Welcome to Drumbeats, the must -listen -to podcast
which explains why Indigenous partnerships are
the key to securing successful outcomes in natural
resource and infrastructure investment in Canada.
I'm Mark McNack and my co -host Robert Brandt
are joined today by former Chief Orei Crowfoot
of Siksika Nation, Alberta, just east of Calgary.
He brings a fascinating perspective. Before becoming
Chief for six years, hearing degrees in finance
and accounting, worked at KPMG and Ernst & Young.
He's a CFO, became a chief, and he's applied
that corporate expertise to transform Siksika's
approach to economic development. In our conversation,
you'll discover why strategic location and infrastructure
access make certain First Nations exceptional
investment partners. You'll learn how sophisticated
financial leadership is reshaping Indigenous
economic development. and understand why moving
from poverty management to wealth management
represents a fundamental market shift and opportunity.
Well, Chief Urey Crowfoot of the Siksika Nation
in Alberta, Sego, and welcome to Drumbeats. Great
to have you. Thanks for having me. Yes, great
to have you. And a legendary name. that resonates
to the history of Turtle Island, all of North
America. Actually, it is truly an honor. Well,
thank you. Thanks for having me. Yeah, why don't
you start out by telling us a little bit about
your own personal background and a little bit
about Siksika Nation. Okay. That basically means
hello, good day. I'm the one known as Nuxkay
Stomach. It's my Blackfoot name. It means three
bulls or three buffalo bulls. And so a little
bit about me. Oray is actually, I was named after
a chief. Oray is a Ute chief. I was actually
born in Utah. I'm not Ute, but I was born in
Utah. So I was named after Chief Oray. And he
himself was pretty legendary. I read up on Chief
Oray. And some pretty legendary shoes to fill.
But then also on the last name, it's Crowfoot.
Which means Crow Indians Bigfoot. It kind of
got condensed down to Crowfoot. My heritage,
my dad's side, I'm half Lumbee, which they're
from the North Carolina area, Southeast North
America. And my mother is from Siksigah. Well,
she was half Blackfoot, half Soto. The Sotos
are Anishinaabe or Ojibwe. They're from Keys
Reserve in Saskatchewan. My grandmother's sister,
her name was Gwen Osup. She was the first elected
female chief of Canada. But then on the Blackfoot,
I was raised more Siksika. I don't know a whole
lot of the Anishinaabe side. Unfortunately, I've
only gone out to that reserve a few times. But
on the Siksika side, my mother, her name was
Siswiaki, which means cutting woman. Her father
was Sisua, which is a warrior going to battle.
His father was Akinum, which is a good -looking
man or pretty boy. And then his father was Gaiushtoi,
which is a bear ghost or bear spirit. And then
his father was Isapo Moksika, which is commonly
known as Chief Crowfoot, one of the main signatories
of the Blackfoot Treaty of 1877. So that's a
little bit of my lineage back from... today to
the Chief Crowfoot of the signing of the 1877
Treaty for the Blackfoot people. Wow. Those are
pretty good credentials, Rob. Absolutely. And
Chief, you've been Chief for about six years
now, but recently decided not to run again in
the most recent election. That's correct. My
background, I have a finance background. So my
mother was a big pusher of education. One of
her sayings is that we need to have a computer
in one hand and a drum in the other hand. You
know, we need to know our history, our traditional
or cultural ways. But we also need to have that
education, that modern day education. And, you
know, and that was a big she was a big pusher.
She was a big advocate of education. She had
a master's of math and a master's of science,
Ph .D. in education. She was taught. She was
the president of our college on the reserve.
It's Old Sun College for 30 years or so. So as
soon as I graduated high school, wasn't even
an option. We were going off to university and
she really pushed us to go off the reserve. She
said, you know, go off the reserve, earn your
vocation, earn an education. If you decide to
come back later, then that's good. But if you
don't decide to come back later, that's fine,
too. And so I went down to Utah to went to undergraduate
school at Brigham Young University and got an
undergraduate degree in finance and worked for
a few years. And then I went to East Carolina
University. And I got a master's degree in business
administration, MBA with a finance emphasis,
as well as a master's of accounting with a taxation
emphasis. And so I went and I worked for KPMG
and Ernst & Young to what they call the big four
accounting firms. And I did some other jobs in
between those jobs. And then also worked for
this company called XPO Logistics. They were
a large supply chain company. And my role was
helping take them from the private sector to
the public sector with Sarbanes -Oxley and all
these control matrix and that kind of stuff.
To be honest with you, I had no real plans on
moving back to Siksika. I had no real plans on
moving back to Canada. You know, I was, I think
in North Carolina right now, it's 28 degrees.
Uh -huh. Right now, if I pull which shows you
a picture of my outside, I got it's actually
kind of warm today, but it was minus 20 something
a couple of days back. And, you know, it gets
minus 30, 40 here in Calgary. So I wasn't looking
for where you are. Yeah. Tell us where you are
today and where six. So I'm located in six. You
got Alberta, which is about an hour east of Calgary.
And so. So a real quick two second on how I got
to where I'm at. So my finance background, I
was living in Carolina, working for all these
companies, non First Nation related corporations.
And and then my mother got sick. She had she
had cancer. And so family was real big to me
as well. And so that's what pulled me home. So
because of all the tools that I had from education,
from the vocation, I wasn't worried about finding
a job. I knew that if you have the right tools,
you can go anywhere. You can go to London. You
can go to Australia. You can go to the reservation.
You can go anywhere if you have the right tools
in your toolbox. And so when I decided to move
home, I wasn't worried about a job. But then
things kind of started opening up as soon as
I decided to move home. I got a call within a
week that the CFO for 60 Guy had resigned. So
the CFO position opened up. So I became the CFO
for 60 Guy. And as the CFO, I was not the chief,
but I was still interconnected to a lot of the
things going on. And at the time, we were involved
in a large land claim, a large land settlement.
And again, I wasn't the chief at the time, but
I was in those meetings. I was in those conversations.
So, you know, one day I was sitting in my window
and looking outside and there's snow. And I was
like, man, why are we not the most wealthy nation
in Canada? You know, we're an hour from Calgary,
one of the largest cities in Canada. We're two
hours from the border, from the U .S. border.
We actually have four tribes that make up the
Blackfeet Confederacy. Three are in Alberta,
one's in Montana. So we have that U .S. connection.
We have a rail spur that runs through us. We're
the second largest reserve in Canada from a land
perspective. We have 8 ,000 members. We have
a large population of people. We have the only
trans -Canada highway is a rock's throat from
the reservation. We have a river system that
runs right through the reserve. All these natural
resources, why are we not the wealthiest nation?
And again, I'm not trying to say this to put
down anyone, but it's the mindset. of the reservation
mindset you know if you've been trained your
whole life that you're supposed to only stay
on the reserve you're only supposed to work within
a confined area not a lot of people leave that
confined space unfortunately you have such a
reliance on the reservation such a reliance on
chief and council and i'm not a conspiracy theorist
but that was what was built into um you know
the whole indian act and if you have such a reliance
on on the federal government or on chief and
council You know, try it at home. You know, if
your kids have such a reliance on mom and dad,
they're not going to. Why move out if mom and
dad supply everything. Right. And so a lot of
that mindset is gone out through the generations.
So, as you know, Mark, there's very few or raising
robs out there that have ventured off, much less
off the reserve. much less across the pond, you
know, and to be able to see people that are in,
now you're seeing more and more of it now, but
that's recent, right? And so as I was sitting
there pondering this, I said, man, I almost need
to run for chief because of this negotiation
of this land claim. I saw the current chief at
the time he was negotiating and he had a lot
of Blackfoot knowledge. but not a lot of financial
knowledge. And when you're negotiating against
Canada, you're going up against their top lawyers,
their top negotiators. And if you're not trained
in financial tools or all these other aspects,
you think you're getting an amazing deal, especially
when you're talking about hundreds of millions
of dollars, even a billion dollars. How do you
know what something's worth? And so as I was
going through that, from an opportunity cost
perspective, I almost felt like I had to jump
in and be part of that team. And so I asked my
mother, I said, mom, you think I should run for
chief? And she, she gives me the answer that
a lot of native moms give that you don't necessarily
want to hear. She said, well, pray about it.
And I said, well, I don't want to hear the pray
about it answer. I don't, you know, what's your
opinion? She said, that's my answer. And that's,
that's it. Right, man. So I went off and, and
I did some pondering and praying about it. And
obviously, I ultimately decided to run for chief.
As I said before, as I get my lineage back to
Chief Crowfoot, my Uncle Strader was chief for
1990s. My grandfather was on council. My great
-grandfather was chief in the 50s and 60s. And
then my great -great -great -grandfather was
Chief Crowfoot. And Chief Crowfoot's son, Bear
Ghost, was not chief. He was blind from smallpox.
But there's been a long line of chiefs. And then
actually, just last week, the newest Chief Crowfoot,
my cousin Samuel Crowfoot, is now the chief.
And we're not getting elected in on the name.
We're getting elected, you know, the name itself.
That's one thing, too, my mom really pushed,
you know, I don't want you to rely on that name.
You know, I want you to be able to have your
own resume that stands on its own. And you happen
to be First Nation. You happen to be a Crowfoot.
But, you know, when I worked at KPMG, when I
worked at Ernst & Young, when I worked at XPO
Logistics, they didn't care if your grandfather
was a treaty signatory. They didn't care if,
I mean, it was cool, but they didn't care if
your last name was Crowfoot. It was, could you
get the job done? You know, results matter. And
Alta Reserve. um that's a lot of the conversation
is can you get the job done and the results matter
and that was important to me that's what i wanted
to be measured upon was was not you know oh that's
uh you know chief crowfoot's great great great
grandson or anything like that but can you get
the job done can you stand on your own two feet
and i think that that's the mentality that i
wanted to bring back to 60 guy and and and people
that come back the rob brands and and and the
like when they come back to their nation That's
what they want to bring back is let's restore
that sense of sovereignty, that less reliance
upon the government. And as we were negotiating
this 1910 land claim, we ended up settling it
for $1 .3 billion. That was an all -cash, one
-time settlement. And to date, I think that's
the largest one -nation settlement in Canada
history. And so one of the things when we went
out to the people and we're discussing about,
you know, we were going to set, because the chief
and council, we did the negotiations, but we
have to go out to the nation members for ratification.
And by ISC, by the federal government of Canada's
rules, you're only required one, one consultation
with the community, at least one consultation.
We did up almost 30. Because we have a large
population, they're all over the place, and you're
talking about a substantial amount of money.
So we wanted to make sure that nobody said, I
didn't know, or I didn't have the opportunity
to know. We wanted to make sure that, look, this
is an important decision here. If you have any
questions, now's the time to bring those questions
up. Because this land claim, it's called the
1910 Surrender. illegal surrender. And that's
how long it's been since we've been dealing with
this claim. And so we wanted to make sure, you
know, this is going to be a history books, legacy
type settlement that everybody was aware of what
was going on. And what was the outcome of the
consultation and what kind of support did you
get for the settlement? I think the referendum
vote was, I want to say it was plus 80 % approval.
Yeah. And and out of the amount of eligible voters,
I want to say almost north of 85 percent of the
eligible voters came out and voted. So, you know,
you don't have those kind of turnouts in municipalities
when it comes to elections and voting on referendums.
But this was going to have a significant impact
to each and every one of those eight thousand
plus nation members. And so and again, like I
said, you know, we didn't take it lightly. We
went we did a full on blitz when it came to providing
this information out to the people. Well, you
sure got the job done if that was your objective
and coming back and historic landmark settlement.
And sometimes the negotiations with band members
about what to do with the settlement funds is
just as difficult. as a negotiation to get the
settlement in the first place. Talk about what
you've done with those settlement funds and what
kind of discussion has there been internally
within Siksika about how to treat those funds.
Yeah, I think a lot of the chiefs and First Nations,
and I'm not trying to be overcritical, but a
lot of times when they have these referendums,
They include the distribution as part of the
referendum discussion. We did not. You know,
when we first had these first initial conversations,
that was one of the first questions that people
asked were, how much will we get from this settlement?
And I reminded the people, I said, look, we're
not discussing the distribution at this time.
We're only discussing the particulars regarding
the case. Because if you vote no on the referendum,
then there's going to be no distribution. So
there's no point to even discuss distribution
until you fully understand the details of this
case. So I said, now, once this referendum is
done, we're going to do a second set of conversations.
And we're going to come back out to the people
and we're going to discuss options. Now, the
trust that we designed. in my opinion, is one
of the more unique trusts in Canada. And we call
it the Madupeaks Trust. And in Blackfoot, Madupeaks
means the people. So it's the people's trust.
Now, at the end of the day, chief and council
are the fiduciaries. And so, you know, letting
people know that, you know, there's a difference
between a fiduciary obligation that a nation
has. And the non -fiduciary obligation that a
member has, you know, as a as a member, you know,
he's a there's one point three billion divided
by eight thousand. And each one of us gets that
amount. And, you know, as a nation member, that
sounds great. That sounds great to me as well.
But as a fiduciary, we have a responsibility
to make sure those monies grow. And it's about
opportunities. And so the first. Part of the
referendum, we only discussed the particulars
of the case. Secondly, we sat down with counsel
as the fiduciaries, and once it was approved
as yes, we said, okay, guys, how are we going
to divvy this out? So it was a quorum of counsel.
We all agreed upon it. There were certain numbers
that were thrown around. We ended up landing
on $40 ,000 per person, which still was $320
million that went out the door. within the first
year of the land claim. Now we also, we didn't
just want to do a big 40 ,000 per person. So
we said, how can we do this? That's going to
have the least bad impact on our people and the
most beneficial impact on our people. And so
what we did was we, we divided it by three. So
we did three distributions in a year. The first
one was, So we settled this claim in late December.
December was when the referendum took place.
December of 2021. 2022 is when it was executed
and finalized. So the monies came in our account
in May of 2022. So in that July, we did a $20
,000 initial. In December, we did another $10
,000. And then the next, the following July,
we did another $10 ,000. So we did $40 ,000,
but we did a $10 ,000, $20 ,000, $10 ,000. And
so, you know, and that had the best impact on
us as well because the other, the first distribution,
you know, during the $20 ,000, we were able to
hold back half and keep that in the market. It
was earning some dollars while we were waiting
for the next. And then, you know, earning some
dollars while we were waiting for the third.
But at the same time, by spreading it out, in
my opinion, it allowed people to say, you know
what, now I can plan for the next one. Now I
can plan for the next one. And so you saw people
actually buying furniture, going on vacations,
doing some investing. It wasn't just splurge
people just spinning as if they was, you know,
a lot of times you see First Nations. If they
do a distribution, it's one lump sum and it's
kind of a feast or famine. And also, too, the
way we designed the trust, we have what I call
buckets. So there's multiple buckets. So one
is a legacy bucket. So that's your traditional
kind of trust investments. And then one is called
the community bucket. And that that one has the
bulk of it. Fifty percent of the funds went into
that bucket. And that bucket is mainly for. That's
where the input from the community. So at least
once every three years, the Treasury Board goes
out and does surveys and whatnot and says, what
are some of the needs of the people? What are
some of the wants of the people? You know, is
it community centers? Is it housing? Is it recreation?
And whatever it is, and then those results from
that survey go to the Treasury Board, and then
that comes up with a list of priorities from
the community bucket. Another bucket is a lands
acquisition bucket. So most of these big settlements
are result of land claims. But because of most
First Nations are in a feast or famine mindset,
you know, most don't buy back land, you know,
or most don't acquire back land. They're going
to supplement their funding or supplement other
programs. And so we wanted to make sure, hold
on a minute, this claim is a result of a land
claim. So let's put some monies aside purely
to acquire more lands, whether that be reservation
lands, whether that be fee simple lands, whether
that be traditional lands, cultural lands. So
we had to develop a lands acquisition strategy,
you know, and where should we purchase these
lands? What's the purpose of these lands? Do
we turn some to reserve? Do we keep some in fee
simple? So all that strategy was developed. And
then the fourth bucket is essentially a dividend
bucket. or a distribution bucket so we put um
some monies in that bucket and um and each each
year up to 85 can be dumped out of the earnings
and so you know the first year i think that first
distribution after the 20 after the 2010 10 was
around 1100 bucks and people were like man that's
that's not a lot of money But in the next year,
it was twenty five hundred bucks. And, you know,
so it's only this is only year year three of
that of that bucket. Right. And so I wanted to
be able to see how money operates and how money
grows. And so from that bucket in 10 years time
or seven, eight years time, you're going to see
ten thousand per year distributions. You know,
you're going to see. And as people see how how
money compounds and how money grows and how their
distribution or dividend. from this money is
actually benefiting them, each one of those guys,
you can start planning on some of those things.
And each one of those buckets has its own individual
investment strategy and investment policy. So
once we settled the claim, that was big. There's
a lot of nations that settled, not as large,
but large claims. And you hear it a lot in Indian
country where they end up distributing 80 % of
it out. large amounts out. And then year two,
three, four, five, 10, the money just isn't growing
as much because the corpus didn't start out.
It started out small. So even though we gave
out $320 million, we still had a corpus of a
billion dollars. And so that corpus has grown
on an average of 20, 25 % for the last two, three
years. That's pretty good returns. As that bucket
keeps growing, you know, in a in a 10 years time,
you know, we should have three billion dollars
in that. But, you know, and so we're going to
I think we're going a long ways for financial
sovereignty. And I think that the trust itself
was just as important, if not more important
than the settlement. But it's a chicken and egg
thing, right? You can have the best trust if
you don't have money to put into it. And so settling
that land claim was huge. getting the right trust
account for those monies to operate and generate
the best returns with the least amount of risk
is just as large. And so those were two of the
big items that I was able to do under my leadership.
And so at that point, you know, you know, I decided
at that point, you know, do I stay in and be
a 30 year chief or do I chase down Rob Brent
and try to be more successful on the on the on
the on the private sector? And it's a little
combination of the two. I have a tribe of 8 ,000.
I also have a tribe of four. And sometimes his
chief, our tribe of four, gets overlooked by
trying to manage the tribe of 8 ,000. And that's
also in the corporate world as well. And so those
are some of the reasons why I decided. to pass
the torch, if you will, to my cousin Sam. He
still had to get elected, and he did, but decided
to step away from being the elected chief. Such
a great story. Talk to us about, I know it's
only been three years since the settlement, but
has day -to -day life changed on the reserve
for members? It has, but we live in a microwave
society, and everybody wants... Instant change,
you know. Now, I take a lot of pride in saying
that you can, in my opinion, you can drive through
six you got today. And if you drove through six
you got six years ago, it's still it's a different
six you got looks a different six you got. Now,
we still have a long ways to go. You know, we
were we were 100 years or more, 150 years under
the Indian Act. So we're not going to fix this
overnight. But, you know, when I got on as chief,
we didn't even have security. You know, right
now and on First Nations in Canada, security
is not considered an essential service. Policing
is not considered an essential service. And I
feel like one of my biggest strengths is I'm
pretty aggressive and I'm a fairly good negotiator,
in my opinion. And so we went to the federal
government and we negotiated. We were the first
First Nation over 20 years for Canada to agree
to enter into a policing agreement with. So in
the next couple of months, we're going to be
hiring our police chief at Siksika. You can have
all the monies in the world, but if you don't
have security, if you don't have safety, if you
don't have these other key elements that make
a successful atmosphere or ecosphere, then you're
going to always have these gaps. And so, you
know, that's the area actually where Sam is really
strong. You know, Sam would be in his background
as a lawyer. He was a chief judge in the States
for some years. And so, you know, his expertise
in coming up with constitution and bylaws and
getting our police in where we need to be getting
our police commission. I think he's better suited
for that role than I am. And so I was more suited
for the. the negotiations part and the finance
part. And I think it's now, again, it's his season.
They kind of come in. So I don't, I don't feel
like 60 guys going to be even taking a step down.
It's just going to be a lateral step over, but,
but we need all those components, you know, but
everybody wants to see, you know, community centers
built overnight, a new tribal center overnight.
And, and, and it just takes times. If you're
going to do it right, we want them done right
at 60 guys. But you can see, you know, now we
have peace officers. So we paid out of our own
dollars to have peace officers, our own peace
officers on the nation. Because the RCMP, they
just were not, they would come if they got called,
but they're not going to come out and do any
preventative kind of drive -thrus and, you know,
preventative maintenance, if you will. You know,
it's always calling after the fact. And so, you
know, and as we know from a financial or business
standpoint, preventative. it's quite a bit cheaper
than detective and and so we want we wanted a
lot more of the preventative stuff we wanted
peace officers driving around our own people
driving around the communities restoring that
our own our own so we had to pay out of our own
dollars for that and we've had to pay out of
our own dollars for some other resources but
we looked at it as an investment not as a cost
and so you know i think those are some of the
things that i think we have the one of if not
the first one of the first prosecutor's office
in canada so you know we don't have we have a
crown prosecutor but they act for the crown so
we had our own 60 god prosecutor that acts on
behalf of 60 god on our own bylaws and so you
know now we don't have that reliance on the the
rcmp to enact our bylaws we have our own prosecutor
to enact our own bylaws now again Those dollars
are going to have to come from a 60, we're going
to have to bring those dollars forward. And so,
you know, one of the things that we went when
I went out to the people and we discussed this
land claim, I said, guys, it's not about the
money. It is, but it's not. But it's about the
opportunities that the monies can bring, you
know, because a lot of these funding arrangements
and, you know, you can go from Mi 'kmaq to Squamish
and everywhere in between in Canada. coast to
coast to coast, and a lot of these funding agreements,
you're going to get the minimum, right? And the
minimum, you can survive on it, but you're not
going to get much past survival. And so, you
know, how do you go on to thrive state? And fortunately,
unfortunately, however you want to look at it,
First Nations are going to have to do a lot of
that on their own. And it's only a handful of
First Nations, unfortunately, they have the access
to the capital and the dollars to be able to
say, you know what, we're going to do this on
our own. Matter of fact, that was one of the
negotiating strategies I used when we got our
policing bill, because when we went and met with
Ottawa, I frankly told the Minister of Justice,
I said, look, we're doing this with or without
Canada's agreement. So we're not asking you,
can we have our policing back? We're asking you,
which side of history do you want to be on? Do
you want to be on the history that denied us
our safety? Or do you want to be on the side
of history that was agreement with us? Because,
you know, now, if we didn't have dollars to be
able to back that up, then it's just an empty
threat. And so as we get further along in these
conversations today, I do feel like that's where
First Nations need to be going towards. And I
think they are going towards that, you know,
economic sovereignty. Because you can say I'm
a sovereign nation all day long. But if 98 %
of your funding comes from the federal government,
you're not sovereign. You're fully relying upon
the federal government. And so how do you create
that sovereignty, that true sovereignty? I think
financial sovereignty is a key in that. And so
now there's conversations with Mark Carney, the
prime minister of Canada and other. interested
bodies and even worldwide about how does that
inclusion or that indigenous participation, how
does that look? And how does that go towards,
I don't even like to use the word reconciliation,
but how does that go towards restoring these
First Nations back to being able to stand on
their own feet and have less of that reliance
onto the federal government? Wow. I would have
loved to have been a bug on the wall in Ottawa
when you were having the discussions with them.
Okay. Wow. They didn't know what to do with you.
And of course you have your Southern accent as
well. And that slight charm that comes with it.
They were like, what's happened here? They probably
were checking to see if they still had their
clothes on after you left. Right. That is really
important history for people to understand what
happens and the barriers. that the indigenous
nations have to go through just to claim what
many non -indigenous Canadians just accept is
that's, that's their rights, right? When you
talk about policing, I mean, that's just unbelievable.
And Mark, you started off this podcast by saying,
you know, being from England, you didn't know
a whole lot about the indigenous. The irony is
people here in Canada. When I have a lot of these
conversations with my colleagues in Calgary and
and even, you know, the next town's over. It's
astounding how much even my neighbors, because
I don't live on the reservation. And, you know,
I bought an acreage right outside of Calgary
and a lot of my neighbors, good people. But they
said, I didn't know the chief could live off
the reservation. You know, I didn't know. And
they weren't being racist or they weren't being
they just don't know. And it's it's amazing how
much history. As a matter of fact, right down
the street from where I live, less than two kilometers
from where I live was a residential school. And
people that live within one kilometer of that
old residential school. Some people still believe
those didn't really exist. You know, like, you
know, there's there's that kind of conversation
in Canada. So it's not all the way across the
pond. We don't even have to go across the street
for people to not understand what's going on
in our backyard. Just to clarify, although I
live here now and I'm also British, I was born
in Brandon, Manitoba, and I'm a Canadian through
and through. And of course, there was the residential
school in Brandon. I was six or seven when we
left, but I remember seeing that building up
there. And as I said, I knew nothing of this,
just as you've explained your... where you're
living now, your neighbors, many of them don't
have any understanding. I'm sure they've got
a great appreciation now. Perhaps there's opportunities
in federal politics for you as well, because
Canada needs good people at the top. So maybe
you have to go out and fight for all Canadians
now after you've done such a sterling job in
your area. Thank you to Chief Orre Crowfoot for
sharing his insights with us. And thank you for
viewing and listening. Mark your calendars for
the upcoming 2026 Summit taking place on the
8th of April. Be sure to share, subscribe, and
leave a review on your favorite podcast channel.
Thanks for listening to Drumbeats. Until next
time.