1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,760 Welcome to the deep dive. 2 00:00:01,760 --> 00:00:05,160 Today, we're diving into some pretty influential papers 3 00:00:05,160 --> 00:00:06,600 in information technology. 4 00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:07,440 Oh yeah. 5 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:09,360 Ones that have really shaped the digital world 6 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:10,200 as we know it. 7 00:00:10,200 --> 00:00:12,520 Definitely, even though they were written decades ago. 8 00:00:12,520 --> 00:00:14,800 It's kind of wild how relevant they still are. 9 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:15,640 Absolutely. 10 00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:16,760 Visionaries, really. 11 00:00:16,760 --> 00:00:18,960 We're gonna be looking at three specifically. 12 00:00:18,960 --> 00:00:19,800 Okay. 13 00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:23,320 Fan of our bushes, as we may think for 1945. 14 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:26,200 Claude Shannon's, a mathematical theory of communication. 15 00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:27,320 That one's from 48. 16 00:00:27,320 --> 00:00:28,960 Yeah, 1948. 17 00:00:28,960 --> 00:00:31,800 And then lastly, JCR Lickliders, 18 00:00:31,800 --> 00:00:34,600 man computer symbiosis from 1960. 19 00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:36,680 Each one a game changer for sure. 20 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:38,360 So let's start with Fan of our Bush. 21 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:39,600 This is 1945, right? 22 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:40,840 Yeah, end of World War II. 23 00:00:40,840 --> 00:00:42,880 Exactly, World War II's just ended. 24 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:45,040 Science is advancing like crazy. 25 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:47,240 A total explosion of new knowledge. 26 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:49,440 But the way they were sharing all this new info. 27 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:50,680 Mainly through print. 28 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:51,680 Yeah, just couldn't keep up. 29 00:00:51,680 --> 00:00:52,760 What in bottleneck? 30 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:53,800 Totally. 31 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:56,680 And Bush saw this problem really clearly. 32 00:00:56,680 --> 00:00:57,520 He did. 33 00:00:57,520 --> 00:00:59,640 The traditional methods of scientific communication 34 00:00:59,640 --> 00:01:00,600 just weren't cutting it. 35 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:01,600 Couldn't handle the volume. 36 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:04,680 Right, imagine a world overflowing with discoveries, 37 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:06,600 but no effective way to share them. 38 00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:08,400 Makes you think about how crucial 39 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:10,360 efficient communication really is. 40 00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:11,200 It does. 41 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:13,800 And so Bush comes up with this wild concept. 42 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:14,880 The Memex. 43 00:01:14,880 --> 00:01:16,200 You know it. 44 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:18,360 Basically a desk size device. 45 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:19,480 Ambitious for the time. 46 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:22,840 Allowing users to create like personalized trails 47 00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:24,120 through information. 48 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:27,500 Linking ideas and concepts in a way that kind of mirrors 49 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:28,400 the human mind. 50 00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:29,440 It's familiar, right? 51 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:30,800 It's like a precursor to the internet. 52 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:31,720 It really is. 53 00:01:31,720 --> 00:01:33,960 Bush even talked about associative indexing. 54 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:36,760 Linking information based on relationships, 55 00:01:36,760 --> 00:01:38,000 not just keywords. 56 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:40,520 Like how we browse websites today, following links 57 00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:41,680 based on our interests. 58 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:43,040 And search engines. 59 00:01:43,040 --> 00:01:45,800 It's at the core of how we navigate the internet today. 60 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:47,440 He was really ahead of his time. 61 00:01:47,440 --> 00:01:50,240 And for Bush, it wasn't just about making information 62 00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:51,320 easier to find. 63 00:01:51,320 --> 00:01:53,320 It was about empowering humanity. 64 00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:55,680 He believed that this increased accessibility would 65 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:59,120 help us understand the past, solve problems in the present, 66 00:01:59,120 --> 00:02:01,120 and create a better future. 67 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:03,880 Knowledge as the ultimate tool for progress. 68 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:05,120 Powerful stuff. 69 00:02:05,120 --> 00:02:05,920 So think about it. 70 00:02:05,920 --> 00:02:10,800 How has the internet, this real life Memex, 71 00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:12,020 impacted your life? 72 00:02:12,020 --> 00:02:13,640 Changed everything, hasn't it? 73 00:02:13,640 --> 00:02:16,520 Now let's jump ahead a few years to 1948. 74 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:17,160 OK. 75 00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:20,680 Claude Shannon enters the scene with a mathematical theory 76 00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:21,600 of communication. 77 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:23,600 A cornerstone of the digital age. 78 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:26,040 This paper tackles a huge challenge 79 00:02:26,040 --> 00:02:27,680 of the emerging computer age. 80 00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:31,600 How to send information electronically without errors. 81 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:33,600 And you have to remember, there's always 82 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:36,280 noise interference during transmission. 83 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:36,760 Right. 84 00:02:36,760 --> 00:02:39,360 So before Shannon, to make sure a message got through, 85 00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:41,160 you had to send it multiple times. 86 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:42,200 Super inefficient. 87 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:43,920 It's like imagine downloading a movie 88 00:02:43,920 --> 00:02:45,440 and having to wait for five copies, 89 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:47,040 just to be sure you got the whole thing. 90 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:48,440 Talk about a pain. 91 00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:50,520 But Shannon, a brilliant mathematician. 92 00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:51,880 He had a different approach. 93 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:53,280 He did, a revolutionary one. 94 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:55,920 To treat information like a measurable quantity. 95 00:02:55,920 --> 00:02:57,160 Like weight or distance. 96 00:02:57,160 --> 00:02:57,920 Exactly. 97 00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:00,720 By understanding how to measure information. 98 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:03,120 He figured out how to send it reliably 99 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:05,240 without needing multiple copies. 100 00:03:05,240 --> 00:03:07,400 It's the foundation of how we connect today. 101 00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:10,200 Internet connections, video calls, streaming services, 102 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:11,360 all thanks to Shannon. 103 00:03:11,360 --> 00:03:13,000 It's incredible to think about. 104 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:17,920 Now for our last visionary, we have JCR Licklider and his paper 105 00:03:17,920 --> 00:03:20,000 Man Computer Symbiosis. 106 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:21,160 From 1960. 107 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:21,660 Right. 108 00:03:21,660 --> 00:03:24,880 This one's really interesting because he dares to imagine 109 00:03:24,880 --> 00:03:27,920 a future where humans and computers work together. 110 00:03:27,920 --> 00:03:29,080 Not against each other. 111 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:30,200 Exactly. 112 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:32,520 This was at a time when people were afraid of computers 113 00:03:32,520 --> 00:03:33,240 taking over. 114 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:34,440 Replacing humans. 115 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:35,080 Yeah. 116 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:36,520 But Licklider saw it differently. 117 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:37,920 He saw a partnership. 118 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:40,800 A world where computers handle those routine tasks 119 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:43,320 or the really complex calculations. 120 00:03:43,320 --> 00:03:46,000 Freeing up humans for a more creative thinking, problem 121 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:47,480 solving, decision making. 122 00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:49,680 He called it man computer symbiosis. 123 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:52,200 Computers augmenting human capabilities. 124 00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:53,600 Like a super powered assistant that 125 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:56,920 can crunch numbers, store tons of data, even navigate for you. 126 00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:58,600 While you focus on the bigger picture. 127 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:00,360 And when you look around today, it's 128 00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:03,080 amazing how much of his vision has become reality. 129 00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:05,760 From spreadsheets to GPS to software 130 00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:07,920 that analyzes huge data sets. 131 00:04:07,920 --> 00:04:09,760 We're living in a world where we routinely 132 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:11,920 delegate tasks to computers. 133 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:14,080 Extending our own abilities in ways 134 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:16,920 that would have seemed impossible just a few decades ago. 135 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:18,720 It's pretty mind blowing when you think about it. 136 00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:19,400 It is. 137 00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:22,120 And it all goes back to these incredible thinkers 138 00:04:22,120 --> 00:04:24,160 and their groundbreaking ideas. 139 00:04:24,160 --> 00:04:25,520 It's fascinating, isn't it? 140 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:26,600 What is? 141 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:28,640 How these three papers, even though they 142 00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:30,560 were written in different decades, 143 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:32,360 they seem to build upon each other. 144 00:04:32,360 --> 00:04:32,800 Oh, yeah. 145 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:33,520 I see what you mean. 146 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:35,720 It's like they're having a conversation across time. 147 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:36,400 Right. 148 00:04:36,400 --> 00:04:40,280 Bush lays the foundation with his idea of the MIMEX. 149 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:41,880 That interconnected web of information. 150 00:04:41,880 --> 00:04:42,380 Yeah. 151 00:04:42,380 --> 00:04:44,040 Then Shannon comes in and he's all 152 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:45,640 about reliable communication. 153 00:04:45,640 --> 00:04:48,040 Which is crucial for actually sharing all that information. 154 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:48,840 Exactly. 155 00:04:48,840 --> 00:04:51,880 And then Licklider takes it a step further, 156 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:55,440 envisioning humans and computers working together, 157 00:04:55,440 --> 00:04:57,840 like in this symbiotic relationship. 158 00:04:57,840 --> 00:05:01,000 Using those tools to tackle big challenges. 159 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:03,280 A perfect progression of thought. 160 00:05:03,280 --> 00:05:06,920 And it really makes you think about what ideas are being 161 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:10,240 planted today that will be like groundbreaking innovations 162 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:10,840 down the road. 163 00:05:10,840 --> 00:05:11,800 Oh, totally. 164 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:13,280 It's exciting to think about. 165 00:05:13,280 --> 00:05:15,840 But their impact goes beyond just ideas. 166 00:05:15,840 --> 00:05:16,840 How so? 167 00:05:16,840 --> 00:05:20,440 These papers actually led to real changes, tangible things. 168 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:21,680 Oh, you mean like. 169 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:22,840 Bush's work, for example. 170 00:05:22,840 --> 00:05:23,340 Yeah. 171 00:05:23,340 --> 00:05:26,640 It influenced the development of early hypertext systems. 172 00:05:26,640 --> 00:05:29,840 Which were like the precursors to the worldwide web. 173 00:05:29,840 --> 00:05:30,920 And Shannon's theories. 174 00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:32,200 So important for. 175 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:34,360 The design of communication networks, 176 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:38,720 leading to more efficient and reliable ways to transmit data. 177 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:40,280 And Licklider. 178 00:05:40,280 --> 00:05:42,600 He didn't just talk about man-computer symbiosis. 179 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:43,880 He put it into action. 180 00:05:43,880 --> 00:05:44,380 Yeah. 181 00:05:44,380 --> 00:05:46,160 He led the development of ARPANET. 182 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:47,720 The precursor to the internet. 183 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:49,200 These weren't just thinkers. 184 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:50,280 They were doers. 185 00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:52,520 Shaping the future they envisioned. 186 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:55,080 And you can see how passionate they were about their ideas. 187 00:05:55,080 --> 00:05:56,040 Absolutely. 188 00:05:56,040 --> 00:05:58,680 They truly believed in the power of their work. 189 00:05:58,680 --> 00:06:00,880 OK, so let's go back to Vannevar Bush for a minute. 190 00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:01,320 OK. 191 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:03,240 And his concept of the MIMEX. 192 00:06:03,240 --> 00:06:03,560 Right. 193 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:05,840 He was fascinated by how the human mind makes 194 00:06:05,840 --> 00:06:08,080 connections between ideas. 195 00:06:08,080 --> 00:06:10,520 And he wanted to create a machine that could do the same. 196 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:13,600 Which led to his idea of associative indexing. 197 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:14,100 Right. 198 00:06:14,100 --> 00:06:16,560 Moving beyond those simple keyword searches. 199 00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:18,960 To create a system that links information 200 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:21,120 based on meaning and context. 201 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:23,600 Like a web of interconnected ideas. 202 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:26,680 Where one thought leads you to another in a nonlinear way. 203 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:27,600 Exactly. 204 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:30,000 It's crazy how he was thinking about this back in the 40s. 205 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:32,040 Long before the technology existed. 206 00:06:32,040 --> 00:06:33,120 A true visionary. 207 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:35,000 All right, let's move on to Claude Shannon now. 208 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:35,400 OK. 209 00:06:35,400 --> 00:06:37,560 And his work on information theory. 210 00:06:37,560 --> 00:06:39,360 This is where it gets a bit more technical. 211 00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:40,240 A little bit. 212 00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:43,920 But it's crucial to understanding how our digital world works. 213 00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:44,800 OK, I'm ready. 214 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:47,640 So Shannon's work is what allows us to do all the things 215 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:48,680 we do online. 216 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:52,000 Sending emails, streaming videos, talking to anyone 217 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:53,360 in the world instantly. 218 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:55,520 But have you ever wondered how it actually works? 219 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:57,160 I have, to be honest. 220 00:06:57,160 --> 00:06:59,640 Well, Shannon's key insight was that information 221 00:06:59,640 --> 00:07:00,480 could be measured. 222 00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:01,280 Measured. 223 00:07:01,280 --> 00:07:03,680 Like any other physical quantity. 224 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:06,920 Like we measure distance in miles or weight in pounds. 225 00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:08,400 Exactly. 226 00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:10,960 Shannon figured out how to measure information. 227 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:13,840 And that unit of measurement is the bit. 228 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:14,680 You got it. 229 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:16,400 Short for binary digit. 230 00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:18,040 OK, I've heard of bits before. 231 00:07:18,040 --> 00:07:20,840 But I'm still a little fuzzy on what they actually are. 232 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:22,760 Think of a bit like a light switch. 233 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:23,560 A light switch. 234 00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:26,640 It can be on or off representing a one or a zero. 235 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:27,240 OK. 236 00:07:27,240 --> 00:07:29,360 And by combining these bits together, 237 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:31,920 you can represent any type of information. 238 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:34,440 Like text, images, music. 239 00:07:34,440 --> 00:07:35,160 Everything. 240 00:07:35,160 --> 00:07:37,000 Everything you see on your computer screen 241 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:39,600 is ultimately just a series of ones and zeros. 242 00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:41,800 So all the complexity of the digital world 243 00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:43,920 comes down to those simple ones and zeros. 244 00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:45,040 Pretty amazing, right? 245 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:45,560 It is. 246 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:48,160 And Shannon's mathematical theory 247 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:51,480 provides the framework for how to transmit these bits 248 00:07:51,480 --> 00:07:52,440 reliably. 249 00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:54,320 Ensuring they arrive without errors. 250 00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:57,400 Which is why our communication systems are so dependable. 251 00:07:57,400 --> 00:08:01,080 It's incredible that something so fundamental to our lives 252 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:03,400 is based on such a simple concept. 253 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:06,120 Now let's shift our focus to JCR Licklider. 254 00:08:06,120 --> 00:08:08,600 And his vision of man-computer symbiosis. 255 00:08:08,600 --> 00:08:10,240 What's fascinating about this paper 256 00:08:10,240 --> 00:08:12,120 is its exploration of collaboration 257 00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:13,800 between humans and computers. 258 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:16,000 Working together, not against each other. 259 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:19,520 He saw a future where computers would augment human intelligence, 260 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:20,560 not replace it. 261 00:08:20,560 --> 00:08:22,320 Like working side by side. 262 00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:24,240 To solve complex problems. 263 00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:26,360 Computers handling the routine tasks. 264 00:08:26,360 --> 00:08:27,840 Processing information. 265 00:08:27,840 --> 00:08:30,080 Providing humans with insights. 266 00:08:30,080 --> 00:08:32,160 So we can make better decisions, be more creative. 267 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:32,680 Big Zach. 268 00:08:32,680 --> 00:08:34,600 He even predicted that computers would eventually 269 00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:36,880 understand human language and engage in problem 270 00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:38,040 solving like humans. 271 00:08:38,040 --> 00:08:40,080 And with AI and machine learning, 272 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:41,520 we're getting closer to that. 273 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:44,480 We're already seeing this collaboration in so many fields. 274 00:08:44,480 --> 00:08:48,480 Scientists using AI to analyze massive data sets. 275 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:51,680 Artists using digital tools for new forms of expression. 276 00:08:51,680 --> 00:08:54,640 And in everyday life, we rely on our smartphones 277 00:08:54,640 --> 00:08:56,200 and computers constantly. 278 00:08:56,200 --> 00:08:58,240 Licklider was way ahead of his time. 279 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:01,080 His vision continues to inspire us today. 280 00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:04,320 It's a reminder that technology can be a powerful tool for good. 281 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:07,800 Enhancing our abilities and helping us achieve incredible things. 282 00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:09,960 But it's important to remember that these papers 283 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:11,280 weren't just theoretical. 284 00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:12,680 They were calls to action. 285 00:09:12,680 --> 00:09:16,080 Blueprints for a future where technology empowers humanity. 286 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:18,640 And their legacy is all around us. 287 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:20,240 It's pretty amazing, really. 288 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:23,080 How these three guys, Bush, Shannon, Licklider, 289 00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:26,160 they basically shaped the digital world we live in. 290 00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:28,400 Just by thinking about these big ideas, huh? 291 00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:33,000 It all started with their belief in the power of information. 292 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:35,160 And the importance of clear communication. 293 00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:39,000 And that whole idea of humans and computers working together. 294 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:41,880 It's like they created this roadmap for the digital age. 295 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:45,600 Even though they were writing way before the technology existed. 296 00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:47,320 Their optimism is contagious. 297 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:47,880 Oh, yeah. 298 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:50,640 They saw technology as a tool for progress. 299 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:53,200 A way to empower people and solve problems. 300 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:55,520 And that's a perspective we need to hold on to. 301 00:09:55,520 --> 00:09:58,480 Especially today, when technology sometimes gets a bad rap. 302 00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:03,320 People focus on the downsides, like job losses or AI taking over. 303 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:06,760 But these authors, they saw the positive possibilities. 304 00:10:06,760 --> 00:10:07,920 The potential for good. 305 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:10,000 And that's a powerful message for all of us. 306 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:12,880 We need to approach technology with a sense of hope. 307 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:15,360 Believing in its potential to make things better. 308 00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:18,240 And to use it responsibly, ethically. 309 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:20,280 To create the kind of future we want to see. 310 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:23,960 You know, one thing that struck me while reading these papers, 311 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:27,400 it felt like they were having a conversation across time. 312 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:28,560 I know what you mean. 313 00:10:28,560 --> 00:10:30,440 Even though they were written years apart. 314 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:32,760 It's like they were building on each other's ideas. 315 00:10:32,760 --> 00:10:33,920 Passing the torch. 316 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:37,480 Bush starts with the Memex, that vast network of information. 317 00:10:37,480 --> 00:10:41,760 And then, Shannon figures out how to make communication reliable. 318 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:44,600 Which is essential for actually sharing all that information. 319 00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:48,120 And then, Licklider comes in and says, hey, let's use all this 320 00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:51,760 to create a true partnership between humans and computers. 321 00:10:51,760 --> 00:10:54,000 Where we each bring our strengths to the table. 322 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:55,280 It's an amazing progression. 323 00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:56,360 And it makes you wonder. 324 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:56,880 What? 325 00:10:56,880 --> 00:10:59,560 What ideas are being developed right now? 326 00:10:59,560 --> 00:11:02,640 That will shape the next chapter of the digital revolution. 327 00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:06,320 What's the next Memex or man computer symbiosis? 328 00:11:06,320 --> 00:11:07,800 It's exciting to think about. 329 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:11,080 And those breakthroughs, they won't just come from big tech companies. 330 00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:12,120 More research labs. 331 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:13,360 They'll come from individuals. 332 00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:15,960 Students, tinkers, dreamers. 333 00:11:15,960 --> 00:11:19,240 People who are passionate about using technology to make a difference. 334 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:21,440 That's where the real innovation happens. 335 00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:23,120 So here's a question for you, our listener. 336 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:24,160 Oh, I like this. 337 00:11:24,160 --> 00:11:29,840 These authors envisioned a future where technology empowered humanity. 338 00:11:29,840 --> 00:11:33,400 As technology keeps evolving at this crazy pace. 339 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:35,400 What kind of future do you envision? 340 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:39,160 What role will those founding principles play in shaping that future? 341 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:43,760 Access to information, reliable communication, human computer collaboration. 342 00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:45,560 It's a question we're thinking about. 343 00:11:45,560 --> 00:11:49,280 What kind of world do we want to build with these powerful tools we have? 344 00:11:49,280 --> 00:11:52,720 We have a responsibility to use technology for good. 345 00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:55,200 To create a future that benefits everyone. 346 00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:56,560 Because ultimately. 347 00:11:56,560 --> 00:11:58,920 The future of technology is up to us. 348 00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:01,480 We hope this deep dive has sparked your curiosity. 349 00:12:01,480 --> 00:12:03,320 And gotten you thinking about the possibilities. 350 00:12:03,320 --> 00:12:07,120 And the responsibilities of living in this incredible technological era. 351 00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:33,360 Thanks for joining us.