated
genetic risk management. That's a good way to
put it. It's a whole new ballgame. And the ones
who are doing it right are really innovating,
setting themselves apart. But the article points
out a challenge they face, too, right? Yeah,
there's this market reality they have to deal
with. The article mentions German AI professionals
observing that, look. a lot of large commercial
operations, they still prioritize those top performance
indexes above everything else, including pedigree
diversity. So the market still rewards the highest
TPI bull. In many cases, yeah, regardless of
genetic relationships, which, you know, unfortunately
doesn't always incentivize companies in the short
term anyway to maintain those really diverse
genetic portfolios. That's tricky. It is. But
despite that, some companies are making really
significant strides. The Canadian approach, using
Cemex as an example, is pretty interesting. What
are they doing? They've deliberately maintained
what they call genetically free female lines.
These are unique cow families, basically, that
aren't heavily related to the mainstream Holstein
population. Wow. It's a long -term vision. It
means they can always bring something genuinely
different, genetically unique to the market when
diversity becomes absolutely critical for producers
down the road. That's like building a genetic
insurance policy. Kind of. It's a proactive approach,
reflects maybe a Canadian perspective on sustainable
breeding, that values future resilience, genetic
flexibility, not just immediate gains. They're
curating a genetic library for future needs.
That's incredibly forward thinking. And it's
not just Cemex, right? ABS Global is mentioned
too. Right. ABS Global has their genetic management
system 2 .0. This system uses advanced genomic
intelligence to guide mating choices. And crucially,
it specifically includes genomic inbreeding calculations.
So more precise than just pedigree. Way more
precise. It's moving from a rough guess based
on the family tree to a much more accurate data
-driven approach using the actual DNA. Instead
of just knowing a bull and cow share a great
-grandparent, they can pinpoint the exact DNA
segments that are identical. Gives you a much
clearer picture of the true genetic relationship
and the risk. Okay. And CEMEX has tools for farmers,
too. Yeah. CEMEX also has tools like CEMEXworks
and Optimate. These essentially hand the keys
over to the farmers. They let producers define
their own economic parameters, build personalized
selection indexes based on their specific herd
goals. Maybe it's milk fat, maybe fertility,
maybe longevity, or some combinations. You can
customize it to your farm. Exactly. It's like
giving you the GPS for your breeding program
instead of just telling you where to turn. You
set your destination based on your herd's needs,
and the tool helps you navigate the complex genetic
map, avoiding those genetic potholes and optimizing
for your unique path. What about Select Sires?
Select Sires isn't sitting still either. They
combine sort of high -touch consulting with tech
through programs like Stratagen. Stratagen, okay.
What does that do? What Stratagen does is manage
inbreeding by rotating distinct, unrelated sire
lines every 18 months. Oh, interesting. Simple
idea. Simple, but pretty brilliant in practice.
It creates this natural break in genetic concentration
by ensuring new, diverse bloodlines are regularly
introduced before inbreeding can build up too
much within one specific line. So it prevents
that accumulation. Right. It offers dairies a
clear path to manage genetic risk without necessarily
sacrificing performance. This whole discussion,
though, it brings up a key point for you, the
producer, standing there with your AI catalog.
What's the takeaway? My advice, and the article
really hammers this home, is clear. Don't just
take the sales pitch at face value. You need
to ask the hard questions. Ask about true genetic
diversity in their outcross catalogs. Who's really
giving you genuinely diverse genetics with low
expected future inbreeding? And who's just selling
shiny TPI promises that might be masking underlying
risks? So demand transparency. Absolutely. Demand
transparency. Ask your genetic providers about
their inbreeding management strategies. Ask about
their free lines. Ask how their tools... can
help you specifically analyze your herd's relationships
and manage your inbreeding coefficient. Push
them. Make them show you the data, not just the
glossy brochure. And looking even further ahead,
the article points to some really groundbreaking
stuff on the horizon, things that could totally
reshape dairy genetics. We're talking the future
horizon AI, global policies, and gene editing.
Yeah, the really futuristic stuff. The future,
as the article sees it, belongs to machine learning.
Imagine AI just crunching these massive genomic
databases, optimizing matings through incredibly
powerful algorithms like optimal contribution
selection. OCS. OCS. It's not just about picking
the best bull for one cow. It's operating on
a whole different level, looking at the entire
population. How does it work, basically? Well,
a truly groundbreaking part of OCS is that it's
like... Playing chess on a global scale. Every
move, every mating it suggests, considers not
just the immediate genetic gain you might get
in the next generation, but also the crucial
long -term sustainability of the whole breed.
OCS calculates the ideal genetic contribution
from each potential parent to maximize overnight
progress across the herd, while simultaneously
keeping inbreeding constrained to healthy levels.
So it optimizes for both performance and health.
Exactly. It proactively prevents the kind of
bottlenecks we've been talking about by making
sure parental contributions are diverse across
the population. The companies that master this,
this intersection of artificial intelligence
and artificial insemination. They are absolutely
going to dominate the next chapter of dairy breeding.
It won't just be about who has the highest TPI
bulls anymore. It'll be about who has the sharpest
algorithms to use all that genomic data. effectively,
strategically, to build a sustainable genetic
future. It's a fundamental shift. And this isn't
just about your individual farm, is it? The article
makes that point. Your herd doesn't exist in
isolation. Crucial point. And here's something
that might surprise people, but the article highlights
it. The Holstein breed. It's now effectively
a single global population. Really? How so? Elite
genetics just flow freely across borders. North
American bloodlines, driven by those early genomic
selection wins, basically dominate worldwide
now. In some regions, it's over 90 % North American
genetics being used. Wow. So that genetic bottleneck
isn't just a U .S. or Canadian issue. It's a
global one. It affects everyone with Holstein
genetics. It makes the problem exponentially
bigger, more complex. It shows the reach of these
genetics. But it's also a stark warning about,
you know, shared vulnerability. And that global
context means policy and international coordination
becomes super important, right, for managing
this shared resource. Exactly. And what's really
fascinating here is Italy's leadership on the
policy front. They've actually updated their
National Genetic Index, the PFT, to include a
direct mathematical correction based on a bull's
expected future inbreeding. What does that mean?
It's groundbreaking. Bulls predicted to increase
inbreeding in the population get penalized in
their official rankings. Bulls that actively
bring diversity and reduce future inbreeding
get a boost. So they're actively rewarding diversity
at a national level. Yes. It's the first time
I've seen a country build inbreeding management
right into its national breeding policy. So it's
a powerful example other countries might follow
as they face similar issues. And there are international
groups working on this too. Yeah, beyond just
national policies, you've got organizations like
the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding, CDCB, and
InterBull working hard behind the scenes. They
coordinate international genetic evaluations,
ensure data integrity across borders so producers
worldwide can compare bulls fairly. Okay. Their
systems help you understand how genetics will
perform under specific conditions, which is vital,
but they also play a huge role in managing global
diversity by providing that transparent, standardized
data. And then there's the really cutting -edge
tech, gene editing. CRISPR. Yeah, yes, CRISPR
holds incredible promise for really precise genetic
tweaks. Like that. Imagine being able to make
super precise changes, like adding polled genetics
to elite lines so you skip dehorning altogether.
Okay. Boosting disease resistance, maybe cutting
down vet bills and antibiotic use, or even modifying
milk composition directly for, say, better cheese
yield. All without that linkage drag you get
with traditional breeding. Linkage drag. Yeah.
That's when you get unwanted traits along with
the good ones. Exactly. It's a common headache.
CRISPR... By precisely cutting and pasting DNA
could be the ultimate elite outcross. The surgical
introduction of a desired trait or diversity
without any of the associated baggage or risk
of bringing in junk genetics. Pinpoint accuracy.
So like targeting heat tolerance or mastitis
resistance directly. Precisely. Researchers are
actively working on things like that instead
of relying on the slower, less predictable conventional
breeding path. But it's not quite mainstream
yet, is it? No, definitely not. It's truly revolutionary
in potential. But we have to acknowledge there
are significant hurdles. Regulatory hurdles are
huge. How do you classify these animals and their
products? Are they GMOs? Something else. That
affects everything from labels to trade. And
ethical concerns. Big ones. Animal welfare implications,
broader public acceptance of, you know, designer
animals and gene edited food. Getting the science
right is one thing. Getting society on board
is another. Exactly. Public perception will be
massive in its adoption. It holds immense potential
to reshape dairy genetics, offering unprecedented
control. But its journey to widespread use depends
on a lot more than just the science working.
OK. So after digesting all of that. What's the
key takeaway? What are the really actionable
insights for pharma listening right now? Right.
Well, their article provides a clear action plan
because, as it wisely says, knowledge without
action is just expensive education. Good point.
So step one. First. Audit your genetic risk exposure.
Most producers just don't have a clear data -driven
handle on their herd's inbreeding levels. So
step one is start genomic testing your breeding
females. Establish a baseline for their inbreeding
coefficients. Using that FROH measure you mentioned.
Exactly. Fraction of runs of homozygosity. It's
not just a number. It actually identifies the
segments of DNA that are identical from both
parents. Gives you a much clearer genomic snapshot
of true relatedness than old pedigrees ever could.
And this saves money. The article is clear. This
can save you up to $24 per cow annually. Think
of it like getting a report card for your herd's
hidden genetic liabilities, letting you tackle
issues before they cost you next year's profits.
Especially with the margin squeeze we're seeing
in 2025 from high feed and energy costs, you
need to understand and manage this. Okay, audit
the risk. What's number two? Second, demand diversity
to recover production. you need to really evaluate
your AI company's diversity management. Don't
just look at the top TPIs. Ask your rep specifically
about elite outcross sires bulls that bring genuine
genetic diversity without sacrificing merit.
Ask about their strategies. Yes. Ask about their
strategies for maintaining variety in their bullsteds.
This approach, backed by that Italian study,
could recover potentially 61 kilograms of lifetime
milk per cow just by reducing the impact of those
genetic bottlenecks. This isn't just future -proofing.
It's part of a global shift towards sustainable
genetics that's happening now. Get on board early
for a competitive edge. Got it. Demand diversity.
Third. Third, embrace advanced mating strategies.
Push your AI provider for strategies that use
tools like Optimal Contribution Selection, OCS.
These AI -driven approaches balance that immediate
genetic gain with long -term genetic health and
diversity. And the benefit there? By using these
tools actively, you can directly cut vet and
replacement costs. You get better fertility,
less disease, improved longevity. Forward -thinking
farms are already seeing real results with these
AI tools in 2025. They're practical, profitable
solutions, not just theory. Embrace advanced
strategies. And finally, future -proof your operation
against this genetic squeeze that's tightening
worldwide. That means demanding transparency
from your genetics provider about the actual
genetic relationships in their bull lineup. Don't
just take TPI at face value. Exactly. Don't just
trust the marketing. Ask for detailed genomic
relationship info. Understand how truly diverse
their outcrossed bulls really are. This understanding
is critical as global Holsteinization keeps consolidating
the gene pool faster than ever. It's about positioning
your herd for long -term health, productivity,
and profit in a world where genetic diversity
is becoming a super valuable asset. That's incredibly
practical, vital advice. It really drives home
that ignoring this genetic risk management stuff
is, well, perilous. It just quietly drains profits
when you're not looking. Precisely. And the article
leaves us with this really powerful, almost unsettling
thought that I think every dairy producer should
really internalize. What's that? The most expensive
cow isn't the one that costs the most up front.
It's the one that silently costs you money for
years without you knowing it. Wow. That is hard.
Doesn't it? Those who act now gauge their risk,
rethink sire selection, demand transparency and
advanced tools. They're the ones who will be
the winners in the next decade. They'll be the
thriving operations, while others are scrambling
to catch up when adversity truly becomes the
scarcest resource. This conversation is just
getting started and waiting. Waiting just makes
managing the risk more expensive and finding
solutions harder. It's really time to make genetic
diversity a non -negotiable part of your breeding
strategy. Great points. And that's all the time
we have for today's Deep Dive. For more articles
and insights, be sure to visit www .thebullvine
.com. Don't forget to subscribe wherever you
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you for joining us on the Bullvine Podcast. We
hope today's episode gave you valuable knowledge
to improve your breeding strategies and protect
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