WEBVTT 00:00:10.609 --> 00:00:13.390 Hello and welcome to The Bullbine, where we dive 00:00:13.390 --> 00:00:16.089 deep into the legends and lessons of dairy breeding. 00:00:16.570 --> 00:00:18.890 Today I'm going to share the story of a bull 00:00:18.890 --> 00:00:21.550 that fundamentally changed the course of Holstein 00:00:21.550 --> 00:00:24.989 breeding worldwide. This isn't just any breeding 00:00:24.989 --> 00:00:28.070 story. This is the tale of Hanover Hill Starbuck. 00:00:28.510 --> 00:00:31.410 A genetic revolution born in a humble Ontario 00:00:31.410 --> 00:00:34.270 barn that continues to flow through the veins 00:00:34.270 --> 00:00:38.469 of 83 % of North American Holsteins today. Picture 00:00:38.469 --> 00:00:41.490 this with me. It's a crisp Ontario morning in 00:00:41.490 --> 00:00:45.229 1979. The dew still clings to the pastures as 00:00:45.229 --> 00:00:47.670 two men, Robert Chacoin and Harley Nicholson 00:00:47.670 --> 00:00:50.689 from Quebec's CAQ, trudge through Peter Heffering's 00:00:50.689 --> 00:00:53.289 barn at Hanover Hill Holsteins. They've been 00:00:53.289 --> 00:00:55.810 scouring eastern Ontario for days looking at 00:00:55.810 --> 00:00:58.240 bull after bull. their clipboards heavy with 00:00:58.240 --> 00:01:02.039 notes, hopes gradually fading. And then they 00:01:02.039 --> 00:01:05.659 see him. A 45 -day -old calf with a starburst 00:01:05.659 --> 00:01:08.120 blaze on his forehead, standing with what I can 00:01:08.120 --> 00:01:11.560 only describe as bovine confidence. Those wide 00:01:11.560 --> 00:01:14.019 -set eyes tracking the men as if he knew his 00:01:14.019 --> 00:01:17.280 destiny. I've talked with Chi Kwon about this 00:01:17.280 --> 00:01:20.079 moment, and he told me he wasn't just good, he 00:01:20.079 --> 00:01:22.840 had that look. The kind that makes your clipboard 00:01:22.840 --> 00:01:25.799 hit the floor. What they couldn't possibly know 00:01:25.799 --> 00:01:28.519 at that moment was that this $2 ,500 investment 00:01:28.519 --> 00:01:33.519 would return $25 million in semen sales and completely 00:01:33.519 --> 00:01:36.560 rewrite Holstein genetics across five continents. 00:01:36.840 --> 00:01:39.859 To truly appreciate what made Starbuck revolutionary, 00:01:40.280 --> 00:01:42.620 I need to take you back to the Holstein world 00:01:42.620 --> 00:01:46.420 of the 1970s. I remember it well, an industry 00:01:46.420 --> 00:01:49.799 divided. On one side, you had commercial dairies 00:01:49.799 --> 00:01:52.019 desperately chasing efficient milk production. 00:01:52.430 --> 00:01:55.689 often at the expense of longevity. On the other, 00:01:55.829 --> 00:01:58.650 you had pedigree breeders pursuing those angular 00:01:58.650 --> 00:02:01.670 frames and picture -perfect udders that won ribbons 00:02:01.670 --> 00:02:04.250 but sometimes left cows broken down before their 00:02:04.250 --> 00:02:07.609 time. As my old mentor used to tell me, it was 00:02:07.609 --> 00:02:10.069 like two different breeds sharing the same hide, 00:02:10.330 --> 00:02:12.909 show -ring Holsteins versus working Holsteins. 00:02:13.050 --> 00:02:16.849 By 1975, artificial insemination had already 00:02:16.849 --> 00:02:20.009 transformed the landscape, with 75 % of Canadian 00:02:20.009 --> 00:02:23.939 herds using AI. But this created genetic bottlenecks. 00:02:24.039 --> 00:02:27.860 Would you believe this? 99 % of Holstein Y chromosomes 00:02:27.860 --> 00:02:31.180 were traced to just two bulls from the 1960s. 00:02:31.340 --> 00:02:34.300 That's not diversity. That's a genetic house 00:02:34.300 --> 00:02:36.719 of cards. Meanwhile, the market was shifting 00:02:36.719 --> 00:02:39.539 beneath our feet. The cheese and yogurt boom 00:02:39.539 --> 00:02:42.460 created unprecedented demand for protein -rich 00:02:42.460 --> 00:02:45.979 milk. Holsteins lagged behind jerseys and solids, 00:02:46.199 --> 00:02:48.879 but their volume made them the industrial choice. 00:02:49.419 --> 00:02:51.680 This was the crossroads where Starbuck emerged, 00:02:52.020 --> 00:02:54.659 a breed desperately needing a sire who could 00:02:54.659 --> 00:02:56.759 bridge the divide between show ring perfection 00:02:56.759 --> 00:03:00.439 and commercial practicality. And boy, did he 00:03:00.439 --> 00:03:03.120 deliver. What made Starbuck special wasn't just 00:03:03.120 --> 00:03:06.199 one trait. It was the perfect genetic storm. 00:03:06.740 --> 00:03:10.180 His sire, Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation EX96, 00:03:10.439 --> 00:03:12.759 was already legendary for milk volume and style. 00:03:13.370 --> 00:03:16.590 Those daughters averaged a staggering 29 ,500 00:03:16.590 --> 00:03:18.949 pounds per lactation with the iconic elevation 00:03:18.949 --> 00:03:22.590 udder, high, wide, and tightly attached. His 00:03:22.590 --> 00:03:25.930 dam, Anachris Astronaut Ivanhoe V88 Dom, was 00:03:25.930 --> 00:03:29.509 equally impressive. Her 365 -day record of 28 00:03:29.509 --> 00:03:34.490 ,677 pounds of milk at 4 .2 % fat put her among 00:03:34.490 --> 00:03:37.789 Canada's elite. Through her grandsire, Paklamar 00:03:37.789 --> 00:03:40.129 Astronaut, she contributed exceptional mammary 00:03:40.129 --> 00:03:43.240 traits and longevity genes. But Starbucks' true 00:03:43.240 --> 00:03:46.060 magic was consistency. I'll never forget walking 00:03:46.060 --> 00:03:48.219 through a barn full of his daughters in 1987. 00:03:49.099 --> 00:03:52.259 It was uncanny. Like seeing the same cow repeated 00:03:52.259 --> 00:03:55.360 row after row, those perfect rear udders 12 % 00:03:55.360 --> 00:03:58.340 deeper than average, protein at 3 .2 % when that 00:03:58.340 --> 00:04:01.199 meant premium milk checks, and 82 % with textbook 00:04:01.199 --> 00:04:03.620 leg angles. We'd never seen anything like it. 00:04:03.800 --> 00:04:06.439 The breeders called him a genetic photocopier. 00:04:06.780 --> 00:04:09.479 94 % of his daughters shared his signature wide 00:04:09.479 --> 00:04:12.740 -chested frame and perfectly placed teats. By 00:04:12.740 --> 00:04:15.780 1990, his lifetime profit index hit plus -in 00:04:15.780 --> 00:04:20.480 -500, combining 2 ,100 kg milk, plus 75 kg combined 00:04:20.480 --> 00:04:23.839 fat protein, and plus 2 .3 ptat for confirmation. 00:04:24.279 --> 00:04:27.259 He was the first bull to rank in the top 1 % 00:04:27.259 --> 00:04:29.939 for both production and type, something only 00:04:29.939 --> 00:04:34.189 0 .3 % of today's genomic sires achieve. CIAQ 00:04:34.189 --> 00:04:36.790 knew they had liquid gold in their nitrogen tanks. 00:04:37.050 --> 00:04:41.910 By 1998, they'd sold 685 ,000 semen doses across 00:04:41.910 --> 00:04:46.490 45 countries, enough to fill 1 ,370 liters, generating 00:04:46.490 --> 00:04:49.569 a stunning $25 million in revenue. That's over 00:04:49.569 --> 00:04:52.790 $45 million in today's money. I've seen his daughters 00:04:52.790 --> 00:04:55.550 thrive everywhere they landed. In Bavaria, they 00:04:55.550 --> 00:04:59.310 averaged 8 ,900 kilograms milk over 305 days. 00:04:59.790 --> 00:05:02.970 12 % above German averages. In Ukraine's Sumy 00:05:02.970 --> 00:05:05.889 region, his descendants still constitute up to 00:05:05.889 --> 00:05:09.750 40 % of breeding stock today. Even in South Africa's 00:05:09.750 --> 00:05:12.029 punishing heat, they maintained production where 00:05:12.029 --> 00:05:14.589 other genetics faltered. But it was in the show 00:05:14.589 --> 00:05:17.949 ring where Starbuck truly became a legend. Between 00:05:17.949 --> 00:05:22.629 1986 and 1995, he earned 27 Premier Sire titles 00:05:22.629 --> 00:05:25.889 at major North American shows. His daughters 00:05:25.889 --> 00:05:29.689 collected 82 All -American nominations and 130 00:05:29.689 --> 00:05:32.829 All -Canadian honors. I remember a Quebec farmer 00:05:32.829 --> 00:05:35.870 telling me, seeing a Starbuck heifer stride into 00:05:35.870 --> 00:05:38.629 the ring was like watching royalty enter. You 00:05:38.629 --> 00:05:40.689 knew she'd win before the judge even looked at 00:05:40.689 --> 00:05:45.110 her. CIAQ's windfall transformed the AI industry. 00:05:45.509 --> 00:05:48.589 They funded young sire testing for 500 -plus 00:05:48.589 --> 00:05:51.470 bulls annually, invested in early BLUP models 00:05:51.470 --> 00:05:54.259 that laid groundwork for today's genomics, and 00:05:54.259 --> 00:05:56.360 established distribution hubs across continents. 00:05:56.860 --> 00:05:59.579 Starbucks' proven track record convinced even 00:05:59.579 --> 00:06:02.620 the most skeptical farmers to embrace AI, pushing 00:06:02.620 --> 00:06:07.379 Canadian adoption rates to 89 % by 1990. By 2000, 00:06:07.819 --> 00:06:10.139 Starbucks' influence had reached levels we'd 00:06:10.139 --> 00:06:13.180 never seen before, and frankly, hope never to 00:06:13.180 --> 00:06:16.639 see again. His 200 ,000 -plus daughters span 00:06:16.639 --> 00:06:20.839 45 countries, with 62 ,000 in Canada alone. In 00:06:20.839 --> 00:06:24.160 Quebec, an astonishing 95 % of Holsteins carried 00:06:24.160 --> 00:06:28.040 his genetics. His 209 proven sons, including 00:06:28.040 --> 00:06:30.779 standouts like Hanover Hill Raider with his plus 00:06:30.779 --> 00:06:33.759 -0 .07 % protein transmission, extended this 00:06:33.759 --> 00:06:36.939 dynasty into a third generation. The global footprint 00:06:36.939 --> 00:06:39.339 was staggering. From Japan's Northern Island 00:06:39.339 --> 00:06:42.279 to Brazil's dairy regions, Starbucks' genes were 00:06:42.279 --> 00:06:45.279 reshaping the Holstein breed worldwide. But, 00:06:45.439 --> 00:06:48.100 and this is crucial for you to understand, this 00:06:48.100 --> 00:06:51.699 dominance came at a cost. By 2000, inbreeding 00:06:51.699 --> 00:06:56.040 coefficients in Quebec herds hit 6 .8%. His daughters, 00:06:56.160 --> 00:06:59.180 while productive, showed mangas 1 .23 for fertility. 00:06:59.720 --> 00:07:02.319 Their extreme dairy character, while beautiful, 00:07:02.519 --> 00:07:05.540 correlated with 18 % higher culling rates for 00:07:05.540 --> 00:07:08.019 metabolic disorders compared to outcrossed herds. 00:07:08.220 --> 00:07:11.319 The smartest breeders adapted. The Danes started 00:07:11.319 --> 00:07:14.160 crossing starbuck line cows with Viking red cattle 00:07:14.160 --> 00:07:17.589 to improve hoof health. AI centers eventually 00:07:17.589 --> 00:07:20.529 limited his lineage to 5 % of catalogs, using 00:07:20.529 --> 00:07:23.009 SNP -guided mating to reduce inbreeding risks. 00:07:23.430 --> 00:07:26.790 As Lactonet's latest report shows, Holstein inbreeding 00:07:26.790 --> 00:07:29.910 rates have stabilized around 9 .61 % in recent 00:07:29.910 --> 00:07:33.209 births. However, the annual increase of plus 00:07:33.209 --> 00:07:36.569 0 .25 % remains the highest among major dairy 00:07:36.569 --> 00:07:39.069 breeds, a lingering echo of the Starbuck era. 00:07:39.410 --> 00:07:41.930 Starbuck's career spanned an extraordinary 19 00:07:41.930 --> 00:07:46.560 years. Most bulls retire by 12. He remained fertile 00:07:46.560 --> 00:07:50.339 until his death on September 17, 1998, in Saint 00:07:50.339 --> 00:07:53.779 -Hyacinthe, Quebec. His frozen semen from the 00:07:53.779 --> 00:07:56.040 early years continued producing daughters well 00:07:56.040 --> 00:07:58.879 into the 2000s, with a Michigan dairy reporting 00:07:58.879 --> 00:08:03.079 a 2005 -born daughter yielding 18 ,300 kilos 00:08:03.079 --> 00:08:06.740 milk at 3 .7 % protein. Then came one of the 00:08:06.740 --> 00:08:09.899 most fascinating chapters in his story, the clone. 00:08:10.500 --> 00:08:13.910 In 2000, Scientists at Université de Montréal 00:08:13.910 --> 00:08:17.310 and Laliance Bovitek created Starbuck2 using 00:08:17.310 --> 00:08:20.410 somatic cells frozen before his death. The calf 00:08:20.410 --> 00:08:22.889 initially showed promise, but mitochondrial DNA 00:08:22.889 --> 00:08:25.670 discrepancies led regulators to block commercial 00:08:25.670 --> 00:08:29.889 use. The cloning process took 64 attempts initially. 00:08:30.370 --> 00:08:33.690 Despite the technical achievement, by 2010, genomic 00:08:33.690 --> 00:08:37.250 selection had made cloning obsolete. Starbuck2 00:08:37.250 --> 00:08:40.029 was cremated, a symbolic end to an ambitious 00:08:40.029 --> 00:08:42.960 chapter. I love what Dr. Lawrence Smith noted 00:08:42.960 --> 00:08:45.899 about this experiment. Cloning taught us precision, 00:08:46.039 --> 00:08:49.379 but also humility. Nature's blueprint resists 00:08:49.379 --> 00:08:52.220 shortcuts. Starbuck's influence even extended 00:08:52.220 --> 00:08:56.200 beyond agriculture. The 2011 Quebecois film Starbuck 00:08:56.200 --> 00:08:58.820 and its Hollywood remake Delivery Man explored 00:08:58.820 --> 00:09:01.539 the ethics of mass genetic contribution. His 00:09:01.539 --> 00:09:04.080 story forced our industry to confront inbreeding 00:09:04.080 --> 00:09:06.639 risks, leading to today's optimal contribution 00:09:06.639 --> 00:09:10.100 selection protocols. The contrast between Starbucks' 00:09:10.340 --> 00:09:12.740 era and today's breeding methods couldn't be 00:09:12.740 --> 00:09:15.919 starker. When I look at how Chacoin and Nicholson 00:09:15.919 --> 00:09:18.980 selected him, relying on visual assessment and 00:09:18.980 --> 00:09:22.539 pedigree, it feels like ancient history. Today's 00:09:22.539 --> 00:09:26.639 breeders use 50K SNP chips to decode DNA, predicting 00:09:26.639 --> 00:09:29.500 traits like methane efficiency and feed intake 00:09:29.500 --> 00:09:33.029 before a calf takes its first breath. Where Starbucks' 00:09:33.230 --> 00:09:36.009 proof required years of daughter testing, genomic 00:09:36.009 --> 00:09:39.409 evaluations now achieve 85 % reliability in calves, 00:09:39.629 --> 00:09:43.210 cutting generation intervals by 40%. His daughters 00:09:43.210 --> 00:09:46.269 met 1980s needs for protein and volume. Today's 00:09:46.269 --> 00:09:48.850 indices prioritize feed -saved and methane efficiency, 00:09:49.269 --> 00:09:51.610 measured through mid -infrared spectroscopy and 00:09:51.610 --> 00:09:54.690 SNP markers. Modern breeding also addresses Starbucks' 00:09:54.970 --> 00:09:58.470 greatest weakness, genetic concentration. Optimal 00:09:58.470 --> 00:10:01.190 contribution selection caps single sire influence 00:10:01.190 --> 00:10:05.990 at 5 % of AI catalogs. Snip -guided mating using 00:10:05.990 --> 00:10:10.929 13 ,250 markers reduces inbreeding by 22%, even 00:10:10.929 --> 00:10:13.009 in regions like Ukraine where his descendants 00:10:13.009 --> 00:10:16.429 remain dominant. CRISPR trials now target specific 00:10:16.429 --> 00:10:18.970 genes to enhance reproduction and milk yield 00:10:18.970 --> 00:10:21.750 simultaneously, addressing the fertility deficits 00:10:21.750 --> 00:10:25.600 his line introduced. Meanwhile, K -Means clustering 00:10:25.600 --> 00:10:28.120 of SNP data helps breeders balance productivity 00:10:28.120 --> 00:10:31.480 with genetic diversity. I can't talk about Starbuck 00:10:31.480 --> 00:10:33.720 without acknowledging the genius of Peter Heffering 00:10:33.720 --> 00:10:36.580 and Ken Trevina, who built Hanover Hill Holsteins 00:10:36.580 --> 00:10:40.179 on a revolutionary premise. Functional type isn't 00:10:40.179 --> 00:10:43.139 just about show rings, it's about cows that last. 00:10:43.799 --> 00:10:46.620 Peter rejected the false choice between volume 00:10:46.620 --> 00:10:49.799 and vitality, selecting for deep ribs for feed 00:10:49.799 --> 00:10:53.120 capacity, correct leg angles for longevity, and 00:10:53.120 --> 00:10:54.799 udders that could withstand high production. 00:10:55.320 --> 00:10:58.700 His mantra, breed the best, and the rest will 00:10:58.700 --> 00:11:01.299 follow, guided a program that reshaped global 00:11:01.299 --> 00:11:04.340 genetics. Heffering's philosophy crystallized 00:11:04.340 --> 00:11:08.879 in 1983 with the $1 .45 million sale of Brookview 00:11:08.879 --> 00:11:12.460 Tony Charity, another Elevation's son. The sale 00:11:12.460 --> 00:11:14.960 funded Hanover Hill's expansion into embryo transfer, 00:11:15.320 --> 00:11:17.860 allowing him to multiply his best cow families. 00:11:18.179 --> 00:11:21.000 His humility always struck me. We didn't set 00:11:21.000 --> 00:11:23.539 out to create a dynasty. we aim to breed the 00:11:23.539 --> 00:11:26.980 best. And I love his practical wisdom. A cow's 00:11:26.980 --> 00:11:29.659 value isn't in her pedigree, it's in her ability 00:11:29.659 --> 00:11:34.620 to outlast the mortgage. By 1995, 92 % of Canadian 00:11:34.620 --> 00:11:37.600 heifers carried Hanover Hill genetics, a testament 00:11:37.600 --> 00:11:40.320 to Heffering's focus on adaptability and his 00:11:40.320 --> 00:11:42.960 proof that excellence need not sacrifice sustainability. 00:11:43.539 --> 00:11:46.159 If you're breeding Holsteins today, Starbucks 00:11:46.159 --> 00:11:49.309 Story offers timeless wisdom. His dominance revealed 00:11:49.309 --> 00:11:51.850 both the power and peril of genetic concentration. 00:11:52.529 --> 00:11:55.330 Today's tools, like optimal contribution selection, 00:11:55.649 --> 00:11:58.830 mitigate these risks by limiting individual sire 00:11:58.830 --> 00:12:01.570 contributions. With Holstein inbreeding rates 00:12:01.570 --> 00:12:05.950 at 9 .61%, Starbuck's legacy reminds us, genetic 00:12:05.950 --> 00:12:08.269 progress without diversity is a short -lived 00:12:08.269 --> 00:12:12.009 triumph. His success also teaches market responsiveness. 00:12:12.250 --> 00:12:15.370 Starbuck met 1980s demand for high -protein milk. 00:12:15.799 --> 00:12:18.019 just as you need to adapt to today's priorities. 00:12:18.740 --> 00:12:22.159 A2 bivouacason, New Zealand now produces 86 % 00:12:22.159 --> 00:12:25.600 A2 milk. Environmental metrics with methane efficiency 00:12:25.600 --> 00:12:28.600 becoming crucial, feed efficiency as the U .S. 00:12:28.620 --> 00:12:31.460 Net Merit Index prioritizes residual feed intake. 00:12:31.860 --> 00:12:34.659 As one Danish breeder put it, we're not just 00:12:34.659 --> 00:12:36.919 selecting cows, we're curating supply chains. 00:12:37.419 --> 00:12:40.840 The bottom line? Starbucks' genome is both foundation 00:12:40.840 --> 00:12:43.960 and warning. Progress without preservation risks 00:12:43.960 --> 00:12:47.100 extinction. His daughter's protein yields built 00:12:47.100 --> 00:12:49.519 empires, but their fertility struggles revealed 00:12:49.519 --> 00:12:52.559 the cost of imbalance. Modern tools now let us 00:12:52.559 --> 00:12:54.899 honor his legacy while avoiding its pitfalls. 00:12:55.340 --> 00:12:58.419 Remember this above all, genetic greatness isn't 00:12:58.419 --> 00:13:01.159 measured in semen doses sold, but in herds that 00:13:01.159 --> 00:13:04.840 thrive across generations. As I wrap up today's 00:13:04.840 --> 00:13:07.120 episode, I want you to contemplate Starbucks' 00:13:07.360 --> 00:13:10.480 hoofprint on history. His legacy is etched into 00:13:10.480 --> 00:13:13.620 the very DNA of modern dairy farming. From his 00:13:13.620 --> 00:13:17.039 200 ,000 plus daughters to his 27 premier sire 00:13:17.039 --> 00:13:19.779 titles, he redefined what a single bull could 00:13:19.779 --> 00:13:23.000 achieve. His genetic penetration remains unmatched. 00:13:23.240 --> 00:13:26.379 95 % of Quebec Holsteins carried his lineage 00:13:26.379 --> 00:13:31.000 by 2000, and today, 35 % of the world's top GTPI 00:13:31.000 --> 00:13:34.179 females still trace to his pedigree. His show 00:13:34.179 --> 00:13:36.440 ring daughters proved that style and substance 00:13:36.440 --> 00:13:39.779 could coexist, bridging the divide between pedigree 00:13:39.779 --> 00:13:43.139 prestige and commercial practicality. Yet his 00:13:43.139 --> 00:13:45.679 greatest contribution may be the lessons learned 00:13:45.679 --> 00:13:48.740 from his shortcomings. The fertility deficits 00:13:48.740 --> 00:13:51.379 and inbreeding spikes forced breeders to confront 00:13:51.379 --> 00:13:55.120 the cost of unchecked genetic ambition. Today's 00:13:55.120 --> 00:13:57.679 approaches, from optimal contribution selection 00:13:57.679 --> 00:14:01.120 to CRISPR -edited traits, blend his production 00:14:01.120 --> 00:14:04.700 prowess with ecological stewardship. As Holsteins 00:14:04.700 --> 00:14:07.740 face climate mandates and ethical scrutiny, Starbucks' 00:14:07.940 --> 00:14:10.620 influence persists in the utter structure of 00:14:10.620 --> 00:14:13.320 a champion heifer. the protein yield of a commercial 00:14:13.320 --> 00:14:16.320 herd, and the algorithms parsing genomic data. 00:14:16.620 --> 00:14:19.840 In every modern Holstein's stride, Starbuck's 00:14:19.840 --> 00:14:23.139 DNA whispers, a testament to how one bull's blueprint 00:14:23.139 --> 00:14:25.940 can milk the future, for better and sometimes 00:14:25.940 --> 00:14:28.639 for worse, but always with lessons that transcend 00:14:28.639 --> 00:14:31.679 generations. This has been the Bullvine Podcast. 00:14:32.240 --> 00:14:34.620 If you enjoyed this episode about Hanover Hill 00:14:34.620 --> 00:14:37.340 Starbuck, please share it with your fellow breeders. 00:14:37.480 --> 00:14:40.059 Subscribe for more stories from dairies past 00:14:40.059 --> 00:14:43.409 and present. And join me next time as we continue 00:14:43.409 --> 00:14:45.909 exploring the legends that shaped our industry. 00:14:46.269 --> 00:14:49.750 Until then, may your calvings be easy and your 00:14:49.750 --> 00:14:51.169 milk checks plentiful.