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On the other hand, if you sample, if we had a series of Parkinson's disease patients

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here and you talk to them at different stages of the disease and you ask them, okay, what

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is the most problematic part of your life?

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What is your symptom that you really would like to get rid of?

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The motor symptoms are not going to be necessarily what they will talk about.

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They will talk about all other types of symptoms that they have, which can then be a broad

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range of autonomic dysfunctions or cognitive dysfunctions or even later, that's why, those

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psychiatric problems.

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And when we get to that part then, when we get there, the reason why those ones are so

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problematic is that we do not know the circuitry for that.

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So this is where we get stuck.

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The human brain is the most complex structure in the known universe and we are in the middle

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of a scientific revolution to understand its inner workings.

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Join us for a conversation with world renowned neuroscientists as they visit Rochester.

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I am Dr. John Fox, Director of the Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience at the University

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of Rochester and you are listening to Neuroscience Perspectives.

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I'm John Fox, Director of the Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience and I'd like to welcome you

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to another episode of Neuroscience Perspectives.

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Today we're going to talk about Parkinson's disease.

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Extraordinarily, 90,000 Americans will receive a new diagnosis of Parkinson's every single

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year.

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Today, we have a real Parkinson's expert.

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My guest is Dr. Jolland Smith, who's a Professor of Neurology at Emory University School of

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Medicine.

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Jolland, welcome.

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Welcome to Neuroscience Perspectives.

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It's great to have you here.

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Thanks.

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Thanks for the invitation.

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So listen, let's get stuck in here on Parkinson's and we'll come back.

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I have a whole bunch of things I want to talk to you about.

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I want to talk to you about your role in publishing.

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You and I work in the journal together and also your path to science.

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But let's dive into Parkinson's to begin with.

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Why is there such an extraordinary increase in the number of people being diagnosed with

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Parkinson's?

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This is the disease of aging, right?

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So I guess the issue with those disorders is that it's the same thing for Alzheimer's.

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We hear a lot about Alzheimer's disease, which is really growing at a faster pace.

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It's just essentially pretty basic, right?

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We're living longer, but our brain does not follow.

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That's essentially what's going on, right?

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It's that we're just kind of moving and we have, obviously, we have really all good medical

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treatment to keep us alive and having a long life.

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But somehow the brain is degenerating at some point.

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And then depending on the people and depending, of course, there is always a composition,

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a mix of predisposition for these disorders, right?

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And also a component of aging.

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So like predisposition, clearly there are people who might have been exposed.

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We talk about Parkinson's, for instance, toxin in the environment, right?

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The environment plays a role, of course.

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It is important.

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But it's not the cause, right?

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I mean, there are people who can be exposed to environmental toxin for all their life

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and will never get Parkinson's.

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So on the other hand, if you have a predisposition to have Parkinson and you are exposed to it,

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then you become, I mean...

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So all of this put together really kind of create essentially an environment in which

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that may help, you know, kind of a dense.

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But I think aging is definitely the main reason why it's going so fast.

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Here in Rochester, there's a center here, just like you have at Emory, a Udall Center

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for Parkinson's disease, one of the NIH centers.

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And there's been a real concentration on environmental toxins because right outside the city of Rochester

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is one of the green gardens of the United States.

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So we have a lot of rural counties.

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And there, there's a very high prevalence in the farming communities, the rural communities

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of Parkinson's, probably around environmental toxins and fertilizers, I suppose, in the

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70s and 80s and that.

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Is that a big component?

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Oh, yeah, it is.

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It is definitely.

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I think that has been around.

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That's why you mentioned, I think, this idea has been around for quite some time now, right?

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In fact, it has been one thing that has generated a big bump into the Parkinson, the role of

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environmental toxin in Parkinson's.

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And there's been this discovery in the mid-1980s of this neurotoxin that is called MPTP, right?

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This neurotoxin that was found by inadvertence as a contaminant of a batch of synthetic heroin

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that some, unfortunately, some young people from California had been taken and then ending

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up overnight, essentially, in emergency rooms throughout the Bay Area in California with

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severe symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

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And of course, because they were very young and they did not have, they were not people

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who should have Parkinson's disease, at least the majority.

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And then the question was, what was going on, essentially?

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And finally, after having been found out as elating this compound from this synthetic

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heroin, all the whole story that came with that, then they realized that the synthetic

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heroin like MPTP, this neurotoxin, is very similar chemically to some of these toxins

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that we have in the environment, right?

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That are very similar.

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Right, right, right.

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And indeed, you know-

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In fertilizers and weed killers.

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Yeah, yeah.

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And if you expose neurons in the brain that degenerate in Parkinson, like the dopamine

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cell, which is the main, you know, this is the main...

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So if you expose these neurons to these neurotoxins, I mean, they're going to die.

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I mean, they are very sensitive.

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This is a very particular population of cell that have different properties and this has

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been studied.

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And they are very sensitive to this.

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So that's why, you know, I mean, yeah, the role of memory toxin is important.

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And we cannot-

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And now you mentioned dopamine.

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And I think, you know, the average listener or viewer would be thinking dopamine, no,

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that's the reward stuff.

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But it has another extraordinarily important role, right, in movement and motion and that,

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and in very specific neural circuits.

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Would you want to talk a little bit about that?

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Yeah, yeah, that's right.

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So dopamine, indeed, that's right.

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Dopamine is, as you mentioned, is critical for reward, very important.

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But that's why the component is that the dopamine is depending on where the dopamine is located.

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And so there is component of the brain that are essentially regulated by dopamine, but

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these are deeply involved in movement control.

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So these are different brain regions.

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These are different components of brain regions.

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And those ones are the ones that get affected in Parkinson's disease.

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In fact, the area of the brain that really is regulated by dopamine and receive a lot

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of the motor input, if you want, are the first areas that are targeted in Parkinson's disease.

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So this part of the brain gets hit.

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And then the dopamine neurons that are selectively really affecting those regions of the brain

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are degenerating.

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The other one that when you talk about reward, those neurons really will be eventually affected,

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but much later in the process.

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And then you have, indeed, Parkinson is not just a motor disorder, right?

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So clearly, the motor component kicks in and you can see that and people will have some

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motor deficit.

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But Parkinson gets very complex and can have really definitely an emotional component,

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a psychiatric component, a cognitive component.

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And all of this is probably due in part to dopamine loss, but maybe dopamine loss in

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other brain regions than the area that control motor.

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So then you talk about the prefrontal cortex, for instance, which is heavily involved in

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various aspects of cognition and various psychiatric disorders.

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So when those regions, then when those neurons that are controlling dopamine cell that are

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involving reward gets affected, then people start having neuropsychiatric problems.

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And for instance, impulse disorders.

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So people will start doing things that...

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And hallucinations too, right?

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Hallucinations, hallucinations, impulse disorders, but then really compulsive gambling.

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People do think that they would...

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And these are people who would have never done that before.

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This is not like you are a gambler and then you just become a worse gambler, but it's

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just that people start doing things that they have never done before.

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Never had any interest in before.

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And that is probably related in part to dopamine, but also other type of chemicals and the chemical

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changes in the brain.

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Now I have a colleague here and he would say the great thing about Parkinson's disease,

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you never say there's a great thing about a disease, is that the circuitry is so well

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understood unlike many, many other diseases.

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We can't say here are the central nodes that are going awry in schizophrenia, but in Parkinson's

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disease we know this.

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And so he would say in some ways it's the most curable.

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We know a lot of the causes, they're environmental, at least the precipitants.

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We know the circuits and we also know the chemistry that's involved.

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Do you share that?

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Yeah.

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I share that when you talk about moderate aspect of Parkinson's.

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That is perfectly true.

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And this is why if you look about this, Parkinson in fact, if you are...

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And you're right, I think, to use the term and I use that as well as well.

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So I mean, if you have to get the disease, a neurodermal disorder as we get older, I

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hope that I will get Parkinson and not get really Alzheimer or other type of disorder

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because simply, because we have the hard good, really relative good treatment that can help

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people live with the disease, hopefully.

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And that is fine as long as the disease is really largely moderate.

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Okay, largely dissolved moderate.

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If you have moderate symptoms, they get severe and so on, you can be taken care of.

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So these are the tremors, the shuffle.

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The slowness of movements, all of that.

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That can be taken care of by different therapy, drugs, and also there is deep brain stimulation.

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Well, I was going to ask you about deep brain stimulation.

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Because the circuits are so well understood, you can actually put electrodes in and target

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those areas.

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Yeah, you can do that and that will take care of some of the moderate.

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But on the other hand, if you sample, if we had a series of Parkinson disease patients

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here and you talk to them at different stages of the disease and you ask them, okay, what

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is the most problematic part of your life?

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What is your symptom that you really would like to get rid of?

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The moderate symptoms are not going to be necessarily what they will talk about.

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They will talk about all other type of symptoms that they have, which can then be a broad

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range of autonomic dysfunctions or cognitive dysfunctions or even later, that's why, those

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psychiatric problems.

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And when we get to that part then, when we get there, the reason why those ones are so

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problematic is that we do not know the circuitry for that.

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So this is where we get stuck.

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So we are at that level, we have as limited knowledge as you mentioned, schizophrenia,

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harder type of psychiatric disorders.

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We are at the same level.

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And that's why there is a lot of research now in Parkinson disease, including ours,

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that we try to take advantage of our research to try to go after maybe like in our hand,

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cognitive impairment, try to better understand why people with Parkinson develop some mild

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and then more severe cognitive impairment.

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So what are the circuits involved into this?

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So that's an area which is growing quite a bit.

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Let's switch gears.

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We could talk about this all day, obviously.

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But let's switch gears, you're a prolific publisher of scientific papers, more than

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250 papers in the literature and counting.

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We won't get into all the extraordinary well cited body of work.

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But the other piece of the publishing world that you're involved in is one that you and

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I actually work together on.

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We are co-editors of one of the major journals in the field, the European Journal of Neuroscience.

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And papers really are the product, they're the output of a scientist.

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Just the measure of the work that you've done.

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I had a mentor who used to say, if it's not published, it doesn't exist.

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And I think that's really true, because otherwise how are people going to learn about what it

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is you did?

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Can we speak a little bit though about the publishing business and maybe the differences

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between a society journal and maybe the more commercial journals that are out there and

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where you are on that?

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This involvement in the journal is definitely for me as really almost as important as my

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research now.

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I think it is really fundamental.

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And there are always different reasons that you would think essentially for someone from

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the outside is why would someone spend his time doing that?

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What is the point of doing this?

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But in fact, I would probably have asked myself the same question maybe 10 years ago, without

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having been.

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But once you get involved into this, once I got involved into this more deeply and I

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started interacting with you and other colleagues and so I start to also knowing the purpose

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of the journal and the importance of the journal in so many levels of advancing neuroscience

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but also educating the community and so on.

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So the one thing of course about and also knowing the difference between society journal

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versus other kind of journal, which are more like for-profit journals.

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The society journal like EGN, the goal of these journal is really yet to publish great

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science, advancing science and inform the neuroscientists about but it's also to really

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to use the funds that are generated by the journal to subscription and so on to help

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so many other things in terms of education, in terms of helping underdeveloped countries

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in developing and underrepresented minorities.

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There are so many areas where through the federation of neuroscience society that the

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journal can help.

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And that's really the main mission of the journal.

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Our goal here for us as society journals is first of all is to help advancing neuroscience

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and then we must be very rigorous in the kind of the data that we put out.

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We cannot just, you know, but also is to help scientists to publish their work.

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This is our goal.

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We are there to help them and we have, you know, we have the kind of the privilege to

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be at the entrance to this, you know, so that because the papers come, you know, come to

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us and then we have to make a decision really how to handle this.

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But this is, but the way that we see that is that really we will do everything we can

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to try to get this paper out.

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Okay.

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So that's the idea and we'll work together with the authors, we'll provide the input

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as much as needed, you know, to try to make it and that's our mission.

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So our mission is not, you know, to go after and then see this and read the abstract and

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then decide, okay, so that's not flashy enough, you know, for us.

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We're not going after that.

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So this is not the goal of journal and that is, this is not what we do.

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Completely different philosophy.

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Completely different philosophy.

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They're there to advance the science, not to go for the flashy.

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Yeah, yeah, yeah.

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And this is really important point is that yes, journals make money, but in the case

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of the society's journals, that money goes back into the scientific enterprise.

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It doesn't go to a shareholder and so on.

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And again, there's nothing, not saying there's anything necessarily wrong with the corporate

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approach to these things, but an absolute distinction for the society journals is where

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the profits are going.

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They're going back into the community to support scholarships, workshops, the meetings like

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our Federation of European Neuroscience Societies meeting, the FENS meeting and so on.

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And that's something which is not, you know, which is unfortunately really not necessarily,

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people don't know as much.

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If you're not involved in a journal as at the level of the editors of the journal, right,

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you do not really appreciate that.

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I mean, it's not like you don't have the background and the essence to make this, but this is

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pretty striking.

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And I don't think, you know, in our case, EGN is not different from other society journal.

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I mean, it does the same thing for FENS that other journal will do for the society, but

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that's the big, and for that reason, I think it's our really, personally, I feel that it's

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my response, as a PI in my lab and when come the time, you know, to publish some of my

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papers and so on.

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Definitely EGN will be there.

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We need to, we take the response to try to publish some of our work on a regular basis

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in EGN to help, you know, to help the journal.

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As somebody who's published more than 250 papers in all the top journals in the world,

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you know, your expertise, your experience, your ability to write a sensible paper, the

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fact that you're taking those expertise and giving them back to the community through

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your work as an editor, I think that it says a lot about you.

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And I think it also, you'll find that across, we're talking about EGN because that's our

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journal, but you'll find that across all the society journals.

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It's senior scientists with a lot of expertise who are shepherding the process.

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That's really, really crucial.

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Yeah.

283
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No, no, that's important.

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That's different to something that I really cherish very much and I really feel it is

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important and I definitely educate, because I think what we need to do as well is to educate

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the young generation about this too.

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Not only, but definitely I think this is something that can get lost and I really take responsibility

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to try to at least talk to our students, you know, to our graduate students and organizing,

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you know, just workshop to talk about this publishing, you know, what it is and where

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will you send your journal?

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And that's really, people can do whatever they want.

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But at the end of the day, I think it's important that they have this knowledge about, you know,

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and then, you know, they can, but it's important to have the background and then decide and

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that's something, you know, that's something which is really, really important.

295
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Yeah.

296
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Well, I'll often, you mentioned that too, have younger scientists ask me, like, why

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are you devoting so much time to doing this editorial work?

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And I always say, it's a little, so it's been a few years since you and I were in graduate

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school, let's put it that way.

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For me, doing the editorial work means that, you know, obviously you read the work in your

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area in Parkinson's disease very, very carefully and I do that for the work that's close to

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my own area of expertise.

303
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But editing in a journal, you read everything.

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You're reading across every single domain.

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And for me, it's like being a permanent continuing education.

306
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And I think it's made me a better scientist over time.

307
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No, that's a great point.

308
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Yeah, you kind of, yeah, you kind of learn from the, it's sort of at the same time as

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a source, you know, of knowledge, right?

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I mean, you're not just a, really, you get, you know, you get a good knowledge about neuroscience

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going on in many different fields.

312
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That's a great point, yeah.

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I like it.

314
00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:39,440
Let's talk about you, because I, you know, people, people who come on neuroscience perspectives,

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I always want to ask them, like, where is, what was the trajectory?

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And of course, you know, it'll be becoming clear to our listeners that you didn't grow

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up in the United States of America, but you grew up in another part of the Americas.

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Tell us about Quebec, where you grew up.

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How did you end up in science?

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And what was the trajectory, true, to land you in Atlanta as a professor at Emory University?

321
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:03,600
Yeah, yes.

322
00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:04,600
That's interesting, right?

323
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I were, I just had, really, on the lunchtime, having a meeting with the graduate students,

324
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:13,080
and it's talking about, you know, what, how we end up there.

325
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So, you know, on my end, that's why.

326
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So I think, as you mentioned, of course, I'm not from the U.S.

327
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I'm French-Canadian.

328
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My first language is French.

329
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I've been spending, practically, all my life, except for the last 27.

330
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Now, I've been in Atlanta for about 23 years now.

331
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So but I spend all my life in Quebec, Quebec City.

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But I come, you know, my trajectory to science, so I come from a very, both my wife and I,

333
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in fact, who have been together forever.

334
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I mean, we come from very tiny villages on the extreme east part of the province of Quebec,

335
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which is what we call the Gaspé-Z, which is the Gaspé area, which is along the Atlantic.

336
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And very tiny villages, about a thousand people, you know, each next to each other.

337
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So I did all my high school there.

338
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And then, of course, for these small villages, then you need to move out of that.

339
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When come the time for college, you know, you need to get out because there's not then,

340
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this is where, you know, I moved to Quebec City.

341
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And then in Quebec City, there is one, one university, which is Lauderdale University,

342
00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:17,120
which is a French, French university and large, you know, about 40, 50,000 students.

343
00:20:17,120 --> 00:20:19,600
So to see where we end up.

344
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And then at that time, you know, things are maybe like many, many students, essentially.

345
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I wasn't, I did not know, I did not have research in mind, of course, at the beginning.

346
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It was not research was, particularly for me, not having grown in the city and everything.

347
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Research was in the small place where we come from.

348
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I mean, this is far away from the big center, you know, we got.

349
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So but on the other hand, you know, I discovered that and I remember that the click started,

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you know, I was, I was in the biology, maybe major doing biology, general thing, but I

351
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wasn't interested in human, humans.

352
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I needed to do something related to human health.

353
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Right.

354
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So it was, of course, medicine is one thing you think about, okay, medical school might

355
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be good for me.

356
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And but then I had this course and I remember that course I took as an elective course during

357
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a bachelor degree during my, I think it was my third year.

358
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It wasn't neuroscience course.

359
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It was just given there and I took it just because it was related to somehow understanding

360
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the brain, right.

361
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Human thing.

362
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And this course has been the click that made me think about neuroscience, not, I mean,

363
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human health then was one thing, but then neuroscience became the pillar of that.

364
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And, and, and then I started, then after that, I started digging a bit more about it, started

365
00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:33,100
to try to know what can, what else can I get in here?

366
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And then I realized that, okay, the next step was to try to find people who do neuroscience.

367
00:21:38,260 --> 00:21:44,640
And I went to a, a, an hospital where there was a center for neuroscience research and,

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and the center was very, it was a small center, but very focused on Parkinson's disease and

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basic ganglia, which are the areas of the brain affected.

370
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Then I, I, I, yeah, it started there, you know, and I loved it.

371
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And I, I had a very good mentor, very, I mean, the mentors, of course, that's one thing maybe

372
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to plug in here, which is important is that to be really for any, any, anybody, essentially

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at any step of life, we need good mentoring.

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I mean, without mentoring, we cannot, we cannot do it at any levels.

375
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And in terms of graduate education, that's post-doc, whatever, you need good mentors.

376
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And this has been, this has been lucky to find that and people have guided me.

377
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And then, and then after that, did my PhD and then move.

378
00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:31,400
And then I spent a couple of years in Oxford in the medical research council unit there,

379
00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:36,640
where I get another really outstanding mentor, what became, Dr. Paul Boland, who became.

380
00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:41,200
Well, we have to mention Paul, who's a former editor-in-chief of our journal, the European

381
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:42,200
Journal of Neuroscience.

382
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:43,200
I'm a very close friend of Paul.

383
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:45,800
Yeah, a very close friend and we had a good time.

384
00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:49,480
And then after that, you know, I went back to Canada for about five years and, and there

385
00:22:49,480 --> 00:22:54,320
was in 1996, there was this opportunity that I was, I was very, I mean, I did the post-doc

386
00:22:54,320 --> 00:23:00,080
with, after Oxford, I did the post-doc with Maylon DeLong, who is a very well-known neurologist,

387
00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:01,840
you know, in the field of Parkinson's disease.

388
00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:06,120
And we talked about deep brain stimuli, he's been a pioneer in, in, in treating that.

389
00:23:06,120 --> 00:23:09,960
So I went to, I went to the post-doc with Maylon and then in, in 96, you know, he had

390
00:23:09,960 --> 00:23:12,360
the possibility for me to move back.

391
00:23:12,360 --> 00:23:15,640
He was at that time the chair of Emory University.

392
00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:20,480
And there was a possibility for me to move there and, and this was, you know, this was

393
00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:21,960
too good to be, to be true.

394
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:28,640
So we decided to make the move and join neurology department there and the Emory Primate Center.

395
00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:31,940
And yeah, and we've been there, you know, for, since then.

396
00:23:31,940 --> 00:23:34,760
And this has been probably, yeah, the best decision I've made.

397
00:23:34,760 --> 00:23:38,200
I think I've been, it has been a fantastic time at Emory.

398
00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:40,360
We love, I love the Emory community.

399
00:23:40,360 --> 00:23:42,280
We love the neuroscience community.

400
00:23:42,280 --> 00:23:46,760
I'm very well, even if I'm not a neurologist myself, I'm very much integrated in the neurology

401
00:23:46,760 --> 00:23:47,760
department.

402
00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:51,520
So I have a lot of colleagues, you know, who are neurologists, you know, at different people

403
00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:56,260
who do research, people who do clinical work, people who do, who do maybe more neuroscience

404
00:23:56,260 --> 00:23:57,600
basic work.

405
00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:02,920
And we have the way that the system is organized, we have a lot of possibility for interacting

406
00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:05,360
and exchanging together.

407
00:24:05,360 --> 00:24:06,840
And I'm also at that stage as well.

408
00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:13,680
One part of this that really is, is critical for me is also teaching and mentoring, right?

409
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:17,600
I think we feel, we all feel that I'm sure as we do our research, but also the other

410
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:22,800
part is what is really rewarding for us is to be able to train the students, right, or

411
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:27,580
the postdoc and, and see them on their hand, you know, grow and become, you know, become

412
00:24:27,580 --> 00:24:28,580
who they are, right?

413
00:24:28,580 --> 00:24:34,400
Let me ask you that, and we see a lot of our PhD graduates now choosing not the academic

414
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,600
route, choosing to walk away from the research enterprise.

415
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:44,800
And of course, there's a big sucking sound as the big data firms, the Googles, the Facebooks,

416
00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:49,400
take the PhD students that would formerly have gone down that route into their more

417
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:51,280
corporate world.

418
00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:52,760
Are you worried about that?

419
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:57,680
And what would you say to a youngster looking at that fork in the road and saying, you know,

420
00:24:57,680 --> 00:25:02,440
I could go over into this corporate world and make a lot of money, let's face it, or

421
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:04,480
should I stay in the academic track?

422
00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:07,240
Is there something that we should be saying to somebody to say, look, you know, stay the

423
00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:09,720
course, it's worthwhile.

424
00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:13,000
Academic research, you know, is, is fantastic.

425
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:14,680
Who can have a better job than what we do, right?

426
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:19,960
I mean, we wake up every morning and our goal is to just to come and think about, you know,

427
00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:23,820
what are the next questions we want to, so, so there's no other job that offers you this.

428
00:25:23,820 --> 00:25:28,560
So if you, so that's one, so I think personally what I feel is that what I tell students is

429
00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:33,720
that if you have the, if you feel that this is something critical for you and you have

430
00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:38,200
this drive inside yourself, you don't have, you know, to come and then, oh, what do I

431
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:39,200
do today?

432
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:40,200
I don't know what I'm going.

433
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:44,280
So if you come, you know, every day and you, you get to the lab and you get, and you have

434
00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:48,680
this, all this thing driving you, that means that you have something inside you that is,

435
00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:50,300
you know, that is done for science, right?

436
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:52,640
That's one thing where you should, because you need to have that.

437
00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:56,160
If you don't have that, probably you're not at the right place because you need that because

438
00:25:56,160 --> 00:25:59,040
it's an, we know, we know what the cons are, right?

439
00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:00,040
It's competitive.

440
00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:03,560
There is a lot of people, there is a lot of very, a lot of ton of people who would want

441
00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:08,080
to go after the same, you know, funding that you will be doing, but, but there is place

442
00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:09,680
for you if you have that.

443
00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:14,980
And then of course, after that, you know, you need to, to take this and, and take advantage

444
00:26:14,980 --> 00:26:18,820
of that, take your, take your career, you need to take your career in your hands and

445
00:26:18,820 --> 00:26:19,820
move in forward.

446
00:26:19,820 --> 00:26:24,520
You know, you need to take the lead on your career and, and, and, and go with it positively

447
00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:29,760
and find that you surround yourself with a good, a good team of people taking advantage

448
00:26:29,760 --> 00:26:35,440
of the resources that your graduate program offers you taking, making a network, you know,

449
00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:37,600
talking with people, you need to develop network.

450
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:41,480
So you need a lot of things that you need to yourself to take care of.

451
00:26:41,480 --> 00:26:47,200
But if you do that, people will be pleased, you know, and excited to give you and train

452
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,060
you and help you advancing that.

453
00:26:49,060 --> 00:26:53,280
But you need to take the lead on your own career and you need to have this motivation.

454
00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:57,800
If you have that, there's no reason why you should not, you know, we should, you should

455
00:26:57,800 --> 00:26:58,800
not succeed in this place.

456
00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:00,040
There is place for you in research.

457
00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:01,360
I mean, that would be my thing.

458
00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:02,360
Yeah.

459
00:27:02,360 --> 00:27:03,360
Well, I think you said it.

460
00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:05,440
What better job in there in the world is there than this?

461
00:27:05,440 --> 00:27:07,720
And I think that that captures it really well.

462
00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:13,320
And it's obvious in you that that passion is, is alive and strong and long may it go

463
00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:14,320
on.

464
00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:19,600
So I think the very best of luck with the work, here's to a cure for Parkinson's in

465
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:20,600
our lifetime.

466
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:22,080
And thanks for being here with us.

467
00:27:22,080 --> 00:27:23,080
OK, it's a pleasure.

468
00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:49,760
Thanks for having me, and thanks for having me, and thanks for having me, and thanks for