WEBVTT 00:00:07.110 --> 00:00:10.650 Okay, so we're gonna cover internal calculators. 00:00:10.689 --> 00:00:13.949 Okay, we're gonna map out kind of decision -making. 00:00:14.429 --> 00:00:18.870 All right, we're gonna put a lot of time and 00:00:18.870 --> 00:00:24.269 effort into what kind of reflects and goes into 00:00:24.269 --> 00:00:27.929 the inputs for decision -making. How many decisions 00:00:27.929 --> 00:00:31.329 do you think you make per day? It's a big question. 00:00:32.179 --> 00:00:34.740 But we're going to map out these brain regions 00:00:34.740 --> 00:00:37.200 here. These are pretty common brain regions that 00:00:37.200 --> 00:00:40.820 we cover But I'm going to kind of generally speak 00:00:40.820 --> 00:00:42.840 on these brain regions But then I'm going to 00:00:42.840 --> 00:00:46.100 add in layers of what it means for the autistic 00:00:46.100 --> 00:00:51.799 phenotype Okay, so One thing to know is the brain 00:00:51.799 --> 00:00:54.939 is a prediction machine, right? And it's a metabolic 00:00:54.939 --> 00:00:58.079 bank accountant. How much energy do I have on 00:00:58.079 --> 00:01:01.560 board? How much can I allocate? because my goal 00:01:01.560 --> 00:01:05.219 is to conserve the energy. So based off of this 00:01:05.219 --> 00:01:09.900 situation that I'm in, what areas do I need to 00:01:09.900 --> 00:01:14.500 activate and inactivate to satisfy my kind of 00:01:14.500 --> 00:01:18.799 goal, satisfy the requirement of the living organism 00:01:18.799 --> 00:01:21.939 in this environment, in this situation? Okay, 00:01:21.959 --> 00:01:24.640 the brain is a prediction machine and it is a 00:01:24.640 --> 00:01:28.120 metabolic bank accountant and another thing to 00:01:28.120 --> 00:01:33.680 understand is You are not reacting to the world 00:01:33.680 --> 00:01:37.739 around you. You are reacting to the predictions 00:01:37.739 --> 00:01:41.319 you have about the world and the situation around 00:01:41.319 --> 00:01:45.659 you. That is a major thing. You're reacting on 00:01:45.659 --> 00:01:48.540 your predictions of the environment because we're 00:01:48.540 --> 00:01:51.219 going to talk a lot about predictions and errors 00:01:51.219 --> 00:01:55.120 because that's a major thing with learning. So 00:01:55.120 --> 00:01:58.159 if you go into neuroscience or if you go into 00:01:58.159 --> 00:02:03.439 like learning theory, You can look at prediction 00:02:03.439 --> 00:02:12.620 error. Errors are huge for learning. But prediction 00:02:12.620 --> 00:02:23.740 error is what happened minus what was expected. 00:02:30.650 --> 00:02:33.629 prediction error is huge and you can even break 00:02:33.629 --> 00:02:36.990 it down if you want to research it reward prediction 00:02:36.990 --> 00:02:41.550 error or aversive aversion prediction error but 00:02:41.550 --> 00:02:44.590 just lumping those together because it's okay 00:02:44.590 --> 00:02:48.409 to separate those but in reality the living organism 00:02:48.409 --> 00:02:50.889 is going to lump those together so we're just 00:02:50.889 --> 00:02:54.150 going to call it prediction error what happened 00:02:54.150 --> 00:02:56.930 in your life what happened in that situation 00:02:56.930 --> 00:03:01.090 versus or minus what was expected to happen. 00:03:01.469 --> 00:03:05.689 And then that delta will mean a lot of different 00:03:05.689 --> 00:03:10.889 things. Okay, so let's just pretend like we're 00:03:10.889 --> 00:03:14.430 encountering a situation. So we have sensory 00:03:14.430 --> 00:03:18.789 inputs and then the state that we are in, remember 00:03:18.789 --> 00:03:23.490 the metabolic bank accountant, what value does 00:03:23.490 --> 00:03:27.159 that have or potentially have? and value. There's 00:03:27.159 --> 00:03:30.699 an equation that goes into value. How much control 00:03:30.699 --> 00:03:34.740 of the situation do I have or how much control 00:03:34.740 --> 00:03:40.199 is needed? And then the action. What kind of 00:03:40.199 --> 00:03:44.979 policy am I undergoing as a living organism here? 00:03:45.300 --> 00:03:47.800 Prediction is heavily involved with this sensory 00:03:47.800 --> 00:03:53.159 and then the prediction of the sensory plus your 00:03:53.159 --> 00:03:57.919 state It's a very big input here. And then there's 00:03:57.919 --> 00:04:01.080 also prediction with as you encounter the value. 00:04:01.379 --> 00:04:03.379 Remember, this is a continuous loop. This isn't 00:04:03.379 --> 00:04:07.620 just a linear think. So prediction is involved 00:04:07.620 --> 00:04:10.759 with the value as well. And then how much control 00:04:10.759 --> 00:04:16.300 do you have navigating this situation? Because 00:04:16.300 --> 00:04:18.379 we're going to talk about adaptive responses. 00:04:19.040 --> 00:04:22.790 Because. We have a good episode with the Insula 00:04:22.790 --> 00:04:26.810 and the ACC about adaptive responses and who 00:04:26.810 --> 00:04:32.230 leads the way and then the action that you're 00:04:32.230 --> 00:04:35.230 doing and what kind of policy is that creating 00:04:35.230 --> 00:04:38.529 for you as a living organism because that will 00:04:38.529 --> 00:04:42.149 update our beliefs. You have core belief systems, 00:04:42.629 --> 00:04:46.569 your phenotype, who you are as a person or said 00:04:46.569 --> 00:04:50.819 differently your personality. Okay, so this is 00:04:50.819 --> 00:04:52.720 what we're going to talk about. There's a lot 00:04:52.720 --> 00:04:56.620 of biological energy here. So we're just going 00:04:56.620 --> 00:05:00.279 to map out sensory with vision because one, I 00:05:00.279 --> 00:05:03.620 like vision. I like the visual cortex and I like 00:05:03.620 --> 00:05:07.180 vision biology from the retina. And we have good 00:05:07.180 --> 00:05:09.639 episodes and whiteboards on the vision biology. 00:05:09.680 --> 00:05:13.180 You can see this exact mapping with the corollary 00:05:13.180 --> 00:05:16.079 discharge episode. And then you can also see 00:05:16.079 --> 00:05:19.480 it with the superior colliculus episode that 00:05:19.480 --> 00:05:22.079 we mapped out how easy it is to understand eye 00:05:22.079 --> 00:05:25.560 gaze for the autistic phenotype, okay? Because 00:05:25.560 --> 00:05:27.459 we have the frontal eye fields here as well, 00:05:27.560 --> 00:05:32.360 okay? So we map this out. Retina will send two 00:05:32.360 --> 00:05:35.980 pathways for vision, okay? One is to the lateral 00:05:35.980 --> 00:05:39.660 geniculate nucleus, which receives about 85 to 00:05:39.660 --> 00:05:43.040 90 % of the fibers, lateral geniculate nucleus. 00:05:43.180 --> 00:05:46.639 And then... It will send information to the visual 00:05:46.639 --> 00:05:50.860 cortex, V1. If you remember, visual cortex will 00:05:50.860 --> 00:05:57.160 work back inward. But 10 to 15 % of the retinas 00:05:57.160 --> 00:06:00.180 fibers will go to the superior colliculus. The 00:06:00.180 --> 00:06:04.300 superior colliculus is huge, okay? Because this 00:06:04.300 --> 00:06:07.079 is that machine -like structure that will just 00:06:07.079 --> 00:06:09.279 bias your attention to the environment without 00:06:09.279 --> 00:06:12.860 you understanding it's happening. It's very powerful. 00:06:14.699 --> 00:06:17.699 And then it will speak up to the medial dorsal 00:06:17.699 --> 00:06:21.360 part of the thalamus here, which is an executive 00:06:21.360 --> 00:06:26.420 relay station. It's good for coordinating. And 00:06:26.420 --> 00:06:29.660 then to the frontal eye fields. Okay, remember, 00:06:29.939 --> 00:06:32.339 if you remember the corollary discharge episode, 00:06:32.540 --> 00:06:35.740 this is also sending the corollary discharge. 00:06:36.980 --> 00:06:38.939 And then the frontal eye fields will speak over 00:06:38.939 --> 00:06:44.430 to the parietal lobe. Okay, there's two. subdivisions 00:06:44.430 --> 00:06:46.810 here of the parietal lobe that are a region of 00:06:46.810 --> 00:06:52.209 interest, the lateral intraparietal and the intraparietal 00:06:52.209 --> 00:06:56.949 sulcus. Okay, remember the parietal is where 00:06:56.949 --> 00:07:00.850 kind of sensory integration is happening. And 00:07:00.850 --> 00:07:04.350 then in this very initial, before you even make 00:07:04.350 --> 00:07:06.509 the eye gaze, remember that's what we're mapping 00:07:06.509 --> 00:07:09.949 out here. If you remember the corollary discharge 00:07:09.949 --> 00:07:13.230 episode. And then the parietal will speak back 00:07:13.230 --> 00:07:17.269 down to the thalamic reticulidiculus here. You 00:07:17.269 --> 00:07:22.430 should know it by now. If not, this is a protective 00:07:22.430 --> 00:07:25.149 shell. It's a shell protecting the thalamus because 00:07:25.149 --> 00:07:30.230 the thalamus here is a workhorse. It's major 00:07:30.230 --> 00:07:33.490 workhorse here. So it needs help filtering out 00:07:33.490 --> 00:07:41.009 unrelated and unwanted stimulus sensations. And 00:07:41.009 --> 00:07:43.269 then it will go back to the lateral geniculate 00:07:43.269 --> 00:07:47.310 and the parietal will also speak to the V2. It 00:07:47.310 --> 00:07:50.649 will bypass V1. Remember, this is all happening 00:07:50.649 --> 00:07:54.329 before the eye contact. This starts about 60 00:07:54.329 --> 00:07:58.509 milliseconds before eye gaze, okay? And then 00:07:58.509 --> 00:08:01.029 it will send this corollary discharge map for 00:08:01.029 --> 00:08:05.910 a prediction, more prediction. And then once... 00:08:07.079 --> 00:08:11.420 You make eye contact once you have attention 00:08:11.420 --> 00:08:14.000 to the environment. You're sending your spotlight 00:08:14.000 --> 00:08:16.319 of attention to something in the environment. 00:08:16.699 --> 00:08:19.060 Doesn't matter if it's social or if you're reading, 00:08:19.379 --> 00:08:22.019 if you're stuck on a topic or subject like a 00:08:22.019 --> 00:08:25.540 lot of autistic phenotypes are. This is happening. 00:08:27.060 --> 00:08:30.120 Remember we drew this out. But if you want to 00:08:30.120 --> 00:08:32.779 sustain your eye contact, if you want to sustain 00:08:32.779 --> 00:08:37.250 or sustain your attention, This will also run 00:08:37.250 --> 00:08:41.950 back and it will help the frontal eye field say, 00:08:41.950 --> 00:08:49.169 stay here. Keep your eye contact here. And it 00:08:49.169 --> 00:08:51.549 will also remember the frontal eye fields has 00:08:51.549 --> 00:08:55.610 a bi -directional signal to the medial dorsal 00:08:55.610 --> 00:09:00.970 thalamus and the superior colliculus, okay? So 00:09:00.970 --> 00:09:04.980 this is receiving the sensory information. via 00:09:04.980 --> 00:09:12.720 vision. What happens next? Okay. But for the 00:09:12.720 --> 00:09:15.600 autistic phenotype, you know, because of this, 00:09:15.779 --> 00:09:19.559 this is all about sensory processing here. Essentially, 00:09:19.720 --> 00:09:22.340 sensation to perception. Essentially the same 00:09:22.340 --> 00:09:26.039 thing. For the autistic phenotype, this information 00:09:26.039 --> 00:09:30.990 is coming fast and hard. It's heightened. Okay, 00:09:30.990 --> 00:09:33.629 so a lot more information is coming in for the 00:09:33.629 --> 00:09:38.110 autistic phenotype and that at more intensity 00:09:38.110 --> 00:09:43.129 those higher gamma versus Beta and low gamma 00:09:43.129 --> 00:09:47.289 for the so -called typicals and this is where 00:09:47.289 --> 00:09:50.309 a lot of attention to detail is happening. Okay 00:09:50.309 --> 00:09:56.009 and Visual thinking is happening in large part 00:09:56.009 --> 00:09:58.809 of this visual cortex and all that information 00:09:58.809 --> 00:10:02.360 coming in and a little subdivision of the parietal 00:10:02.360 --> 00:10:05.960 called the percunius, which is also involved 00:10:05.960 --> 00:10:09.340 in the default mode network. It's in the posterior 00:10:09.340 --> 00:10:11.879 part of the parietal. But we're not going to 00:10:11.879 --> 00:10:15.179 go there right now. But you need to know that 00:10:15.179 --> 00:10:17.480 because of what we're going to map out here. 00:10:19.299 --> 00:10:22.779 So now that something is selected in the environment, 00:10:23.960 --> 00:10:27.600 what situation is this? What situation am I in? 00:10:29.309 --> 00:10:33.389 So we introduce the orbital frontal cortex right 00:10:33.389 --> 00:10:40.029 here, which is right here. Orbital frontal cortex 00:10:40.029 --> 00:10:48.370 is right here. And it receives, remember, it 00:10:48.370 --> 00:10:53.450 receives sensory information fast, not raw information 00:10:53.450 --> 00:10:55.970 because that's already processed. That's what 00:10:55.970 --> 00:10:59.679 all this green is. processing raw sensory information. 00:11:00.379 --> 00:11:07.000 The orbital frontal receives the perception of 00:11:07.000 --> 00:11:12.220 what this sensory information is fast because 00:11:12.220 --> 00:11:17.240 this is state. This is all about what state are 00:11:17.240 --> 00:11:20.860 you in and state is a very good spectrum. We 00:11:20.860 --> 00:11:25.320 can use the word spectrum for all of our internal 00:11:25.320 --> 00:11:28.169 states. that's a better use of the word spectrum. 00:11:30.110 --> 00:11:34.730 The autism spectrum is very questionable. So 00:11:34.730 --> 00:11:43.009 this is state. What state are you in? Not region, 00:11:43.149 --> 00:11:45.789 not like location, not like Indiana or California 00:11:45.789 --> 00:11:57.100 or New York. What bodily state are you in? So 00:11:57.100 --> 00:12:00.279 for the Autistic Phenotype, we talked about, 00:12:00.279 --> 00:12:04.379 especially in the Autism and Intuition video, 00:12:05.080 --> 00:12:09.100 and a lot of different videos actually, that 00:12:09.100 --> 00:12:12.799 there's, for the Autistic Phenotype, there is 00:12:12.799 --> 00:12:16.940 a trade -off here. There's higher weight for 00:12:16.940 --> 00:12:21.080 precision, okay, versus compression. There's 00:12:21.080 --> 00:12:23.820 low compression, high precision here for the 00:12:23.820 --> 00:12:27.240 Autistic Phenotype, which is in reverse. of the 00:12:27.240 --> 00:12:29.500 so -called normals, the so -called people that 00:12:29.500 --> 00:12:33.940 don't have this rate of information coming in 00:12:33.940 --> 00:12:37.059 with the sensory processing and the heightened 00:12:37.059 --> 00:12:41.460 awareness, the heightened intensity of these 00:12:41.460 --> 00:12:45.000 higher gamma waves, these early regions being 00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:50.779 blasted. For the normals, the typicals or whatever, 00:12:51.419 --> 00:12:55.559 there is this generalization of sensory information 00:12:55.559 --> 00:12:59.639 coming in. They just compress it into this generalization 00:12:59.639 --> 00:13:04.480 or adjust, just to send it on, which is very 00:13:04.480 --> 00:13:07.580 opposite of the autistic phenotype, where there's 00:13:07.580 --> 00:13:11.059 a lot of detail in getting stuck. The autistic 00:13:11.059 --> 00:13:14.639 phenotype has a tendency to get stuck and just 00:13:14.639 --> 00:13:18.779 pay attention to very precise details of the 00:13:18.779 --> 00:13:24.820 environment. But that is a strength for learning. 00:13:25.779 --> 00:13:28.379 I've been on this kick about how autistic phenotypes 00:13:28.379 --> 00:13:32.299 and the biology that gives us autism allows us 00:13:32.299 --> 00:13:39.159 to have this accelerated learning. Small differences 00:13:39.159 --> 00:13:43.059 in the environment though can be picked out. 00:13:43.059 --> 00:13:46.039 It's noticed by the autistic phenotype. That's 00:13:46.039 --> 00:13:51.639 a lot of pattern recognition here. Learning can 00:13:51.639 --> 00:13:55.279 become so exceptionally fast and stable because 00:13:55.279 --> 00:13:59.039 I've also talked about, especially in the visual 00:13:59.039 --> 00:14:02.679 thinking episodes, that there's a lot of databases 00:14:02.679 --> 00:14:05.539 being built, different catalogs for different 00:14:05.539 --> 00:14:13.100 categories. Okay, remember the episode, there's 00:14:13.100 --> 00:14:15.740 two episodes on visual thinking alone and one 00:14:15.740 --> 00:14:19.320 is talking a little bit about weak central coherence. 00:14:19.720 --> 00:14:24.159 which is kind of machine learning. Before AI 00:14:24.159 --> 00:14:26.379 and machine learning, there was the autistic 00:14:26.379 --> 00:14:34.360 phenotype's brain. That's the original AI. So 00:14:34.360 --> 00:14:38.000 after the body, the brain is understanding what 00:14:38.000 --> 00:14:41.000 kind of state it's in to make these decisions. 00:14:41.600 --> 00:14:44.960 The medial part of the orbital frontal cortex 00:14:44.960 --> 00:14:50.250 is coming on board, okay? Now, If the orbital 00:14:50.250 --> 00:14:54.909 frontal cortex is here, the medial orbital is 00:14:54.909 --> 00:14:58.129 more in the middle, more closer to the smid line. 00:15:00.350 --> 00:15:04.570 And that's right behind here, okay? So it's right 00:15:04.570 --> 00:15:09.629 behind the orbital. So it's also up here though, 00:15:10.409 --> 00:15:12.809 just right on the other side of the eyebrows. 00:15:15.529 --> 00:15:20.570 And this is reward. This is going to help signal 00:15:20.570 --> 00:15:27.649 what is rewarding. This current experience that 00:15:27.649 --> 00:15:31.610 I'm in for this specific living organism in the 00:15:31.610 --> 00:15:37.330 specific time that will determine how much this 00:15:37.330 --> 00:15:41.309 reward, potential reward is from the environment 00:15:41.309 --> 00:15:45.149 or if it's learning a task, learning a topic 00:15:45.149 --> 00:15:50.649 or subject. How good does this feel to me right 00:15:50.649 --> 00:15:56.610 now? If state inference is less socially compressed, 00:15:56.970 --> 00:16:01.769 social reward may be automatically, it might 00:16:01.769 --> 00:16:06.529 dominate the valuation. So this reward little 00:16:06.529 --> 00:16:11.269 hub with the medial orbital frontal cortex value 00:16:11.269 --> 00:16:14.629 may depend more on internal structure than the 00:16:14.629 --> 00:16:19.000 external. Okay, for the autistic phenotype, value, 00:16:19.840 --> 00:16:22.840 because we're getting into value because reward 00:16:22.840 --> 00:16:26.559 is a component that will equal value. For the 00:16:26.559 --> 00:16:30.639 autistic phenotype, value is not external. External 00:16:30.639 --> 00:16:34.240 is too chaotic. Remember, because of this rate 00:16:34.240 --> 00:16:36.340 of information with these sensory processing, 00:16:36.840 --> 00:16:39.399 value for the autistic phenotype is typically 00:16:39.399 --> 00:16:43.700 internal. And this is part of this deep engagement 00:16:43.700 --> 00:16:48.700 with this These certain domains that you can 00:16:48.700 --> 00:16:53.080 kind of subject and identify the autistic phenotype 00:16:53.080 --> 00:16:57.539 gets into versus the so -called typicals. But 00:16:57.539 --> 00:17:01.379 value isn't just reward. There's a lot of cost 00:17:01.379 --> 00:17:04.680 involved. How much effort? Remember with the 00:17:04.680 --> 00:17:07.480 metabolic bank accountant, this is a good part 00:17:07.480 --> 00:17:12.759 of that right now. Value is reward minus cost. 00:17:12.920 --> 00:17:15.859 So that brings us to the insula. We have great 00:17:15.859 --> 00:17:20.420 episodes on the insula and whiteboards. The insula 00:17:20.420 --> 00:17:25.839 is very lateral okay. So it's right in here but 00:17:25.839 --> 00:17:29.460 it's very lateral. We talk about the insula quite 00:17:29.460 --> 00:17:32.099 a bit because it's privileged. It's privileged 00:17:32.099 --> 00:17:34.859 to the brain states that's happening here. What's 00:17:34.859 --> 00:17:37.400 happening in the brain. It's privileged to the 00:17:37.400 --> 00:17:40.460 body. What kind of physiology? What kind of feelings 00:17:40.460 --> 00:17:44.910 am I having in my body? Am I tired? Am I weak? 00:17:45.450 --> 00:17:48.250 Do I not feel well? Is my heart rate beating 00:17:48.250 --> 00:17:51.829 too fast versus just right for this environment? 00:17:52.569 --> 00:17:55.630 Is my heartbeat fast for sitting on the couch 00:17:55.630 --> 00:17:58.769 versus running? One of those is acceptable. The 00:17:58.769 --> 00:18:02.869 other one is not. So, this insula is privileged 00:18:02.869 --> 00:18:06.049 for the brain, the body, and the environment. 00:18:06.549 --> 00:18:09.569 How is this living organism navigating the world? 00:18:09.980 --> 00:18:13.619 How do I feel in this situation right now? So 00:18:13.619 --> 00:18:16.740 for the autistic phenotype, the raw signals are 00:18:16.740 --> 00:18:20.220 amplified. Remember, okay? And this shifts the 00:18:20.220 --> 00:18:28.279 equation. Value equals reward minus cost. You 00:18:28.279 --> 00:18:32.359 can put these in deltas. Deltas, the differences. 00:18:33.059 --> 00:18:37.339 Differences of reward and cost. Is it too costly? 00:18:37.920 --> 00:18:41.259 Does the cost outweigh the reward? We can put 00:18:41.259 --> 00:18:43.579 these on seesaws again. Seesaws are always a 00:18:43.579 --> 00:18:45.920 good thing. It's a good visual representation. 00:18:46.599 --> 00:18:51.859 If cost increase, when cost increased, your avoidance 00:18:51.859 --> 00:18:54.079 is going to increase. And that's true with the 00:18:54.079 --> 00:18:57.680 autistic phenotype. It's true with anybody. Remember, 00:18:57.700 --> 00:18:59.599 cause this is what we're mapping out. This isn't 00:18:59.599 --> 00:19:02.160 necessarily secluded to the autistic phenotype. 00:19:03.180 --> 00:19:09.390 There's more cost versus reward You will find 00:19:09.390 --> 00:19:13.809 yourself reluctant to engage in that task. Reluctant 00:19:13.809 --> 00:19:20.029 to repeat that task. And this is where preferences 00:19:20.029 --> 00:19:23.349 and phenotype and personality is being created. 00:19:23.789 --> 00:19:26.650 A lot of value here. What does the living organism 00:19:26.650 --> 00:19:33.430 find valuable? When is the living organism having 00:19:33.430 --> 00:19:37.950 a net gain of reward versus cost? They will repeat 00:19:37.950 --> 00:19:43.829 that. It's not complicated and this isn't necessarily 00:19:43.829 --> 00:19:46.670 because of weakness. It's because the cost term 00:19:46.670 --> 00:19:50.170 is genuinely larger in this internal calculation. 00:19:51.849 --> 00:19:55.210 Reward may dominate fully but there's an intense 00:19:55.210 --> 00:19:59.170 sustained focus that's required. This is why 00:19:59.170 --> 00:20:04.069 or a reason why habits are preferred. Okay now 00:20:04.069 --> 00:20:08.049 that the brain integrates reward and cost the 00:20:08.049 --> 00:20:11.150 ventral medial prefrontal cortex comes on board 00:20:11.150 --> 00:20:17.049 and this is a very powerful hub the ventral medial 00:20:17.049 --> 00:20:21.410 prefrontal cortex is powerful it receives a lot 00:20:21.410 --> 00:20:24.230 of information there's a lot of connections running 00:20:24.230 --> 00:20:28.089 through and out of the ventral medial prefrontal 00:20:28.089 --> 00:20:33.150 cortex and it is down here it is at the bottom 00:20:33.150 --> 00:20:36.230 side of the medial prefrontal cortex remember 00:20:36.230 --> 00:20:39.490 the medial front frontal cortex is close to the 00:20:39.490 --> 00:20:45.890 midline deep inside the prefrontal cortex it's 00:20:45.890 --> 00:20:50.450 right here and this is this is receiving inputs 00:20:50.450 --> 00:20:55.390 from the situation so the state dependent situation 00:20:55.390 --> 00:20:59.130 the reward that the expected reward that the 00:20:59.130 --> 00:21:04.890 living organism might get Okay, the cost. So 00:21:04.890 --> 00:21:08.170 the insula is heavily weighted with this ventral 00:21:08.170 --> 00:21:12.150 medial prefrontal cortex. And then the emotional 00:21:12.150 --> 00:21:15.829 tone. The ventral medial will receive inputs 00:21:15.829 --> 00:21:19.529 from things like the amygdala and hippocampus 00:21:19.529 --> 00:21:25.410 for emotions and energy and kind of contextual 00:21:25.410 --> 00:21:28.589 memory. Okay, last time I was in this situation, 00:21:28.630 --> 00:21:34.079 this happened. All right. So value here is kind 00:21:34.079 --> 00:21:45.059 of being understood. This is value. As these 00:21:45.059 --> 00:21:51.940 little hubs are sending inputs, the ventral medial 00:21:51.940 --> 00:21:57.500 prefrontal cortex will calculate those. So insular 00:21:57.500 --> 00:22:02.569 cost, value, is in large part happening here. 00:22:04.130 --> 00:22:08.710 Remember though it's a part of the medial prefrontal 00:22:08.710 --> 00:22:18.849 cortex. I'll just keep that open. One way to 00:22:18.849 --> 00:22:22.890 think about that what I just said is this area 00:22:22.890 --> 00:22:31.430 right here is the scoreboard. And the living 00:22:31.430 --> 00:22:35.130 organism will always want the reward to win. 00:22:35.190 --> 00:22:39.869 It's like the home team. Because as more rewards 00:22:39.869 --> 00:22:45.670 are being gained, net benefits, the living organism 00:22:45.670 --> 00:22:48.250 is going to repeat that. It's going to prefer 00:22:48.250 --> 00:22:50.789 that. And it doesn't matter if it's healthy or 00:22:50.789 --> 00:22:54.970 unhealthy. It doesn't care. And remember, the 00:22:54.970 --> 00:22:57.670 brain does not want to work. It just wants to 00:22:57.670 --> 00:23:03.559 respond. We're going to get to why. For the autistic 00:23:03.559 --> 00:23:08.319 phenotype, value becomes extremely stable whenever 00:23:08.319 --> 00:23:13.279 that's internal. And this will support deep focus. 00:23:14.619 --> 00:23:18.380 That logical intuition, see the Autism and Intuition 00:23:18.380 --> 00:23:23.660 episode, systems reliability. Remember, one way 00:23:23.660 --> 00:23:27.569 of thinking about that is what is reliable? What 00:23:27.569 --> 00:23:31.529 is reliable for you? For me, we're all different. 00:23:32.829 --> 00:23:36.910 We have different kind of preferences in life. 00:23:37.769 --> 00:23:40.869 And one thing that this will kind of help modulate 00:23:40.869 --> 00:23:45.230 or stamp is accelerated learning. Especially 00:23:45.230 --> 00:23:50.529 in rule -governed domains. The structure, CB2. 00:23:51.109 --> 00:23:57.519 Insistence on sameness. Okay, and this will kind 00:23:57.519 --> 00:24:00.420 of structure when the structure is clear this 00:24:00.420 --> 00:24:04.339 valuation Becomes powerful and more consistent 00:24:04.339 --> 00:24:09.660 and it doesn't matter if it's autism or not But 00:24:09.660 --> 00:24:14.180 sometimes evaluation isn't quite enough Imagine 00:24:14.180 --> 00:24:18.279 this from intense inner world and intense preference 00:24:18.279 --> 00:24:21.680 for that inner world and know the so -called 00:24:21.680 --> 00:24:25.900 default mode network remember that I provided 00:24:25.900 --> 00:24:29.240 a large hub for the default mode network right 00:24:29.240 --> 00:24:33.960 there. And autism means self. So as we're mapping 00:24:33.960 --> 00:24:36.779 out these hubs, you can see why the preference 00:24:36.779 --> 00:24:41.019 is internal. And understanding that intense raw 00:24:41.019 --> 00:24:43.680 sensory information here that's going to bias 00:24:43.680 --> 00:24:49.619 us inward versus outward with all that chaos. 00:24:50.960 --> 00:24:55.619 Sensory processing, this is what this is. The 00:24:55.619 --> 00:24:58.539 biology that gives us autism here allows us to 00:24:58.539 --> 00:25:01.980 be comfortable within ourselves. That insula 00:25:01.980 --> 00:25:05.079 is a very powerful hub for what I just said. 00:25:07.119 --> 00:25:11.019 Okay, and that leads us to the ACC. The ACC and 00:25:11.019 --> 00:25:13.859 insula and the medial prefrontal cortex are all 00:25:13.859 --> 00:25:17.519 powerful regions. Remember, the anterior cingulate 00:25:17.519 --> 00:25:21.559 cortex is also in the medial prefrontal cortex. 00:25:23.880 --> 00:25:28.079 And it's very medial. And it's also right through 00:25:28.079 --> 00:25:32.240 here. The cingulate is very powerful because 00:25:32.240 --> 00:25:36.900 it's wrapping around white matter tracks. This 00:25:36.900 --> 00:25:43.740 is your controller. The ACC will tell you how 00:25:43.740 --> 00:25:46.440 much control that it's going to need and put 00:25:46.440 --> 00:25:53.809 forth. Alright. The ACC is very powerful. monitors 00:25:53.809 --> 00:25:58.710 very powerful things so roles of the ACC is conflict 00:25:58.710 --> 00:26:03.609 monitoring monitoring uncertainty all right and 00:26:03.609 --> 00:26:07.490 it's how much effort and cost is associated with 00:26:07.490 --> 00:26:14.130 this risk reward it's evaluating risk and reward 00:26:14.130 --> 00:26:18.769 quite heavily and error detection that's a huge 00:26:18.769 --> 00:26:21.670 part of learning error detection and what do 00:26:21.670 --> 00:26:26.589 you do with those errors Do you analyze them? 00:26:26.789 --> 00:26:29.490 Do you accept them? Or do you kind of project 00:26:29.490 --> 00:26:33.170 them out or kind of spin up reasons of why those 00:26:33.170 --> 00:26:36.470 errors happen? And those will always be external. 00:26:37.710 --> 00:26:40.549 Mostly, if you do internalize those errors, you 00:26:40.549 --> 00:26:43.930 might have a lot of negative self -talk. Either 00:26:43.930 --> 00:26:48.190 way, you have to accept errors. If you want to 00:26:48.190 --> 00:26:51.170 learn and grow in life as a human being, accept 00:26:51.170 --> 00:26:54.940 the errors. It's a very powerful source of growth 00:26:54.940 --> 00:27:05.220 and learning. Don't discount them. So, the ACC 00:27:05.220 --> 00:27:09.059 is kind of help modulating. Is it worth thinking 00:27:09.059 --> 00:27:13.740 harder? Is it worth performing harder for this 00:27:13.740 --> 00:27:18.319 outcome? Remember, we have a very good early 00:27:18.319 --> 00:27:21.750 episode of the podcast. the medial prefrontal 00:27:21.750 --> 00:27:26.109 cortex leads the way. And in large part, the 00:27:26.109 --> 00:27:31.009 ACC is doing that. It's helping lead the way. 00:27:32.009 --> 00:27:34.589 One thing to know that the ACC and the insula 00:27:34.589 --> 00:27:38.569 is part of the salience network, okay? Where 00:27:38.569 --> 00:27:41.690 do you spend your spotlight of attention? And 00:27:41.690 --> 00:27:44.869 now you can understand why. Because of the cost 00:27:44.869 --> 00:27:49.299 involved. It's regulating how much cost Does 00:27:49.299 --> 00:27:53.559 the living organism need to give give up? for 00:27:53.559 --> 00:27:57.859 this environment for this task for this sensory 00:27:57.859 --> 00:28:02.400 information and The control how much control 00:28:02.400 --> 00:28:05.380 do I have over this situation? How much control 00:28:05.380 --> 00:28:08.920 is it going to take and just imagine because 00:28:08.920 --> 00:28:14.019 humans can do this how much thought has There's 00:28:14.019 --> 00:28:18.160 a lot of energy associated with thought humans 00:28:18.380 --> 00:28:23.000 capacity to think is infinite it's not a good 00:28:23.000 --> 00:28:30.480 thing it can be it can but it's very costly so 00:28:30.480 --> 00:28:34.119 now that we we've understood state reward cost 00:28:34.119 --> 00:28:37.960 value and how much control the action happens 00:28:37.960 --> 00:28:41.859 the action will now happen remember the dorsal 00:28:41.859 --> 00:28:46.759 striatum of the basal ganglia's inputs motivation 00:28:46.759 --> 00:28:50.430 lives Here, everything that I've just mapped 00:28:50.430 --> 00:28:54.390 out is kind of feeding into motivation. You don't 00:28:54.390 --> 00:28:58.289 define motivation. I hate to tell you. You don't 00:28:58.289 --> 00:29:00.990 define it. Your central nervous system and who 00:29:00.990 --> 00:29:03.730 you are based off these beliefs and phenotypes, 00:29:03.789 --> 00:29:07.150 if you reverse engineer this and understand your 00:29:07.150 --> 00:29:12.369 value, defines motivation. Remember, accept these 00:29:12.369 --> 00:29:14.750 errors and get out of your own way if you want 00:29:14.750 --> 00:29:18.220 to grow in life. okay so that leads us to the 00:29:18.220 --> 00:29:22.000 dorsal striatum where motivation lives and this 00:29:22.000 --> 00:29:26.500 is part of the basal ganglia okay and it's right 00:29:26.500 --> 00:29:30.799 through here what color orange it's right through 00:29:30.799 --> 00:29:36.099 here to the cadet the cadet will circle all the 00:29:36.099 --> 00:29:40.210 way down and then the amygdala will branch off 00:29:40.210 --> 00:29:43.309 of the cadet. The cadet is very large. It has 00:29:43.309 --> 00:29:46.329 a head and a tail and then at the end of it is 00:29:46.329 --> 00:29:50.910 the amygdala. Also a part of the amygdala is 00:29:50.910 --> 00:29:54.769 the stria terminalis, which is also kind of this 00:29:54.769 --> 00:29:57.890 circular thing. It's kind of a U -shaped thing. 00:29:59.470 --> 00:30:02.650 But laterally, you can see the basal ganglia 00:30:02.650 --> 00:30:04.769 episodes. We have a lot of episodes and even 00:30:04.769 --> 00:30:07.410 whiteboards to explain this. The basal ganglia 00:30:07.410 --> 00:30:12.809 is very powerful. But laterally here is the pertainment. 00:30:12.970 --> 00:30:15.450 I'm gonna have to cover up the thalamus here, 00:30:15.450 --> 00:30:20.549 but the pertainment is very lateral, okay? These 00:30:20.549 --> 00:30:27.769 two little nucleus here is what is our action 00:30:27.769 --> 00:30:30.670 selection. The ACC is heavily involved in action 00:30:30.670 --> 00:30:34.049 selection too, but the inputs coming in to the 00:30:34.049 --> 00:30:36.769 dorsal striatum will determine your movement. 00:30:37.359 --> 00:30:40.680 I'm not going to spend any time on this video 00:30:40.680 --> 00:30:43.140 with the dorsal striatum because there are many 00:30:43.140 --> 00:30:45.619 whiteboards that are fantastic for the basal 00:30:45.619 --> 00:30:50.480 ganglia. So the main thing here is to understand 00:30:50.480 --> 00:30:53.759 this is where action and policy is living, okay? 00:30:53.980 --> 00:30:57.160 Because these inputs coming into the dorsal striatum 00:30:57.160 --> 00:31:01.019 will select your action. If you want them or 00:31:01.019 --> 00:31:03.940 not, it doesn't matter. this is where behaviors 00:31:03.940 --> 00:31:07.960 happen okay if there's a high valuation there's 00:31:07.960 --> 00:31:11.839 there's a higher action probability okay so everything 00:31:11.839 --> 00:31:15.299 we're we're doing is leading up to the action 00:31:15.299 --> 00:31:21.000 so if the reward is high your dorsal striatum 00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:24.559 is going to stamp that and repeat it this is 00:31:24.559 --> 00:31:28.079 why things like addiction are huge in the dorsal 00:31:28.079 --> 00:31:30.799 striatum and the ventral striatum the nucleus 00:31:30.799 --> 00:31:35.480 accumbens This is why we never the living organism 00:31:35.480 --> 00:31:39.279 likes things it's going to repeat those and that's 00:31:39.279 --> 00:31:43.380 why habits are formed We are we are precisely 00:31:43.380 --> 00:31:46.799 building habits at this point all of this build 00:31:46.799 --> 00:31:50.200 up to this point remember these connections in 00:31:50.200 --> 00:31:54.220 regions are building a summary and the living 00:31:54.220 --> 00:31:57.779 organism the living organism and the dorsal striatum 00:31:57.779 --> 00:32:01.180 is going to accept that summary as repeat