WEBVTT 00:00:00.110 --> 00:00:03.549 Okay, so we last talked about internal calculation. 00:00:03.730 --> 00:00:06.530 Okay, we went through this whole process here 00:00:06.530 --> 00:00:14.210 of state Reward and cost which equals value value 00:00:14.210 --> 00:00:18.690 equals reward minus cost you can see this here 00:00:18.690 --> 00:00:21.829 Control how much control does the living organism 00:00:21.829 --> 00:00:24.829 have in the environment in the task that is performing? 00:00:25.649 --> 00:00:28.289 And then the action and policy the policy is 00:00:28.289 --> 00:00:31.789 who you become The belief systems, your core 00:00:31.789 --> 00:00:35.009 beliefs, the phenotype, your personality, this 00:00:35.009 --> 00:00:39.869 is all about learning and repetition. Okay, remember, 00:00:40.469 --> 00:00:44.250 as the reward is high, if we want to put this 00:00:44.250 --> 00:00:47.509 in a seesaw because it's a great visual representation, 00:00:51.329 --> 00:00:58.229 reward is high and cost is low. This equals repeat. 00:01:01.420 --> 00:01:04.780 This is a bad problem in modern society because 00:01:04.780 --> 00:01:08.939 you can do things with without Effort for reward 00:01:08.939 --> 00:01:11.900 and that's not the way evolution is built evolution 00:01:11.900 --> 00:01:15.540 is built with this effort first and then reward 00:01:15.540 --> 00:01:26.099 on the opposite of that if If cost is high reward 00:01:26.099 --> 00:01:32.920 is low this equals a void So, high reward equals 00:01:32.920 --> 00:01:35.459 repeat. The living organism is going to repeat 00:01:35.459 --> 00:01:40.920 that. High cost is avoidance. The living organism 00:01:40.920 --> 00:01:44.400 is going to avoid that task. We ended last episode 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:47.200 about the dorsal striatum because we built the 00:01:47.200 --> 00:01:50.560 habit. We built repetition. The living organism 00:01:50.560 --> 00:01:54.599 is going to repeat things that it conserves biological 00:01:54.599 --> 00:01:56.739 energy, okay? Remember, that's the whole purpose 00:01:56.739 --> 00:01:59.849 of the internal calculator. The brain does not 00:01:59.849 --> 00:02:02.750 want to work. It just wants to respond. And it's 00:02:02.750 --> 00:02:05.209 a metabolic bank accountant. We're going to add 00:02:05.209 --> 00:02:08.909 on to that today. It's a metabolic bank accountant 00:02:08.909 --> 00:02:13.810 because it's determining how much energy do I 00:02:13.810 --> 00:02:17.150 have available to me to execute these things, 00:02:17.449 --> 00:02:21.949 to execute life. And it will allocate and conserve 00:02:21.949 --> 00:02:26.409 biological energy. So if this cost is low, it's 00:02:26.409 --> 00:02:29.430 going to want to repeat that. that cost is high 00:02:29.430 --> 00:02:33.370 is going to want to avoid that. That's the whole 00:02:33.370 --> 00:02:38.050 network of this metabolic bank accountant. So 00:02:38.050 --> 00:02:41.349 we built this habit, okay? And we kind of talked 00:02:41.349 --> 00:02:47.810 about how the autistic phenotype is within these 00:02:47.810 --> 00:02:51.490 little networks here. But this is true with everybody. 00:02:51.710 --> 00:02:55.389 That's the beauty of this. So with this habit 00:02:55.389 --> 00:02:59.969 and evaluating this these values with this reward 00:02:59.969 --> 00:03:03.770 and cost, we can know that under uncertainty, 00:03:04.669 --> 00:03:09.849 cost is very high and we have to exhibit more 00:03:09.849 --> 00:03:14.669 control over the environment. And that's the 00:03:14.669 --> 00:03:17.830 ACC here. That's a big part of the ACC. There's 00:03:17.830 --> 00:03:21.009 a lot of good research on autism in the ACC. 00:03:21.810 --> 00:03:24.689 One, the spindle neurons. Those are fast acting 00:03:24.689 --> 00:03:28.919 for social environments. social environments. 00:03:29.659 --> 00:03:34.620 Now to see phenotype avoids that too costly and 00:03:34.620 --> 00:03:38.120 then the it's the ACC is a part of the salience 00:03:38.120 --> 00:03:41.699 network okay so that helps modulate your attention. 00:03:41.879 --> 00:03:44.560 What do you consider valuable is the way that 00:03:44.560 --> 00:03:47.680 you can look at the the salience network. What 00:03:47.680 --> 00:03:51.599 what has your attention? Is it external or is 00:03:51.599 --> 00:03:55.599 it internal? The ACC has a big input into the 00:03:55.599 --> 00:03:58.460 the dorsal striatum which is where the habits 00:03:58.460 --> 00:04:02.599 are built, where repetition is built, and we 00:04:02.599 --> 00:04:05.759 love habits. Living organisms love habits because 00:04:05.759 --> 00:04:07.879 it automates the response. You don't have to 00:04:07.879 --> 00:04:11.719 think about things, okay, and it conserves energy. 00:04:12.919 --> 00:04:16.860 We love habits. We love repetition. That equals 00:04:16.860 --> 00:04:20.019 reward or minimizes cost. So this repetition 00:04:20.019 --> 00:04:26.279 with the autistic phenotype is meaningful. So 00:04:26.279 --> 00:04:28.879 let's add in some let's talk a little bit more 00:04:28.879 --> 00:04:32.620 about the prediction because that's this big 00:04:32.620 --> 00:04:36.100 equation here for learning remember you can This 00:04:36.100 --> 00:04:38.699 prediction error is kind of zoomed out. You can 00:04:38.699 --> 00:04:42.079 zoom in to it with reward prediction error or 00:04:42.079 --> 00:04:45.240 aversive prediction error But we're going to 00:04:45.240 --> 00:04:47.819 add in another little equation here. That's a 00:04:47.819 --> 00:04:51.540 part of this that's going to kind of help explain 00:04:51.540 --> 00:04:54.550 reward and cost different or just kind of add 00:04:54.550 --> 00:04:57.370 to it. Another key takeaway from the first episode 00:04:57.370 --> 00:05:00.790 that we did here is you are not responding to 00:05:00.790 --> 00:05:04.089 the world, to the environment. You are responding 00:05:04.089 --> 00:05:08.029 to the predictions you have here, especially 00:05:08.029 --> 00:05:11.509 here, here, and here. You are responding to the 00:05:11.509 --> 00:05:14.050 predictions you have about the world, about your 00:05:14.050 --> 00:05:16.910 task, about how you are navigating the world. 00:05:18.850 --> 00:05:22.779 Remember for this equation right here. you are 00:05:22.779 --> 00:05:26.259 trying to ultimately save and conserve biological 00:05:26.259 --> 00:05:29.079 energy. Two major things that we always talk 00:05:29.079 --> 00:05:32.560 about is space -time, how these neural correlates 00:05:32.560 --> 00:05:35.980 are operating, how fast they are operating, through 00:05:35.980 --> 00:05:44.019 space and time, and then biological energy. We're 00:05:44.019 --> 00:05:46.720 human beings. We conserve energy. We live off 00:05:46.720 --> 00:05:50.480 of energy. Okay? So if you really want to add 00:05:50.480 --> 00:05:52.779 in some more autism stuff here with that attention 00:05:52.779 --> 00:05:56.639 to detail, the autistic phenotype, especially 00:05:56.639 --> 00:06:03.980 socially, can really pinpoint and send attention 00:06:03.980 --> 00:06:10.100 to those really small details about the discrepancies 00:06:10.100 --> 00:06:13.500 of the world, the discrepancies of social situations. 00:06:13.860 --> 00:06:16.629 All the meaning is trying to comprehend. And 00:06:16.629 --> 00:06:19.209 this fast rate of sensory processing that we 00:06:19.209 --> 00:06:22.449 outlined here in green, just using vision, but 00:06:22.449 --> 00:06:26.110 it's also true with the auditory brainstem response. 00:06:26.769 --> 00:06:30.610 Good whiteboards on that. And even touch. So 00:06:30.610 --> 00:06:33.290 there are a couple of neuromodulators that I 00:06:33.290 --> 00:06:37.470 want to talk about. Because one, this isn't fixed. 00:06:37.889 --> 00:06:42.230 The intensity here isn't fixed. So there are 00:06:42.230 --> 00:06:45.730 two neuromodulators here, dopamine and neuroepinephrine. 00:06:45.850 --> 00:06:49.189 that I want to talk about that really amplifies 00:06:49.189 --> 00:06:52.029 this stuff that we're talking about. And remember, 00:06:52.209 --> 00:06:54.790 we talk about dopamine with the basal ganglia 00:06:54.790 --> 00:06:58.069 episodes with the substantia nigra, which is 00:06:58.069 --> 00:07:01.550 right through here in the mesencephalon, the 00:07:01.550 --> 00:07:06.790 midbrain. Okay. And the substantia nigra pars 00:07:06.790 --> 00:07:10.689 compacta is the dopamine and it speaks up to 00:07:10.689 --> 00:07:13.750 the cadet here and the pertainment. This is the 00:07:13.750 --> 00:07:16.860 dorsal striatum. the top part of the striatum. 00:07:17.459 --> 00:07:21.279 Okay, we're going to introduce the nucleus accumbens, 00:07:21.879 --> 00:07:24.759 which is right here, and we're also going to 00:07:24.759 --> 00:07:30.040 introduce the ventral tegmental area. Ventral 00:07:30.040 --> 00:07:33.420 tegmental area is another spot for dopamine, 00:07:33.639 --> 00:07:36.480 and it will speak heavily to the nucleus accumbens. 00:07:36.699 --> 00:07:40.339 The nucleus accumbens is in the ventral striatum, 00:07:40.540 --> 00:07:45.870 the bottom side. The striatum Striata means stripes 00:07:45.870 --> 00:07:49.769 because there's a lot of white matter tracks 00:07:49.769 --> 00:07:52.029 running through here that makes it look like 00:07:52.029 --> 00:07:55.110 these little neculi have stripes. It's the internal 00:07:55.110 --> 00:07:59.569 capsule. If you look at an overhead view of the 00:07:59.569 --> 00:08:01.910 brain, you can see these internal capsules kind 00:08:01.910 --> 00:08:05.930 of look like this. They kind of look X'd. One 00:08:05.930 --> 00:08:09.949 on this side and then one on the left side. And 00:08:09.949 --> 00:08:13.889 then you can also see the caudate neculis. pushes 00:08:13.889 --> 00:08:17.889 in on the third ventriculars, the ventricles. 00:08:19.110 --> 00:08:21.550 There's a lot of biological power running through 00:08:21.550 --> 00:08:25.009 this ventricular system, a lot, because of the 00:08:25.009 --> 00:08:28.069 water. So these white matter tracks provides 00:08:28.069 --> 00:08:32.090 this better space -time and biological energy. 00:08:32.350 --> 00:08:37.549 So the dopamine here is really modulating effort, 00:08:38.570 --> 00:08:42.519 gain, Because this is going to be the new equation 00:08:42.519 --> 00:08:48.320 here is the net gain The learning rate how fast 00:08:48.320 --> 00:08:52.500 do you want to repeat a task or repeat a stimuli 00:08:52.500 --> 00:08:59.019 and How much you want to avoid it? This is dopamine 00:08:59.019 --> 00:09:02.940 here is really big in learning and reinforcement. 00:09:02.940 --> 00:09:06.399 It's not just addiction, but it's heavily involved 00:09:06.399 --> 00:09:09.529 in addiction And dopamine will also be about 00:09:09.529 --> 00:09:12.970 expiration. How do you navigate the life, your 00:09:12.970 --> 00:09:16.009 life? Whenever things are good, whenever the 00:09:16.009 --> 00:09:20.409 living organism has a net gain, it will repeat 00:09:20.409 --> 00:09:24.110 that and dopamine increases. It will stamp this. 00:09:24.149 --> 00:09:27.529 It reinforces this activity, this behavior. And 00:09:27.529 --> 00:09:32.809 this state and value will get heavy inputs from 00:09:33.049 --> 00:09:36.370 this area from the VTA, the nucleus commens, 00:09:36.409 --> 00:09:40.529 the VTA up through the cortex and the motivation 00:09:40.529 --> 00:09:47.470 rises and this becomes more of what you do for 00:09:47.470 --> 00:09:50.490 your core beliefs, your phenotype, your personality, 00:09:50.490 --> 00:09:54.350 and so forth. How much are you being hijacked 00:09:54.350 --> 00:09:58.909 by this? Okay, so let's say the contrary. You 00:09:58.909 --> 00:10:02.110 don't like something. The prediction you made 00:10:02.110 --> 00:10:04.889 didn't give you the outcome or there's a lot 00:10:04.889 --> 00:10:09.230 of cost involved so you avoid things so dopamine 00:10:09.230 --> 00:10:13.929 will drop dopamine drops so this these connections 00:10:13.929 --> 00:10:17.690 and then the pars compacta will stamp the basal 00:10:17.690 --> 00:10:21.629 ganglia the dorsal striatum specifically to not 00:10:21.629 --> 00:10:24.909 want to do that and your motivation decreases 00:10:24.909 --> 00:10:30.529 so dopamine here with this little neural correlate 00:10:30.529 --> 00:10:34.070 that we have is intensifying. That's why they're 00:10:34.070 --> 00:10:36.210 called modulators. You might think of them as 00:10:36.210 --> 00:10:38.269 neurotransmitters, but that's kind of limited. 00:10:38.669 --> 00:10:41.490 They're much more than that. So remember, dopamine 00:10:41.490 --> 00:10:46.210 updates this OFC for the state because it's telling 00:10:46.210 --> 00:10:48.730 you what kind of state you're in. In the moment, 00:10:49.429 --> 00:10:52.289 the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, they have 00:10:52.289 --> 00:10:55.669 strong connections with the neuromodulatory systems, 00:10:56.049 --> 00:10:58.450 things like serotonin even and norepinephrine 00:10:58.450 --> 00:11:02.139 and dopamine. There's a lot of subcortical inputs 00:11:02.139 --> 00:11:05.559 running through the ventral medial prefrontal 00:11:05.559 --> 00:11:08.000 cortex too because that's where the value is 00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:11.419 at ultimately being calculated. Remember we called 00:11:11.419 --> 00:11:15.100 this area the scoreboard okay and the striatum 00:11:15.100 --> 00:11:17.200 of course we cover that in the basal ganglia 00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:22.600 a lot and then the ACC as well dopamine will 00:11:22.600 --> 00:11:26.000 help signal how much control is involved remember 00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:30.299 because it's the ACC is like how much effort 00:11:30.559 --> 00:11:33.960 do I need here? There's a lot of uncertainty 00:11:33.960 --> 00:11:38.580 here. Uncertainty is a big thing in life. I promise 00:11:38.580 --> 00:11:42.820 you, you don't lack uncertainty. How much are 00:11:42.820 --> 00:11:45.639 you being hijacked by these areas right here, 00:11:45.740 --> 00:11:47.980 especially the ventral medial prefrontal cortex 00:11:47.980 --> 00:11:55.039 and the ACC? The other area is, now, it's neuroepinephrine, 00:11:55.179 --> 00:11:57.919 and it's from the locus aurelius, sometimes called 00:11:57.919 --> 00:12:02.070 the blue spot. But I already have blue and I 00:12:02.070 --> 00:12:04.330 really want to do the neuromodulators in the 00:12:04.330 --> 00:12:07.970 same color Kind of running out of colors here, 00:12:07.970 --> 00:12:11.389 but the locus turuleus is right here. It shows 00:12:11.389 --> 00:12:17.909 up as blue on scans And remember if we just want 00:12:17.909 --> 00:12:21.049 to talk about it real fast the dorsal raffae 00:12:21.049 --> 00:12:25.129 runs up through here in the para aqueductal gray 00:12:25.129 --> 00:12:28.429 in the mesencephalon The raffae is right through 00:12:28.429 --> 00:12:32.370 here. It runs kind of more vertically. The locus 00:12:32.370 --> 00:12:36.330 coeruleus here is sprinkling the brain with neuroepinephrine. 00:12:36.750 --> 00:12:42.610 It's brain energy, essentially. Okay, and if 00:12:42.610 --> 00:12:45.929 you see the pathways of neuroepinephrine, it 00:12:45.929 --> 00:12:49.610 lacks specificity, but it's just going all the 00:12:49.610 --> 00:12:52.029 way up through here in the cortex and the subcortical 00:12:52.029 --> 00:12:55.490 areas. There's massive amounts of, essentially 00:12:55.490 --> 00:12:59.269 it's just like sprinkling the brain. That's the 00:12:59.269 --> 00:13:01.429 best way I've heard it described. It sprinkles 00:13:01.429 --> 00:13:04.970 the brain without specificity and it will even 00:13:04.970 --> 00:13:10.750 reach over there to the cerebellum. Okay. Neuroepinephrine 00:13:10.750 --> 00:13:14.710 here as a neuromodulator is help guiding effort 00:13:14.710 --> 00:13:21.669 and gain. So more of that value. Okay. It will 00:13:21.669 --> 00:13:25.490 it will increase attention. that will give attention 00:13:25.490 --> 00:13:29.250 some intensity. It's very similar to dopamine. 00:13:29.269 --> 00:13:32.330 Remember, they come from the same amino acid 00:13:32.330 --> 00:13:36.570 tyrosine. Dopamine and norepinephrine and melanin 00:13:36.570 --> 00:13:39.789 are all like this. You don't know what melanin 00:13:39.789 --> 00:13:42.529 is, I don't think. I don't know, maybe you do. 00:13:42.929 --> 00:13:46.210 This will help also the signal to noise. What 00:13:46.210 --> 00:13:50.070 do I need to spend my attention to versus weed 00:13:50.070 --> 00:13:54.559 out the noise and cognitive effort? Okay, this 00:13:54.559 --> 00:13:56.960 is a big thing and we're going to talk about 00:13:56.960 --> 00:14:01.340 a little bit about that expiration and effort 00:14:01.340 --> 00:14:05.000 versus quitting because quitting will be right 00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:08.240 here. So whenever neuroepinephrine increases, 00:14:08.799 --> 00:14:12.659 the engagement of this ACC increases. It's kind 00:14:12.659 --> 00:14:16.559 of a little heightened rate. It's intense. But 00:14:16.559 --> 00:14:19.080 the living organism is saying, okay, this is 00:14:19.080 --> 00:14:22.360 worth it to me or I need to do this. So the ACC 00:14:22.360 --> 00:14:27.090 will help Control, more effort. And what it's 00:14:27.090 --> 00:14:29.669 doing here with all of these cortical areas is 00:14:29.669 --> 00:14:33.070 telling you to stay on task, time on task, it's 00:14:33.070 --> 00:14:36.830 worth it. Whenever neuroepinephrine is decreased, 00:14:37.090 --> 00:14:40.269 your engagement drops. They're very similar to 00:14:40.269 --> 00:14:45.210 dopamine. The engagement drops and the control 00:14:45.210 --> 00:14:49.529 relaxes. You're more likely to give up. We're 00:14:49.529 --> 00:14:51.809 gonna get there with astrocytes and giving up. 00:14:52.299 --> 00:14:57.379 and then the system will just reduce effort to 00:14:57.379 --> 00:15:00.259 conserve the energy. How hard should I be working 00:15:00.259 --> 00:15:04.399 and pushing right now is a question that neuroepinephrine 00:15:04.399 --> 00:15:07.899 is help solving. But alongside neuroepinephrine 00:15:07.899 --> 00:15:11.659 and even dopamine, there's a type of glia cell 00:15:11.659 --> 00:15:13.679 that we haven't talked about that we should, 00:15:14.779 --> 00:15:18.320 and it's called astrocytes, glia astrocytes. 00:15:18.559 --> 00:15:21.440 And this is our best friend. That's the best 00:15:21.440 --> 00:15:23.779 way I'm going to be able to explain it, I think. 00:15:24.320 --> 00:15:29.000 You can see wonderful research on gliastrocytes 00:15:29.000 --> 00:15:33.059 and persisting versus quitting here. This is 00:15:33.059 --> 00:15:36.460 a very good paper. Self -press is a very good, 00:15:36.460 --> 00:15:39.620 very good paper. Dopamine and norepinephrine 00:15:39.620 --> 00:15:43.240 equals effort versus outcome. So whenever you 00:15:43.240 --> 00:15:47.210 are... providing effort whenever your brain, 00:15:47.350 --> 00:15:50.889 this whole system here, the whole brain, is performing 00:15:50.889 --> 00:15:54.509 tasks, giving effort, using biological energy, 00:15:54.549 --> 00:15:59.309 and the outcome is satisfying, or it's a net 00:15:59.309 --> 00:16:04.129 gain, a net benefit, you will persist. You will 00:16:04.129 --> 00:16:07.450 give more effort. Remember to maintain this reward. 00:16:08.250 --> 00:16:11.009 This is a good way of looking at it. When a reward 00:16:11.009 --> 00:16:14.000 is high, Dopamine and norepinephrine are going 00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:18.539 to be high and effort, based off of the outcome 00:16:18.539 --> 00:16:23.779 that you're getting, will sustain. In contrast 00:16:23.779 --> 00:16:28.379 to that effort versus outcome, whenever the effort 00:16:28.379 --> 00:16:32.059 you're providing is not yielding the results, 00:16:33.240 --> 00:16:36.539 whenever that cost is high, whenever you're performing 00:16:36.539 --> 00:16:39.960 a task and it's not giving you what you think 00:16:39.960 --> 00:16:42.440 you should be getting, or you're used to getting, 00:16:42.799 --> 00:16:50.100 or you're predicted to get, you will quit. So 00:16:50.100 --> 00:16:53.059 dopamine and norepinephrine is kind of helping 00:16:53.059 --> 00:16:59.919 persist or quit. And the astrocytes, especially 00:16:59.919 --> 00:17:04.140 in the locus coeruleus, is your best friend. 00:17:05.400 --> 00:17:09.019 Whenever reward is high, it's your hype man. 00:17:09.420 --> 00:17:13.599 It's telling you. keep going you're doing the 00:17:13.599 --> 00:17:16.480 right thing and remember from the first episode 00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:21.880 this high net gain with reward doesn't matter 00:17:21.880 --> 00:17:24.099 if it's healthy or unhealthy it doesn't matter 00:17:24.099 --> 00:17:25.819 if you want to do it or you don't want to do 00:17:25.819 --> 00:17:29.839 it it doesn't matter think about things like 00:17:29.839 --> 00:17:32.579 addictions and think about things like bad habits 00:17:32.579 --> 00:17:39.119 how much are you being how much are you being 00:17:39.119 --> 00:17:43.940 held captive because of high reward. Think about 00:17:43.940 --> 00:17:47.839 smartphone usage. Think about social media technology. 00:17:49.319 --> 00:17:52.880 You are being hijacked. You are being captive. 00:17:54.920 --> 00:17:58.819 Because of this dopamine and norepinephrine and 00:17:58.819 --> 00:18:02.720 those rewards, your brain is telling you to keep 00:18:02.720 --> 00:18:08.579 going. The brain is dumb. It doesn't want to 00:18:08.579 --> 00:18:14.660 work. It just wants to respond. Whenever the 00:18:14.660 --> 00:18:18.220 effort is not giving you the results, the astrocytes 00:18:18.220 --> 00:18:21.339 being your best friend is like, what are you 00:18:21.339 --> 00:18:25.519 doing? Why do you keep doing the stupid stuff? 00:18:26.859 --> 00:18:31.440 What are you doing? And the astrocytes will come 00:18:31.440 --> 00:18:37.099 in and shut the neuroepinephrine off. it will 00:18:37.099 --> 00:18:40.940 come in and just basically blanket the neuroepinephrine 00:18:40.940 --> 00:18:44.339 from the locus aurelius and your brain will not 00:18:44.339 --> 00:18:47.640 release all of this neuroepinephrine for the 00:18:47.640 --> 00:18:50.400 biological energy anymore. And that's exactly 00:18:50.400 --> 00:18:55.079 what this is. You can also see kind of a different 00:18:55.079 --> 00:18:59.240 version of it with different areas, but these 00:18:59.240 --> 00:19:02.980 two kind of go hand in hand. This paper right 00:19:02.980 --> 00:19:07.700 here, they did six, experiments trying to prove 00:19:07.700 --> 00:19:11.640 themselves wrong and they couldn't do it. This 00:19:11.640 --> 00:19:15.180 is where Astrocytes is your best friend and is 00:19:15.180 --> 00:19:19.119 telling you to quit. The effort that you're providing 00:19:19.119 --> 00:19:22.740 versus the rewards that you're getting, the outcome 00:19:22.740 --> 00:19:27.119 is not worth it and it doesn't matter if it's 00:19:27.119 --> 00:19:29.500 healthy or unhealthy. It doesn't matter if you 00:19:29.500 --> 00:19:33.099 want to do it or you don't want to do it. Quitting, 00:19:33.339 --> 00:19:40.690 quitting It's all mental. This will signal way 00:19:40.690 --> 00:19:48.410 before your body will actually give up. And this 00:19:48.410 --> 00:19:51.549 is based off of you as a living organism, based 00:19:51.549 --> 00:19:54.289 off of everything that we've talked about here. 00:19:55.430 --> 00:20:00.740 We are so identical in these structures, these 00:20:00.740 --> 00:20:03.599 neural correlates, these brain regions, but we 00:20:03.599 --> 00:20:06.539 are so different. We are so different with the 00:20:06.539 --> 00:20:09.119 amount of effort and motivation that we have. 00:20:09.440 --> 00:20:15.599 And for what? Don't allow yourself to be held 00:20:15.599 --> 00:20:22.119 hijacked because of this. Every time you want 00:20:22.119 --> 00:20:26.779 to repeat things, you can think of it as it's 00:20:26.779 --> 00:20:31.240 rewarding. and there's a good equation here that 00:20:31.240 --> 00:20:34.339 I really want to kind of add into this prediction 00:20:34.339 --> 00:20:38.559 error what happened minus the expected okay and 00:20:38.559 --> 00:20:54.460 that's net benefits equals expected value minus 00:20:54.460 --> 00:21:05.509 but remember that is this minus metabolic cost, 00:21:06.890 --> 00:21:14.509 that delta. This right here is the equation of 00:21:14.509 --> 00:21:20.650 your life. That is what you need to know. Because 00:21:20.650 --> 00:21:23.549 remember, the brain is dumb. It doesn't want 00:21:23.549 --> 00:21:29.339 to work. It's just wanting to optimize this and 00:21:29.339 --> 00:21:32.240 you will be held hijacked you will be held captive 00:21:32.240 --> 00:21:35.640 on the things that you're doing especially with 00:21:35.640 --> 00:21:39.579 social media especially with technology so this 00:21:39.579 --> 00:21:44.039 is a huge component of this this is a broad equation 00:21:44.039 --> 00:21:49.680 here you can see things you can see some great 00:21:49.680 --> 00:21:53.279 papers some more cell press trends in neuroscience 00:21:53.279 --> 00:21:57.089 here that talk about this stuff This is a great 00:21:57.089 --> 00:22:02.450 paper for that. Trends in Cognitive Science. 00:22:03.369 --> 00:22:08.089 Another great paper of this. The Metabolic Internal 00:22:08.089 --> 00:22:12.250 Calculations. Everything is about internal calculators 00:22:12.250 --> 00:22:16.809 to conserve energy. The things that give you 00:22:16.809 --> 00:22:19.049 reward, you're going to repeat those, if you 00:22:19.049 --> 00:22:22.789 want to or not. The things that are costly to 00:22:22.789 --> 00:22:26.539 you biologically, metabolically, you are going 00:22:26.539 --> 00:22:39.140 to avoid those. So I wanna wrap up with just 00:22:39.140 --> 00:22:44.099 saying about what kind of situation is kind of 00:22:44.099 --> 00:22:47.119 weighted differently, okay? So when things are 00:22:47.119 --> 00:22:52.099 stable, a pretty good equation here of result. 00:22:52.539 --> 00:22:57.000 you're able to persist a little bit. So a stable 00:22:57.000 --> 00:23:01.319 environment is the OFC, the ventromedial prefrontal 00:23:01.319 --> 00:23:04.559 cortex, and the striatum is there's a little 00:23:04.559 --> 00:23:07.859 bit more weight on there. So there's less cognitive 00:23:07.859 --> 00:23:11.720 effort with the ACC, so less control over the 00:23:11.720 --> 00:23:15.160 situation. And the insula is kind of, they're 00:23:15.160 --> 00:23:17.900 not that much in play as much. And that's a good 00:23:17.900 --> 00:23:22.299 thing because this uncertainty We don't like 00:23:22.299 --> 00:23:26.420 that. We don't like it whenever things are rough 00:23:26.420 --> 00:23:29.720 Whenever things are hard in contrast the ACC 00:23:29.720 --> 00:23:33.180 and the insula and the amygdala remember the 00:23:33.180 --> 00:23:37.200 amygdala is there's a little bit more weight 00:23:37.200 --> 00:23:41.559 on that and This will mean that the control needs 00:23:41.559 --> 00:23:45.940 to increase the energy cost needs to increase 00:23:45.940 --> 00:23:51.079 So back to this again back to this and back to 00:23:51.079 --> 00:23:54.880 this whenever you're in a high sensory low when 00:23:54.880 --> 00:23:57.079 things are chaotic like the autistic phenotype 00:23:57.079 --> 00:24:00.420 especially socially remember all of these sensations 00:24:00.420 --> 00:24:04.400 here the insula the insula is heightened there's 00:24:04.400 --> 00:24:07.099 a lot more weight on the insula remember it's 00:24:07.099 --> 00:24:10.680 privileged then the parietal low because it's 00:24:10.680 --> 00:24:13.660 there's a lot of sensations the parietal is helping 00:24:13.660 --> 00:24:16.940 make sense of the sensations and the thalamus 00:24:16.940 --> 00:24:20.490 there's a lot of inhibition needs to be a lot 00:24:20.490 --> 00:24:25.670 of inhibition here, because if you were forced 00:24:25.670 --> 00:24:29.190 to perceive all the sensations that you actually 00:24:29.190 --> 00:24:32.470 have going on, you will be overwhelmed. It's 00:24:32.470 --> 00:24:35.269 too much. That's why the thalamus has little 00:24:35.269 --> 00:24:37.930 assistance, like the thalamic reticular nucleus 00:24:37.930 --> 00:24:41.730 and the subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia, 00:24:42.269 --> 00:24:45.250 not mentioned here. We did not mention the subthalamic 00:24:45.250 --> 00:24:49.759 nucleus here, except for that time. Whenever 00:24:49.759 --> 00:24:52.599 you're in a deep focus or flow when things are 00:24:52.599 --> 00:24:55.859 going well, you have this like cognitive hide, 00:24:57.079 --> 00:25:01.039 the OFC, the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, 00:25:01.380 --> 00:25:05.940 and the striatum are also more weighted because 00:25:05.940 --> 00:25:09.700 we're just automating these responses here. So 00:25:09.700 --> 00:25:13.099 you're in a good state, the value is in a good 00:25:13.099 --> 00:25:16.420 spot, it's clear, and then you can execute the 00:25:16.420 --> 00:25:19.869 task, the dorsal striatum. So this is a good 00:25:19.869 --> 00:25:23.269 reason of why the brain is a metabolic bank accountant 00:25:23.269 --> 00:25:28.609 Okay, control is metabolically expensive Okay, 00:25:28.869 --> 00:25:33.730 error processing is expensive but this because 00:25:33.730 --> 00:25:37.549 we're we can add in this equation these equations 00:25:37.549 --> 00:25:39.990 all of these brain regions all that internal 00:25:39.990 --> 00:25:44.930 friction and Updating the models is expensive 00:25:45.240 --> 00:25:47.660 We don't like when our beliefs are challenged. 00:25:47.799 --> 00:25:51.519 We don't like change. I just said that. What 00:25:51.519 --> 00:25:54.180 I just said means we don't like change, and you 00:25:54.180 --> 00:25:58.299 know that. Updating our models is expensive, 00:25:58.579 --> 00:26:02.900 meaning we have to change. And that goes back 00:26:02.900 --> 00:26:05.480 to this. There's so much that goes back to this 00:26:05.480 --> 00:26:10.680 and being hijacked and captive here. That's a 00:26:10.680 --> 00:26:15.960 big thing. That's the biggest takeaway. So I 00:26:15.960 --> 00:26:18.839 just want to end with this right here and everything 00:26:18.839 --> 00:26:23.819 that I just went on this rant about is why habits 00:26:23.819 --> 00:26:29.859 emerge, routines emerge, okay? And we conserve 00:26:29.859 --> 00:26:33.079 these energies and we just repeat that. And we 00:26:33.079 --> 00:26:35.980 like that prediction because it's common to us. 00:26:36.019 --> 00:26:38.920 We don't have to have all of this effort and 00:26:38.920 --> 00:26:43.319 work. So that means less friction. So the main 00:26:43.319 --> 00:26:46.680 thing here, is the brain is trying to maximize 00:26:46.680 --> 00:26:50.960 the value whether you want to or not whether 00:26:50.960 --> 00:26:55.059 you like the stimulus or not it's trying to minimize 00:26:55.059 --> 00:26:58.980 uncertainty because it's costly you have to do 00:26:58.980 --> 00:27:03.799 a lot of effort here okay and then minimize this 00:27:03.799 --> 00:27:08.220 metabolic load that is the main goal of the brain 00:27:08.220 --> 00:27:13.680 the net benefits so This is kind of just wrapping 00:27:13.680 --> 00:27:17.660 up. This is true with everybody, not just the 00:27:17.660 --> 00:27:20.539 autistic phenotype. It's just context dependent.