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Ever get that feeling like when you're playing

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a really intense video game, you know,

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and the graphics are so good,

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you almost feel like you could reach out and touch them?

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And then VR comes along and just like,

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takes it to a whole other level.

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Yeah, exactly.

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It makes you wonder, right?

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Like, what if what we're experiencing right here,

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right now is all just part of some hyper realistic

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simulation and what if, and this is where it gets

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really interesting, what if we're completely oblivious to it?

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Well, get ready to go down the rabbit hole, folks,

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because today we're taking a deep dive,

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a real deep dive into philosopher Nick Bostrom's

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mind-bending paper.

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Are you living in a computer simulation?

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Now, this isn't just some late night

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dorm room thought experiment.

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Bostrom lays out a pretty compelling argument,

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one that's grounded in, get this, probability

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and the mind-blowing potential of future computing power.

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And even if you're not like fully on board

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with the whole we're living in a simulation thing,

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which, hey, I get it, the possibilities he lays out are,

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well, let's just say they really make you think.

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Three possibilities, to be precise,

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each one a little more out there than the last.

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But before we get ahead of ourselves, let's rewind a bit.

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Because to understand Bostrom's argument,

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we need to start with a pretty radical idea,

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and that's that consciousness, the stuff that makes you you.

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Well, it might not be limited to the confines of our brains.

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Okay, so we're talking about consciousness

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existing outside the human brain.

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I have to admit, that's where things start

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to get a little woe for me.

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I hear you, it sounds pretty wild at first,

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but bear with me for a second.

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Think about artificial intelligence.

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We've got machines learning to play complex games,

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composing music, even writing code,

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and doing it all incredibly well.

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So if that's where we're at now,

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imagine what a civilization thousands,

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heck, even millions of years ahead of us

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could be capable of.

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You're saying with enough computing power,

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building a conscious mind, a real one,

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wouldn't be that far-fetched.

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Exactly, and this is where Bostrom

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introduces the concept of substrate independence.

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Basically, it's the idea that consciousness, at its core,

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isn't about the physical stuff, the gray matter, so to speak.

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It's about the information processing that's happening.

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So theoretically, any system,

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whether it's a biological brain or a super advanced computer

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that can replicate that level of complexity,

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could host a conscious experience.

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Okay, I think I'm starting to see where this is going.

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But to create a simulation as real as our own,

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wouldn't you need a computer the size of,

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well, I don't know, the universe.

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Not necessarily.

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You see, a simulation, even a really convincing one,

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doesn't need to render every single atom,

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every quark, to be believable.

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Think about those crazy, realistic video games

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we were talking about earlier.

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They don't simulate every blade of grass, right?

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It's about creating an experience that's detailed enough

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to fool our senses, to trick us into thinking it's real.

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So basically, as long as this simulated reality

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is convincing enough, we'd be none the wiser.

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Precisely.

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And remember, we're dealing with a civilization

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that's light years ahead of us technologically.

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To give you an idea,

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Bostrom talks about this hypothetical supercomputer,

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and get this, it's the size of a sugar cube.

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A sugar cube?

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Yeah, a sugar cube.

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But here's the kicker.

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This little sugar cube can perform more calculations

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per second than there are atoms in the observable universe.

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Okay, now that just sounds like something out of a movie.

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Like, I can barely wrap my head around it.

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I mean, come on, a sugar cube?

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Are we talking about like, those little pink packets

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you find at a diner?

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I know, right?

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It sounds crazy.

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But think about how much computing power

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has exploded in just the last century.

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We've gone from these massive room-sized computers

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that struggle to do basic math,

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to having devices in our pockets

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that can recognize our faces

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and translate languages in real time.

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Now imagine stretching that progress

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over thousands, millions of years.

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Okay, that's a lot to process.

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But let's just say, for argument's sake,

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that these like, future humans,

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these post-humans, whatever we're calling them,

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they've cracked the cone,

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they've figured out how to build

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these insanely powerful computers.

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What's to stop them from whipping up

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a whole bunch of ancestor simulations

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and like, seeing what sticks?

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Well, that's where things get really wild.

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That's where Bostrom's three possibilities come into play.

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And believe me, they're each more mind-blowing

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than the last.

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Right, you've got me hooked.

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Lay those possibilities on me.

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Okay, so possibility number one.

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Brace yourself.

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It's a bit of a downer.

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Ready?

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What if humanity never actually reaches that point?

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You know, the super advanced civilization

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with all the computing power.

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What if we go extinct before we even get close?

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Okay, so you're saying the fate

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of the entire simulated universe

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rests on our ability to not, you know,

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accidentally end the human race.

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No pressure or anything.

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Pretty much.

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And Bostrom, he doesn't sugar-cut it.

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He talks about some pretty serious threats

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to humanity's survival.

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We're talking nuclear war, catastrophic climate change,

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even self-replicating nanotechnology gone wrong.

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Self-replicating nanotechnology.

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Okay, that one's new.

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Yeah, it's kind of terrifying when you think about it.

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Basically, imagine these microscopic machines

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that can build copies of themselves.

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Now imagine if they like malfunctioned

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and started multiplying out of control,

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consuming all the resources on Earth

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in this like unstoppable chain reaction.

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Scientists call it the gray goo scenario.

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Okay, I did not need that mental image.

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Gray goo.

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Right, let's move on.

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So let's say we do manage to avoid total annihilation.

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We dodge the existential bullets,

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we reach the post-human stage,

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silver jumpsuits, the whole shebang.

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Even then, there's no guarantee those future humans

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would be interested in creating ancestor simulations, right?

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Right, and that brings us to possibility number two.

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Humanity reaches its full potential,

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capable of basically anything but ancestor simulations.

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Nah, they've moved on to bigger and better things.

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So we're talking like a civilization so advanced

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they're building black holes for their science fairs.

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Exactly, I mean, who knows what kind of a mind blowing

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things they'd be capable of.

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But Bostrom, he digs a little deeper into the why

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behind their lack of interest.

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And one possibility is ethics.

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Ethics, like moral dilemmas.

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Exactly, think about it.

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If you had the power to create conscious beings

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within a simulated reality,

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wouldn't you have some kind of moral obligation to,

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I don't know, let them know it's up,

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or at least ensure their wellbeing?

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It's like this whole other level of ethical considerations.

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Yeah, I can see that.

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It would be kind of messed up to create a whole universe

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of sentient beings and then just observe them

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without their knowledge.

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Kind of creepy, really.

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But maybe it's not even about ethics for these post-humans.

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Maybe it's simpler than that.

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Maybe we're just not that interesting.

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You know, it's a humbling thought, but it could be true.

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Maybe to a civilization that's millions of years ahead of us,

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we're about as fascinating as watching grass grow.

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Ouch, that stings a little, but I guess it makes sense.

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Okay, so we've covered the depressing possibility,

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the we're not worth simulating possibility.

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There's still one left, right?

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The one where we are the simulation.

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That's right, buckle up,

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because possibility number three is a doozy.

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We're living in it.

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Okay, my brain is officially in pretzel mode.

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So if we are just lines of code in some cosmic video game,

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does that mean free will is just an illusion?

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Are we really just puppets

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dancing on the strings of these super advanced programmers?

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Whoa, you're really going deep now.

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That question about free will, that's a big one.

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Philosophers have been wrestling with that for centuries,

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long before computers were even a thing.

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But here's the thing to keep in mind.

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Simulated or not, the way we experience our lives,

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it feels real, right?

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We make choices, good and bad.

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We feel joy, we feel pain, we form bonds, we lose people.

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And those experiences, they matter to us.

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They shape who we are.

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So what you're saying is even if our brains

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are basically just organic computers

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running a really complex program,

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the human experience, the good, the bad,

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the whole messy thing, it's still valid.

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Exactly, think about it like this.

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That feeling you get when you accomplish something

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you've been working towards,

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that connection you have with someone you love,

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that gut punch of grief when you lose someone close to you,

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those are real emotions.

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They drive our actions, they influence our relationships,

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they shape our whole understanding of the world.

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And it doesn't really matter

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if those emotions are sparked by neurons firing in our brains

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or lines of code being executed in some mega computer.

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The point is, they're real to us.

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That's actually a really comforting thought.

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It's like, even if the stage is fake,

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the emotions we're feeling while we're on it,

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those are genuine, I like that.

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Right, and that actually leads to a really important point

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that Boster makes.

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He suggests that even if, and it's a big if,

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but even if we are living in a simulation,

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it shouldn't fundamentally change how we live our lives.

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We should still value things like knowledge,

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we should still strive for happiness,

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for connection, for meaning,

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because those things, they're real to us.

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Our reality might be simulated,

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but our experiences, those are the real deal.

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Okay, that makes me feel a bit better.

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So no need to start stocking up on canned goods

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and building an underground bunker just yet.

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Uh-uh, not just yet.

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But it does open up some pretty wild possibilities,

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doesn't it?

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Like, what if we could somehow,

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and I'm just good balling here,

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but what if we could somehow break through the simulation,

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send a message to our creators?

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What would we even say?

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What could we possibly offer a civilization

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that's millions of years ahead of us?

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Hmm, good question.

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Maybe we could finally settle that debate

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about pineapple on pizza once and for all.

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But on a more serious note, it really makes you wonder,

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what's the point of it all?

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Why go through the trouble of creating these simulations

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in the first place?

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That is the million dollar question, isn't it?

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Maybe these advanced beings are running experiments,

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testing out different scenarios, different timelines,

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who knows?

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Or maybe, and this is a bit out there,

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but maybe it's as simple as entertainment for them.

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Like, we're basically a really elaborate video game.

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Okay, that's a bit of a blow to the ego.

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But there's another possibility you mentioned earlier, right?

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The one where they're trying to understand their own past.

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Exactly, maybe it's not just a one-way mirror.

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Maybe these hypothetical beings, these simulators,

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they're looking back at us, their ancestors,

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trying to understand their own history, their own evolution.

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And they're doing it through the lens

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of this incredibly detailed simulation.

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Now that is a truly mind-blowing thought.

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That's incredible.

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It's like, we have ancestors here,

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and then we have these potential digital ancestors

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out there in the great unknown.

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Right, and that's what makes Bostrom's argument

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so compelling.

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Whether you buy into the whole simulation hypothesis or not,

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it forces you to confront some pretty huge questions.

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What does it mean to be conscious?

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What is reality, really?

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What does it mean to be human?

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Well said, it's kind of humbling in a way,

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and a little terrifying, to be honest.

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Just a tad.

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But hey, at the end of the day, the fact

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that we can even ask these questions,

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that we can imagine these possibilities,

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it's a testament to our curiosity, right?

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To our need to understand the universe at our place in it.

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Absolutely.

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And who knows, maybe someday we'll

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have our definitive answer.

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But until then, I guess all we can do

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is keep exploring these big questions,

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keep searching for those answers, and maybe, just maybe,

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try not to unplug from the simulation.

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Thanks for joining us on this mind-bending journey, everyone.

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Until next time, keep looking up,

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keep asking those big questions.

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And remember, reality is what you make it, or is it?