WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:04.780 make pop -ups okay so we're going to cover corollary 00:00:04.780 --> 00:00:07.719 discharge it's a prediction machine we talk about 00:00:07.719 --> 00:00:10.099 we talk about vision a lot we talk about sensory 00:00:10.099 --> 00:00:12.820 processing a lot there's four things that every 00:00:12.820 --> 00:00:15.919 autistic person battles four things that every 00:00:15.919 --> 00:00:19.140 autistic person has the autistic phenotype one 00:00:19.140 --> 00:00:22.760 is sensory processing fast sensory processing 00:00:22.760 --> 00:00:25.699 problems with sensory processing we talk about 00:00:25.699 --> 00:00:28.960 the destination point a to point b we're going 00:00:28.960 --> 00:00:32.119 to really map that out here how some are fast 00:00:32.119 --> 00:00:36.159 and then they're delayed and then a second phenotype 00:00:36.159 --> 00:00:38.640 that every autistic person has is speech and 00:00:38.640 --> 00:00:41.899 language the third one are gi problems it's no 00:00:41.899 --> 00:00:45.100 surprise that gi is helping the autistic phenotype 00:00:45.100 --> 00:00:48.079 and then circadian rhythms circadian rhythms 00:00:48.079 --> 00:00:51.439 these four we could even throw in mitochondria 00:00:51.439 --> 00:00:55.280 because mitochondria is probably maybe upstream 00:00:55.530 --> 00:00:58.149 of all of these. Every autistic phenotype, every 00:00:58.149 --> 00:01:00.869 person with autism has these four problems. Now 00:01:00.869 --> 00:01:03.649 the severity of them is different. So we're going 00:01:03.649 --> 00:01:09.069 to talk about sensation perception and this little 00:01:09.069 --> 00:01:12.269 corollary discharge. Every sensation, every sensory 00:01:12.269 --> 00:01:14.810 process has this. It's a prediction machine. 00:01:14.890 --> 00:01:18.189 It's happening before the actual movement. It's 00:01:18.189 --> 00:01:20.510 very fascinating. So we're going to just talk 00:01:20.510 --> 00:01:23.489 about vision though because We're going to do 00:01:23.489 --> 00:01:26.370 a video about reading. When I explain, I think 00:01:26.370 --> 00:01:29.090 it's going to be personal about my complications 00:01:29.090 --> 00:01:31.769 with reading. And then with the visual thinking. 00:01:31.969 --> 00:01:33.689 This will be involved with the visual thinking 00:01:33.689 --> 00:01:36.870 and how the autistic phenotype, the vision, visual 00:01:36.870 --> 00:01:40.849 cortex, and all the vision sensations are just 00:01:40.849 --> 00:01:44.189 heightened. It's just why eye gaze, eye gaze 00:01:44.189 --> 00:01:46.689 is not that complicated for the autistic phenotype. 00:01:47.049 --> 00:01:49.340 Now, You might think it's complicated because 00:01:49.340 --> 00:01:51.739 people want you to think that the autistic phenotype 00:01:51.739 --> 00:01:54.579 is hard to explain. It's not. They just want 00:01:54.579 --> 00:01:57.760 the confusion. So I kind of pre -drew this out 00:01:57.760 --> 00:02:00.519 but I think we'll just do it bigger. We're just 00:02:00.519 --> 00:02:03.019 going to do this bigger. So I might even let's 00:02:03.019 --> 00:02:06.280 just say let's just do the retina here okay. 00:02:06.519 --> 00:02:08.960 Looks like a lot of different sketches that we've 00:02:08.960 --> 00:02:13.560 done. So the retina into the thalamus here. I 00:02:13.560 --> 00:02:16.479 really want this to be big. That way we can see 00:02:16.479 --> 00:02:18.400 it. Remember, I'm going to draw these two little 00:02:18.400 --> 00:02:22.599 humps. But the medial geniculus and then the 00:02:22.599 --> 00:02:26.219 lateral geniculus. The medial geniculus is for 00:02:26.219 --> 00:02:30.099 auditory, auditory relay. And then the lateral 00:02:30.099 --> 00:02:33.199 geniculus is for vision, visual relay. And then 00:02:33.199 --> 00:02:36.219 just right under it is the superior colliculus. 00:02:36.539 --> 00:02:38.759 And then right under the superior colliculus 00:02:38.759 --> 00:02:41.699 is the inferior colliculus. And then we have 00:02:42.470 --> 00:02:45.590 the mesencephalon here, and then the pons, and 00:02:45.590 --> 00:02:48.009 then the brainstem. The mesencephalon is right 00:02:48.009 --> 00:02:51.310 here. Remember, these have spatial relationships 00:02:51.310 --> 00:02:55.110 here. The mesencephalon and this part of the 00:02:55.110 --> 00:02:57.710 thalamus. If you spice the mesencephalon, if 00:02:57.710 --> 00:03:00.150 you spice the brainstem, you can see parts of 00:03:00.150 --> 00:03:02.949 the thalamus on the mesencephalon. These are 00:03:02.949 --> 00:03:04.669 so close that they can just reach out and high 00:03:04.669 --> 00:03:07.189 -five each other. These are fast -acting processes. 00:03:07.979 --> 00:03:10.919 With vision, there are two pathways. That's what 00:03:10.919 --> 00:03:13.060 we're going to map out here. That way we can 00:03:13.060 --> 00:03:15.919 really see it. And I'll do it in different colors, 00:03:15.939 --> 00:03:19.219 okay? So this first pathway, the one that involves 00:03:19.219 --> 00:03:23.199 the corollary discharge, we will do this in red, 00:03:23.379 --> 00:03:26.259 I guess. I had to make a decision there. Remember, 00:03:26.379 --> 00:03:29.099 with these two different pathways, the superior 00:03:29.099 --> 00:03:32.439 colliculus here receives 10 to 15 percent of 00:03:32.439 --> 00:03:35.900 the fibers. So we're going to the retina to the 00:03:35.900 --> 00:03:38.719 superior colliculus here. Okay? The superior 00:03:38.719 --> 00:03:42.520 colliculus is a machine -like structure. This 00:03:42.520 --> 00:03:45.960 thing is very fascinating. So like with things 00:03:45.960 --> 00:03:50.639 like barn owls, those types of species, it's 00:03:50.639 --> 00:03:53.099 called optic tectum. There's a lot of good research 00:03:53.099 --> 00:03:56.039 about the optic tectum in barn owls. They have 00:03:56.039 --> 00:03:58.979 those funky head movements and their vision. 00:03:59.159 --> 00:04:03.240 They can just pick up targets very fast and accurate. 00:04:03.539 --> 00:04:06.419 It's because they're optic tectum. so about 10 00:04:06.419 --> 00:04:10.379 to 15 percent of the projections coming in from 00:04:10.379 --> 00:04:13.800 the retina will go to the superior colliculus 00:04:13.800 --> 00:04:16.600 retina to the superior colliculus the superior 00:04:16.600 --> 00:04:20.019 colliculus will kind of stop will talk amongst 00:04:20.019 --> 00:04:23.639 this little neculi okay this is the raw information 00:04:23.639 --> 00:04:26.720 coming in this is what i know about that raw 00:04:26.720 --> 00:04:30.079 information coming in so it will have some crosstalk 00:04:30.079 --> 00:04:33.399 here within it and also draw out if we're really 00:04:33.399 --> 00:04:36.250 looking at it from the back side here remember 00:04:36.250 --> 00:04:39.529 this is the midline right here so ipsilateral 00:04:39.529 --> 00:04:42.990 each hemisphere and then contralateral or both 00:04:42.990 --> 00:04:45.850 hemispheres okay so i should say ipsilateral 00:04:45.850 --> 00:04:49.509 this way contralateral this way now you know 00:04:49.509 --> 00:04:55.170 probably like the vision it kind of does this 00:04:55.170 --> 00:04:58.149 number right here it kind of crosses hemispheres 00:04:58.149 --> 00:05:00.569 we're we're going to bypass that that's not important 00:05:00.569 --> 00:05:03.910 for the corollary discharge so the lateral geniculate 00:05:04.079 --> 00:05:07.339 is here and the superior colliculus is here superior 00:05:07.339 --> 00:05:11.060 colliculus is above the inferior colliculus so 00:05:11.060 --> 00:05:16.800 vision vision vision vision auditory down here 00:05:16.800 --> 00:05:20.199 and auditory in the medial so the superior colliculus 00:05:20.199 --> 00:05:23.980 will talk within itself and then there's a nuclei 00:05:23.980 --> 00:05:29.139 here in the thalamus right here medial dorsal 00:05:29.139 --> 00:05:32.379 nuclei subdivision of the thalamus Now, this 00:05:32.379 --> 00:05:35.120 is a relay station, but it's not for sensation. 00:05:35.459 --> 00:05:40.600 It's for prediction relay, essentially. So the 00:05:40.600 --> 00:05:43.500 superior colliculus will send some information. 00:05:43.800 --> 00:05:47.339 It will talk up to the medial dorsal thalamus, 00:05:47.660 --> 00:05:51.980 MD. So the next spot is superior colliculus to 00:05:51.980 --> 00:05:55.240 the MD. Within the superior colliculus though, 00:05:55.600 --> 00:05:58.980 before it speaks up to the MD, it's formulating 00:05:58.980 --> 00:06:02.139 a map. this corollary discharge is putting together 00:06:02.139 --> 00:06:04.839 these instructions and then it sends it up to 00:06:04.839 --> 00:06:07.420 this thalamus remember the thalamus is workhorse 00:06:07.420 --> 00:06:10.420 it's a sensory relay station plus it's receiving 00:06:10.420 --> 00:06:15.459 a bunch of information from the cortex the medial 00:06:15.459 --> 00:06:18.920 dorsal thalamus will speak up way up here it's 00:06:18.920 --> 00:06:21.420 a distal connection to the frontal eye fields 00:06:21.420 --> 00:06:23.660 the frontal eye fields are roughly right here 00:06:23.660 --> 00:06:28.180 so we have we'll just call it right here F E 00:06:28.180 --> 00:06:31.949 F frontal eye fields. Corollary discharge is 00:06:31.949 --> 00:06:35.529 going with it. CD. The frontal eye fields will 00:06:35.529 --> 00:06:38.610 continue to speak back and forth to the medial 00:06:38.610 --> 00:06:42.949 dorsal thalamus. It's kind of a feedback loop. 00:06:43.250 --> 00:06:45.649 It's giving updates. Okay, this is what's happening. 00:06:45.870 --> 00:06:48.089 This is how I need to adjust. Remember, because 00:06:48.089 --> 00:06:51.290 this is a relay station for predictions. This 00:06:51.290 --> 00:06:55.009 is helping the frontal eye fields receive information 00:06:55.009 --> 00:06:58.670 about, okay, what's next? The frontal eye fields 00:06:58.829 --> 00:07:02.430 will speak over to the parietal lobe. There's 00:07:02.430 --> 00:07:05.910 a subdivision called the lateral parietal and 00:07:05.910 --> 00:07:09.750 the posterior parietal. Lateral, intraparietal, 00:07:10.009 --> 00:07:13.089 and the posterior parietal. It's kind of this 00:07:13.089 --> 00:07:14.910 garbage nomenclature. You don't need to know 00:07:14.910 --> 00:07:18.629 this. But what you do need to know is the parietal 00:07:18.629 --> 00:07:21.970 lobe is kind of piecing together the information 00:07:21.970 --> 00:07:24.990 from the corollary discharge and the information 00:07:24.990 --> 00:07:28.550 from the frontal eye fields to help sensory integration 00:07:28.550 --> 00:07:33.670 okay so we have MD to the frontal eye fields 00:07:33.670 --> 00:07:37.829 frontal eye fields to the parietal the parietal 00:07:37.829 --> 00:07:42.970 will speak back down to the thalamus now here's 00:07:42.970 --> 00:07:45.550 a big part that i really want us to remember 00:07:45.550 --> 00:07:49.589 we have the thalamus has this thalamic reticular 00:07:49.589 --> 00:07:53.050 nucleus okay This projection here is going to 00:07:53.050 --> 00:07:56.029 be heavily guarded by the thalamic reticular 00:07:56.029 --> 00:08:00.449 nucleus because the TRN is protecting the lateral 00:08:00.449 --> 00:08:04.269 geniculate. So the parietal to the TRN because 00:08:04.269 --> 00:08:06.709 the final destination here is the lateral geniculate 00:08:06.709 --> 00:08:10.850 nucleus. Remember this is all inhibition. Parv 00:08:10.850 --> 00:08:14.490 albium interneurons is the majority of this and 00:08:14.490 --> 00:08:16.870 then there's some somatostatin. Both of them 00:08:16.870 --> 00:08:21.029 are inhibition. Parv albium are the GABA -A type 00:08:21.029 --> 00:08:24.209 receptors, ionic trophic, and those are fast 00:08:24.209 --> 00:08:29.910 acting. The somatostatin inhibition or metabotrophic, 00:08:29.970 --> 00:08:33.250 and they're just kind of zoning this whole area 00:08:33.250 --> 00:08:37.110 here, just providing some inhibition. That parvalbumin 00:08:37.110 --> 00:08:40.490 is more precise inhibition, especially for something 00:08:40.490 --> 00:08:42.970 like this with vision, because it's so fast, 00:08:43.110 --> 00:08:46.730 even if you don't have autism. Vision comes in 00:08:46.730 --> 00:08:49.409 so fast. There's so much going on. So parietal 00:08:49.409 --> 00:08:53.929 down to the TRN into the thalamic reticular nucleus 00:08:53.929 --> 00:08:57.269 and then to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Okay, 00:08:57.450 --> 00:09:00.289 a big problem is already happening. But since 00:09:00.289 --> 00:09:02.870 we're at the lateral geniculate and the lack 00:09:02.870 --> 00:09:06.029 of GABA, we're adding on problems because we 00:09:06.029 --> 00:09:10.429 always talk about with sensory processing is 00:09:10.429 --> 00:09:13.250 point A to point B. If you're in a destination, 00:09:13.269 --> 00:09:17.100 if you have a destination. point A to point B, 00:09:17.259 --> 00:09:19.740 visual cortex essentially. And there's different 00:09:19.740 --> 00:09:22.799 stops along the way. Stop one, stop two, stop 00:09:22.799 --> 00:09:25.960 three, stop four, stop five. And then finally 00:09:25.960 --> 00:09:29.379 stop six will get you to the visual cortex. For 00:09:29.379 --> 00:09:32.240 the autistic phenotype, this stop right here, 00:09:32.720 --> 00:09:36.899 the stop right here goes fast. This distal connection 00:09:36.899 --> 00:09:40.940 up is slow. This connection right here is a problem 00:09:40.940 --> 00:09:43.779 for the autistic phenotype. This corollary discharge 00:09:43.779 --> 00:09:47.720 comes weak. and slow. So now the frontal eye 00:09:47.720 --> 00:09:50.779 field is behind. It has to speak over to the 00:09:50.779 --> 00:09:54.759 parietal and it's downstream. All of these things 00:09:54.759 --> 00:09:58.159 downstream are implicated. Once this pathway 00:09:58.159 --> 00:10:00.879 right here gets to the lateral geniculate, the 00:10:00.879 --> 00:10:04.080 eye movement finally happens. All of this is 00:10:04.080 --> 00:10:07.759 before the eye movement happens. So in this pathway, 00:10:08.940 --> 00:10:11.399 this is the first path. The parietal will speak 00:10:11.399 --> 00:10:15.429 over to the visual cortex as well and the information 00:10:15.429 --> 00:10:18.049 coming down that reaches the lateral geniculate 00:10:18.049 --> 00:10:23.350 will bypass V1. V1 is out here okay if you if 00:10:23.350 --> 00:10:25.730 you ever look at the visual cortex it's this 00:10:25.730 --> 00:10:29.309 kind of you know visual cortex one then two three 00:10:29.309 --> 00:10:34.029 four and so forth it goes to the back and then 00:10:34.029 --> 00:10:36.789 works its way back towards the middle this pathway 00:10:37.129 --> 00:10:41.370 will skip V1 and just go to V2. It doesn't need 00:10:41.370 --> 00:10:44.470 the V1 because that's raw sensory information. 00:10:44.750 --> 00:10:47.029 There's nothing about this that is raw sensory. 00:10:47.169 --> 00:10:50.529 This is all a motor pathway to prepare the living 00:10:50.529 --> 00:10:54.590 organism to eye gaze. The second pathway of the 00:10:54.590 --> 00:10:59.389 retina we will do in green if it shows up. So 00:10:59.389 --> 00:11:02.649 the retina to the lateral geniculate this is 00:11:02.649 --> 00:11:07.659 85 to 90 percent of the the projections from 00:11:07.659 --> 00:11:10.879 the retina okay so it hits the lateral geniculate 00:11:10.879 --> 00:11:14.179 again heavily guarded by the trn and then it 00:11:14.179 --> 00:11:17.440 it goes to the v1 and then it will go through 00:11:17.440 --> 00:11:21.440 the visual cortex and so it it will kind of meet 00:11:21.440 --> 00:11:25.100 these pathways will kind of meet at v2 and then 00:11:25.100 --> 00:11:28.559 kind of just put together more sensory integration 00:11:28.559 --> 00:11:32.240 making more more sense of what is happening because 00:11:32.240 --> 00:11:34.919 this is what we're talking about sensation to 00:11:34.919 --> 00:11:38.330 perception okay so the second pathway is kind 00:11:38.330 --> 00:11:41.450 of simple for what we're covering retina to the 00:11:41.450 --> 00:11:46.690 lg in lg in to the visual cortex 85 to 90 percent 00:11:46.690 --> 00:11:49.929 because this is all raw information coming in 00:11:49.929 --> 00:11:53.090 remember the sensation to perception because 00:11:53.090 --> 00:11:55.509 that's what we're talking about here sensations 00:11:55.509 --> 00:11:58.590 are extracting physical phenomena from the environment 00:11:58.590 --> 00:12:02.559 that allows the living organism to understand 00:12:02.559 --> 00:12:05.639 its surroundings so it can have that information 00:12:05.639 --> 00:12:08.759 and so it can move. It can navigate life. A big 00:12:08.759 --> 00:12:12.000 part of what's going on in this pathway though 00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:15.399 is orienting the attention of the living organism 00:12:15.399 --> 00:12:18.159 to the environment. The frontal eye fields will 00:12:18.159 --> 00:12:21.539 also speak down to these cranial nerves. We talked 00:12:21.539 --> 00:12:26.679 about those in the mesencephalon episodes. There 00:12:26.679 --> 00:12:29.960 are some powerful cranial nerves especially for 00:12:29.960 --> 00:12:36.000 eyes. cranial nerve three, four, and six are 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:41.240 big with this. Ocular motor, tricular, and abducens, 00:12:41.440 --> 00:12:45.000 okay? Three and four are in the mesencephalon 00:12:45.000 --> 00:12:48.940 here. Abducens, cranial nerve six, is just kind 00:12:48.940 --> 00:12:52.080 of posterior of that. Abducens is the easy one. 00:12:52.740 --> 00:12:57.179 It's, it makes sure your eyes are moving identically. 00:12:57.539 --> 00:13:00.799 Now, The eyes are independent structures. They 00:13:00.799 --> 00:13:04.700 are not connected so much. But they move with 00:13:04.700 --> 00:13:08.440 precise timing and accuracy. That's because of 00:13:08.440 --> 00:13:11.340 cranial nerve 6. That's the only role that it 00:13:11.340 --> 00:13:13.799 has. Most of the other cranial nerves, or maybe 00:13:13.799 --> 00:13:16.379 even all of them, have multiple roles. Multiple 00:13:16.379 --> 00:13:19.460 functions. 6! That's it. That's all it does. 00:13:19.679 --> 00:13:22.860 Because it's a big task. So we're orienting the 00:13:22.860 --> 00:13:25.779 attention of the living organism to the environment 00:13:25.779 --> 00:13:31.750 here. Okay? At this point here, and at this point 00:13:31.750 --> 00:13:36.029 here, the eye movement happens. Everything here, 00:13:36.409 --> 00:13:38.649 especially with this corollary discharge, is 00:13:38.649 --> 00:13:42.169 preparing the living organism about what it might 00:13:42.169 --> 00:13:46.470 see, about the outcome of this motor action that 00:13:46.470 --> 00:13:49.570 I'm about to do. In large part, this is built, 00:13:49.769 --> 00:13:52.230 remember, from the superior colliculus, based 00:13:52.230 --> 00:13:55.269 off of experience, based off of expectation. 00:13:55.529 --> 00:13:58.690 The brain is a prediction machine. That's exactly 00:13:58.690 --> 00:14:01.590 what the corollary discharge is. It's a prediction 00:14:01.590 --> 00:14:04.289 machine. That way it's informed. Now if you just 00:14:04.289 --> 00:14:07.230 think about something, think about how much better 00:14:07.230 --> 00:14:10.629 off you are whenever you know what to expect 00:14:10.629 --> 00:14:13.789 in life versus when you don't know what to expect 00:14:13.789 --> 00:14:17.330 in life. That's preparing. This is making the 00:14:17.330 --> 00:14:20.230 sensory processing and sensation to perception 00:14:20.230 --> 00:14:24.250 easier because one of the main goals of the brain 00:14:24.429 --> 00:14:29.009 It's survival and conserving energy. It allocates 00:14:29.009 --> 00:14:32.549 based off of this information from the sensory 00:14:32.549 --> 00:14:35.809 integration. It will allocate, activate, and 00:14:35.809 --> 00:14:39.570 inactivate regions so it can perform the task 00:14:39.570 --> 00:14:42.549 that it's deciding at this point that it needs 00:14:42.549 --> 00:14:46.110 to do. One thing that the brain is doing is providing 00:14:46.110 --> 00:14:49.590 predictions for itself. The central nervous system, 00:14:49.909 --> 00:14:53.399 the brain and spine, those are only involved 00:14:53.399 --> 00:14:56.519 in organisms that move. This is what we're talking 00:14:56.519 --> 00:14:59.919 about though. Sensation to perception and navigating. 00:15:00.240 --> 00:15:03.179 Now with the autistic phenotype, there's some 00:15:03.179 --> 00:15:06.059 big problems here that I will highlight. I don't 00:15:06.059 --> 00:15:09.500 know which color to do them in now though. We'll 00:15:09.500 --> 00:15:13.559 do blue. So at this point, this one is delayed. 00:15:13.779 --> 00:15:16.820 So that means everything downstream is delayed. 00:15:17.039 --> 00:15:20.779 This is delayed. This is delayed. Remember, this 00:15:20.779 --> 00:15:26.700 is the this is the eye movement delayed delayed 00:15:26.700 --> 00:15:30.200 delayed so if this prediction is delayed it makes 00:15:30.200 --> 00:15:34.179 it complicated for the living organism to orient 00:15:34.179 --> 00:15:36.620 to the environment a second thing that i want 00:15:36.620 --> 00:15:40.480 to mention is how much input is this getting 00:15:40.480 --> 00:15:43.340 the lateral geniculate because it is flooded 00:15:43.340 --> 00:15:46.679 because of in large part the lack of inhibition 00:15:46.679 --> 00:15:50.009 coming here both the superior colliculus pathway 00:15:50.009 --> 00:15:52.950 and straight to the lateral geniculate. Here's 00:15:52.950 --> 00:15:56.009 another good example about point A to point B. 00:15:56.190 --> 00:16:00.190 Bretina to the lateral geniculate to V1 and then 00:16:00.190 --> 00:16:04.250 through V1. Because V1 isn't really making a 00:16:04.250 --> 00:16:06.389 whole lot of sense of the information coming 00:16:06.389 --> 00:16:10.129 in. That's why there's up to seven kind of areas 00:16:10.129 --> 00:16:12.929 of the visual cortex. You can get into like the 00:16:12.929 --> 00:16:17.120 extra striate. If you want to look up the nomenclature 00:16:17.120 --> 00:16:20.159 to that, like striate, extra striate, and then 00:16:20.159 --> 00:16:23.879 a lot of interactions. Remember, as well, with 00:16:23.879 --> 00:16:28.039 each downstream connection, each downstream connection, 00:16:28.360 --> 00:16:30.580 regions and projections will branch off more 00:16:30.580 --> 00:16:33.799 and more. So, the retina has two projections, 00:16:33.980 --> 00:16:36.720 basically. Superior colliculus, lateral geniculate. 00:16:37.059 --> 00:16:39.360 But the superior colliculus will start to speak 00:16:39.360 --> 00:16:42.419 to more areas, like the thalamus and the medial 00:16:42.419 --> 00:16:44.870 dorsal. and then the medial dorsal will speak 00:16:44.870 --> 00:16:47.970 to other areas but the frontal eye fields once 00:16:47.970 --> 00:16:50.909 it gets to here there's so many more projections 00:16:50.909 --> 00:16:54.190 that are happening here same with the lateral 00:16:54.190 --> 00:16:56.710 geniculate the visual cortex once it's through 00:16:56.710 --> 00:16:59.409 the visual cortex projections are just everywhere 00:16:59.409 --> 00:17:02.250 one thing about the lateral geniculate with his 00:17:02.250 --> 00:17:05.329 eye movement is in addition to the inhibition 00:17:05.329 --> 00:17:10.789 like an inhibition and with the space -time complication 00:17:10.789 --> 00:17:13.309 the thing is mentioned quite in quite detail 00:17:13.309 --> 00:17:15.750 quite frequently with the autistic phenotype 00:17:15.750 --> 00:17:18.990 especially with sensation perception is signal 00:17:18.990 --> 00:17:22.670 to noise signal or salient attention what is 00:17:22.670 --> 00:17:25.650 important what does the brain need to remember 00:17:25.650 --> 00:17:29.309 with the allocation the activation and inactivation 00:17:29.309 --> 00:17:31.910 what does it need to send attention to versus 00:17:31.910 --> 00:17:35.109 noise whenever things are just chaotic overwhelmed 00:17:35.109 --> 00:17:38.230 doesn't know what to do kind of it loses its 00:17:38.230 --> 00:17:41.930 role as a director as a um as an orchestrator 00:17:41.930 --> 00:17:44.890 a conductor remember we used conductor before 00:17:44.890 --> 00:17:48.069 so because of this corollary discharge and this 00:17:48.069 --> 00:17:51.329 pathway i hear is delayed there's a lot more 00:17:51.329 --> 00:17:54.089 noise involved with an autistic phenotype in 00:17:54.089 --> 00:17:57.990 the outside world so if you remember what autism 00:17:57.990 --> 00:18:02.130 translates into autos automatic automobile means 00:18:02.130 --> 00:18:05.500 self this is in large part because The central 00:18:05.500 --> 00:18:08.680 nervous system, remember, is designed to receive 00:18:08.680 --> 00:18:12.019 information from the environment so we can move. 00:18:12.359 --> 00:18:15.740 It relies on information from the environment. 00:18:16.160 --> 00:18:19.900 The autistic phenotype, too much. So their bias 00:18:19.900 --> 00:18:25.019 is inward. Whenever autistic children that's 00:18:25.019 --> 00:18:28.440 not making eye contact with you, especially if 00:18:28.440 --> 00:18:30.559 you're going to accuse them of not listening, 00:18:30.819 --> 00:18:34.059 paying attention, you're wrong. And with that 00:18:34.059 --> 00:18:37.079 experience and expectation and neuroplasticity, 00:18:37.380 --> 00:18:40.539 you are harming them. You're not satisfying anything 00:18:40.539 --> 00:18:43.519 except for yourself. A lot of what humans do 00:18:43.519 --> 00:18:46.960 with speech is just satisfying the self. Lisa 00:18:46.960 --> 00:18:49.339 Feldman Barrett is really good on that. The Sense 00:18:49.339 --> 00:18:51.859 of Shoulds, I believe it's called. The human 00:18:51.859 --> 00:18:55.160 will speak just to calm themselves. And that's 00:18:55.160 --> 00:18:58.369 a bad thing. But with this with these pathways 00:18:58.369 --> 00:19:02.450 being kind of overwhelmed, sensory overwhelm, 00:19:02.589 --> 00:19:06.049 overload, and that's biasing the organism to 00:19:06.049 --> 00:19:09.589 the self. Remember from the OCD episode, okay? 00:19:09.849 --> 00:19:13.109 Let's just say we extract a specific cell out 00:19:13.109 --> 00:19:16.289 of here, okay? We draw a specific cell. It doesn't 00:19:16.289 --> 00:19:18.809 have to be perfect, okay? We got a cell here. 00:19:19.069 --> 00:19:21.829 Yep, pretty good one. And then these axons down 00:19:21.829 --> 00:19:25.000 here will have connection, right? it will it 00:19:25.000 --> 00:19:28.400 will go connect to something and each connection 00:19:28.400 --> 00:19:30.740 is building a summary building a story of what 00:19:30.740 --> 00:19:35.400 is happening as we repeat things with repetition 00:19:35.400 --> 00:19:38.740 heavy in learning and so forth and cells that 00:19:38.740 --> 00:19:41.279 fire together wire together remember the serotonin 00:19:41.279 --> 00:19:44.680 and sensory map remember we're already diffused 00:19:44.680 --> 00:19:49.700 we're not refined in these connections if we 00:19:49.700 --> 00:19:53.809 if we zoom in here to this these cells communicating 00:19:53.809 --> 00:19:57.849 to each other. The more we repeat things, the 00:19:57.849 --> 00:20:01.210 bigger that connection grows in size. Morphology. 00:20:01.589 --> 00:20:04.710 The bigger the connection is, the more the brain 00:20:04.710 --> 00:20:08.329 is going to prefer that connection. So we just 00:20:08.329 --> 00:20:11.829 become who we are. These are just basic trait 00:20:11.829 --> 00:20:14.710 building, personality building. We are who we 00:20:14.710 --> 00:20:18.009 are because of this. That's 101. These bigger 00:20:18.009 --> 00:20:20.859 connections will be preferred. it has to work 00:20:20.859 --> 00:20:24.420 the brain and the living organism has to work 00:20:24.420 --> 00:20:27.880 for this one to hit for this one to connect and 00:20:27.880 --> 00:20:30.980 have meaning because the brain the central nervous 00:20:30.980 --> 00:20:33.900 system just wants to respond it's passive so 00:20:33.900 --> 00:20:36.859 this connection whatever this connection means 00:20:36.859 --> 00:20:39.160 will get preference and it doesn't matter if 00:20:39.160 --> 00:20:42.400 you're autistic you have this ability to be comfortable 00:20:42.400 --> 00:20:46.220 within yourself and you have an ability to just 00:20:46.220 --> 00:20:49.480 absorb information at high rates of speed or 00:20:49.480 --> 00:20:52.700 or not or you're you you're a mathematician or 00:20:52.700 --> 00:20:55.339 you're an electrician or you're a basketball 00:20:55.339 --> 00:20:58.539 player whatever skills you have these connections 00:20:58.539 --> 00:21:02.200 are going to be bigger larger morphology for 00:21:02.200 --> 00:21:04.380 the things that you need to do to execute those 00:21:04.380 --> 00:21:09.119 tasks so some benefits of this situation here 00:21:09.119 --> 00:21:12.119 are obviously not external. The benefits here 00:21:12.119 --> 00:21:15.140 are internal, again with the accelerated learning, 00:21:15.460 --> 00:21:18.880 because we can grab so much information at high 00:21:18.880 --> 00:21:23.460 rates of speed, because these projections coming 00:21:23.460 --> 00:21:27.599 in early are loaded. Now, you can find information 00:21:27.599 --> 00:21:31.420 with event -related potentials, ERPs, and using 00:21:31.420 --> 00:21:35.559 things like DTIs, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, and 00:21:35.559 --> 00:21:39.099 they will use something called Fractional Enterosophie. 00:21:39.339 --> 00:21:42.920 Enterosophie. And it's called FA. It measures 00:21:42.920 --> 00:21:46.279 the water movement of connections to see which 00:21:46.279 --> 00:21:49.880 ones are stronger. So you can see data with ERPs. 00:21:49.900 --> 00:21:53.660 You can see data with EEGs. Remember, they use 00:21:53.660 --> 00:21:59.519 a measurement instrument like N170, but you'll 00:21:59.519 --> 00:22:03.190 see N with the EEGs. And then 170 is just the 00:22:03.190 --> 00:22:07.430 time. Whatever this is. Whatever this is. Doesn't 00:22:07.430 --> 00:22:09.930 matter. Just how much time it takes to get through 00:22:09.930 --> 00:22:13.529 here. MeGs will use an M. And then the time. 00:22:14.950 --> 00:22:19.069 M170. Remember, EEGs are better at measuring 00:22:19.069 --> 00:22:23.450 kind of local connections. MEGs are better at 00:22:23.450 --> 00:22:26.329 measuring distal connections. Okay? And then 00:22:26.329 --> 00:22:29.509 fMRI. But over the last month there was some... 00:22:29.069 --> 00:22:31.829 controversy with using fMRI and the accuracy 00:22:31.829 --> 00:22:35.069 of it. So tread lightly with that. Now earlier 00:22:35.069 --> 00:22:37.589 I mentioned, I mentioned all of this is happening 00:22:37.589 --> 00:22:41.289 before the eye movement. So this is happening 00:22:41.289 --> 00:22:44.849 minus 60 milliseconds before the eye movement. 00:22:45.589 --> 00:22:47.930 Let's get closer. The superior colliculus will 00:22:47.930 --> 00:22:52.130 begin to speak to one another from side to side 00:22:52.130 --> 00:22:55.930 and within each other. And that happens at roughly 00:22:55.930 --> 00:22:59.569 minus 50 milliseconds. It will the superior colliculus 00:22:59.569 --> 00:23:02.470 will reach up to the medial dorsal thalamus at 00:23:02.470 --> 00:23:07.650 about minus 45 milliseconds. Okay? This is normal 00:23:07.650 --> 00:23:10.289 rate. The medial dorsal thalamus to the frontal 00:23:10.289 --> 00:23:13.369 eye fields will happen roughly minus 25 milliseconds 00:23:13.369 --> 00:23:15.470 from eye movement. And then the frontal eye fields 00:23:15.470 --> 00:23:19.349 over to the parietal at about minus 15 seconds 00:23:19.349 --> 00:23:24.519 before eye movement. And then this is Minus 15 00:23:24.519 --> 00:23:28.059 to minus 5. Let's say minus 5. And then the eye 00:23:28.059 --> 00:23:30.619 movement happens. Now with the autistic phenotype, 00:23:30.859 --> 00:23:34.720 these are delayed. And they're weak. The information 00:23:34.720 --> 00:23:37.460 isn't as strong. Because of that myelination 00:23:37.460 --> 00:23:40.700 in large part. Things like the leukoborin will 00:23:40.700 --> 00:23:43.579 help myelinate these. And that's in large part 00:23:43.579 --> 00:23:46.240 of what leukoborin is doing. I guess before we 00:23:46.240 --> 00:23:50.220 wrap up is the gamma waves as well. Gamma waves 00:23:50.410 --> 00:23:53.210 are useful whenever we're hitting the visual 00:23:53.210 --> 00:23:56.730 cortex because we want that fast sensation but 00:23:56.730 --> 00:24:00.089 the autopsy phenotype is higher gamma waves and 00:24:00.089 --> 00:24:02.849 remember there are things like alpha and beta 00:24:02.849 --> 00:24:06.150 and this thalamic reticular nucleus that's help 00:24:06.150 --> 00:24:10.210 modulating it is off so the brain waves are also 00:24:10.210 --> 00:24:13.009 important here but i wanted to cover corollary 00:24:13.009 --> 00:24:17.230 discharge and this independent visual processing 00:24:17.230 --> 00:24:20.880 pathway that's independent of visual processing 00:24:20.880 --> 00:24:24.720 because it will be heavily involved with the 00:24:24.720 --> 00:24:29.259 reading episode and visual thinking and understanding 00:24:29.259 --> 00:24:32.059 why the autistic phenotype has problems with 00:24:32.059 --> 00:24:34.980 eye gaze and this rate of information coming 00:24:34.980 --> 00:24:39.359 in is flooded. So one thing to just always remember 00:24:39.359 --> 00:24:42.079 is just understand that the autistic is paying 00:24:42.079 --> 00:24:45.630 attention. Don't be self -serving. don't be self 00:24:45.630 --> 00:24:47.950 -satisfying and think that the autistic is not 00:24:47.950 --> 00:24:50.710 paying attention. The autistic knows exactly 00:24:50.710 --> 00:24:53.609 what is happening in the environment more so 00:24:53.609 --> 00:24:55.970 than what you could ever know because of the 00:24:55.970 --> 00:25:00.069 rate of information coming in. Stop harming them. 00:25:00.349 --> 00:25:03.430 Stop overwhelming this autistic phenotype especially 00:25:03.430 --> 00:25:05.710 the children because they're running off and 00:25:05.710 --> 00:25:08.789 you're not helping. This is very very fascinating 00:25:08.789 --> 00:25:11.869 because you don't even know you're doing this. 00:25:12.850 --> 00:25:17.490 The brain ability to survive and prepare the 00:25:17.490 --> 00:25:20.250 living organism for all of the information coming 00:25:20.250 --> 00:25:23.730 in is fantastic. Two other things before we wrap 00:25:23.730 --> 00:25:27.549 up is, now whenever an autistic is being assessed, 00:25:27.930 --> 00:25:30.230 does this child have autism or not? One thing 00:25:30.230 --> 00:25:34.009 that they probably will do are processing speed 00:25:34.009 --> 00:25:37.529 test assessments. Now the thing about that is 00:25:37.529 --> 00:25:40.230 it requires motor movement. It's not just vision. 00:25:40.410 --> 00:25:43.289 you have to receive the information that you're 00:25:43.289 --> 00:25:46.430 looking at, process it in both of these, and 00:25:46.430 --> 00:25:49.609 then activate the sensory motor here and the 00:25:49.609 --> 00:25:53.069 basal ganglia. Remember, the FEF, the frontal 00:25:53.069 --> 00:25:55.809 eye fields, will attach down to the dorsal striatum 00:25:55.809 --> 00:26:00.970 too to help input the motor movement, provide 00:26:00.970 --> 00:26:03.210 some information. But the basal ganglia will 00:26:03.210 --> 00:26:05.910 have to be recruited in areas of the brain stem 00:26:05.910 --> 00:26:09.180 to execute the motor movement. because there's 00:26:09.180 --> 00:26:12.079 a lot of tracking and identifying and marking 00:26:12.079 --> 00:26:15.339 with processing speeds with assessments so it's 00:26:15.339 --> 00:26:18.500 not uncommon that the autistic can have a lot 00:26:18.500 --> 00:26:20.960 of information coming in but they can't they 00:26:20.960 --> 00:26:24.019 can't execute and coordinate the movement that's 00:26:24.019 --> 00:26:27.079 appropriate and it's not uncommon that motor 00:26:27.079 --> 00:26:29.900 movements things like apraxia even for the more 00:26:29.900 --> 00:26:33.700 severe are complicated for autism the autistic 00:26:33.700 --> 00:26:35.839 phenotype there's no doubt about that i guess 00:26:35.839 --> 00:26:39.000 before we wrap up is this is also used in touch 00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:42.819 and audition the auditory will do this so it's 00:26:42.819 --> 00:26:45.519 a very powerful thing with the corollary discharge 00:26:45.519 --> 00:26:49.539 so we'll we'll use this as kind of a introduction 00:26:49.539 --> 00:26:55.039 because we will process the visual cortex visual 00:26:55.039 --> 00:26:58.059 thinking and the reading problems and how it's 00:26:58.059 --> 00:27:01.420 hard to have fluid eye gaze and process all of 00:27:01.420 --> 00:27:04.119 the information coming in like especially with 00:27:04.119 --> 00:27:07.619 reading and the visual thinking transposing everything 00:27:07.619 --> 00:27:10.940 all those visual words into movies and so forth 00:27:10.940 --> 00:27:14.240 so there's a lot going on for the autistic phenotype 00:27:14.240 --> 00:27:15.480 it's very complicated stuff