WEBVTT 00:00:05.259 --> 00:00:08.140 Okay, last episode we talked about serotonin 00:00:08.140 --> 00:00:11.300 development and the sensory maps. We talked about 00:00:11.300 --> 00:00:15.880 how serotonin in this time frame here has huge 00:00:15.880 --> 00:00:19.339 implications and it's kind of like Michelangelo 00:00:19.339 --> 00:00:24.179 to the thalamocortex. Every time the thalamus 00:00:24.179 --> 00:00:27.160 speaks up to the cortex area. We specifically 00:00:27.160 --> 00:00:30.780 highlighted S1, the sensory, nope, the somatosensory 00:00:30.780 --> 00:00:35.109 area. which is heavily involved with this VP 00:00:35.109 --> 00:00:38.890 region of the thalamus, ventral posterior, will 00:00:38.890 --> 00:00:43.170 speak up to this somatosensory area, has strong 00:00:43.170 --> 00:00:47.710 connections with this feed -forward, feed -back 00:00:47.710 --> 00:00:56.310 loop, thalamocortex up to the S1, and then corticothalamic, 00:00:56.990 --> 00:01:00.109 the layer six of these many columns back down 00:01:00.109 --> 00:01:02.640 to the thalamus. It's just constantly updating. 00:01:04.040 --> 00:01:06.659 But I really want to highlight that serotonin's 00:01:06.659 --> 00:01:11.640 role here isn't limited to these areas. It's 00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:16.680 also areas across the entire cortex. This S1 00:01:16.680 --> 00:01:18.959 is mostly studied because it's easier because 00:01:18.959 --> 00:01:25.060 of this humunculus. Okay? So serotonin for what 00:01:25.060 --> 00:01:27.500 we're going to do today is also involved, but 00:01:27.500 --> 00:01:31.140 we're going to add in the thyroid. from the mother 00:01:31.140 --> 00:01:37.859 because this has huge implications has huge implications 00:01:37.859 --> 00:01:44.579 of autism risk in this time frame so we talked 00:01:44.579 --> 00:01:47.579 about before i erase all of this this these are 00:01:47.579 --> 00:01:49.780 the many columns right and then another many 00:01:49.780 --> 00:01:52.620 column and we drew this out as diffused so i'm 00:01:52.620 --> 00:01:54.819 going to erase most of this remember this is 00:01:54.819 --> 00:01:57.939 the crossover of who's making the serotonin who's 00:01:57.939 --> 00:02:01.920 providing the serotonin maternal and fetus okay 00:02:01.920 --> 00:02:05.500 because these this is all happening before the 00:02:05.500 --> 00:02:08.800 dorsal raffae or the raffae less specifically 00:02:08.800 --> 00:02:14.000 is developed which is the brain's sources of 00:02:14.000 --> 00:02:17.939 serotonin so let's see i don't think we'll need 00:02:17.939 --> 00:02:21.960 all of this and i wish this was different though 00:02:21.960 --> 00:02:24.680 and we're not going to talk about sensory map 00:02:24.680 --> 00:02:29.719 so much we're going to add something here We're 00:02:29.719 --> 00:02:41.919 gonna add thyroid and development. Okay, so which 00:02:41.919 --> 00:02:45.680 episodes? There's a mini episode back in last 00:02:45.680 --> 00:02:51.800 December, December 2024. Yeah, it's about eight 00:02:51.800 --> 00:02:55.379 minutes long. It's about talking about how hypothyroid 00:02:55.469 --> 00:02:59.349 is a biomarker for Parkinson's and autism risk. 00:02:59.770 --> 00:03:02.889 And it's undisputed, and it's easy to fix. How 00:03:02.889 --> 00:03:05.389 many people know about it? And there's another 00:03:05.389 --> 00:03:09.629 episode, Autism in Parkinson's, right after that, 00:03:09.770 --> 00:03:12.650 right about the time frame of that. And then 00:03:12.650 --> 00:03:15.729 there are several guest episodes. There's one 00:03:15.729 --> 00:03:18.710 with Kristen Liao from AJ Drexel talking about 00:03:18.710 --> 00:03:23.189 modifiable risk factors for autism. She's one 00:03:23.189 --> 00:03:28.129 of the 13 or 14 special grants received from 00:03:28.129 --> 00:03:33.129 the NIH to study autism again. But hers with 00:03:33.129 --> 00:03:37.050 these modifiable risk factors is the way to go. 00:03:38.330 --> 00:03:40.930 How do you reduce the autism? But those other 00:03:40.930 --> 00:03:45.250 ones with genetics and things, it's exhausted. 00:03:46.310 --> 00:03:51.430 So we have the Kristen Lyle episode and we have 00:03:51.430 --> 00:03:55.180 three. episodes with Nicole Rincon who is a researcher 00:03:55.180 --> 00:03:59.740 and a physician's assistant at Rasignol's clinic 00:03:59.740 --> 00:04:06.419 with Dan Rasignol and Richard Fry. So maybe see 00:04:06.419 --> 00:04:10.080 the Richard Fry episodes plural as well. So we're 00:04:10.080 --> 00:04:14.319 going to do we're going to have to thread in 00:04:14.319 --> 00:04:20.540 how thyroid and serotonin is developing the cells 00:04:20.540 --> 00:04:26.899 and the the brain of the fetus right here these 00:04:26.899 --> 00:04:32.560 are very underrated i think so i don't know how 00:04:32.560 --> 00:04:34.480 we're going to exactly do this but we need to 00:04:34.480 --> 00:04:37.860 understand what thyroid where it comes from and 00:04:37.860 --> 00:04:40.959 what it's trying to accomplish remember this 00:04:40.959 --> 00:04:44.899 is all from the mother the fetus isn't making 00:04:44.899 --> 00:04:48.879 its own thyroid it's not making its own t4 and 00:04:48.879 --> 00:04:56.319 t3 What's very specific about this is tyrosine, 00:04:56.399 --> 00:05:00.100 I want you side by side, up and down. Tyrosine, 00:05:02.339 --> 00:05:05.560 then you have the tyrosine ace, remember, A -S 00:05:05.560 --> 00:05:11.620 -E, so the enzyme, and then tyrosine is very 00:05:11.620 --> 00:05:13.920 powerful. It makes a lot of different things. 00:05:14.920 --> 00:05:17.920 We're gonna talk about the dopamine and substantial 00:05:17.920 --> 00:05:21.180 Niagara too because of the Parkinson's. and heavily 00:05:21.180 --> 00:05:28.439 involved with autism. So this will make thyroxine 00:05:28.439 --> 00:05:39.639 things like L -Dopa which is T3, T4, thyroxine, 00:05:39.740 --> 00:05:45.019 T3, T4. The four and three is iodine. Another 00:05:45.019 --> 00:05:50.269 way to kind of mitigate Autism risk factors. 00:05:50.730 --> 00:05:54.129 Having these checked. If you're thinking about 00:05:54.129 --> 00:05:59.730 having a child, these should be checked. You 00:05:59.730 --> 00:06:04.069 can easily do this. And then L -Dopa makes dopamine. 00:06:07.310 --> 00:06:11.189 Huge, huge implications with muscles and movement, 00:06:11.930 --> 00:06:14.490 not just the cellular level, not just like wanting 00:06:14.490 --> 00:06:25.829 and liking. Also makes norepinephrine. Epinephrine. 00:06:29.449 --> 00:06:42.009 And melanin. What is this? What? Melanie. Melanin. 00:06:43.250 --> 00:06:51.819 Wild. So tyrosine is the main protein and tryptophan. 00:06:52.139 --> 00:06:56.100 These two are those aromatic amino acids, which 00:06:56.100 --> 00:07:08.480 means they have this. That's a benzene ring. 00:07:08.680 --> 00:07:11.699 Those are UV light antennas. I'm going to tell 00:07:11.699 --> 00:07:13.959 you something, a little self -disclosure here. 00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:18.060 I have autoimmune problems. I've had hypothyroidism, 00:07:18.120 --> 00:07:23.360 Hashimoto's, from essentially 2005 to about 2024. 00:07:24.720 --> 00:07:28.100 And I was on medication for it because that was 00:07:28.100 --> 00:07:38.899 the only way. April 2023, I learned about a neurosurgeon, 00:07:39.139 --> 00:07:42.000 kind of a quantum physics, kind of a decentralized 00:07:42.540 --> 00:07:49.019 MD here who says these things require UV light 00:07:49.019 --> 00:07:53.319 so I increased my exposure to sunlight both in 00:07:53.319 --> 00:07:56.620 the morning and midday and I was like I'm not 00:07:56.620 --> 00:08:00.220 going to take the hypothyroidism anymore levothyroxine 00:08:00.220 --> 00:08:03.740 as on 150 micrograms it's a pretty high dose 00:08:03.740 --> 00:08:10.040 15 20 20 years almost and I stopped taking it 00:08:10.040 --> 00:08:13.560 and then I had lab works done and I no longer 00:08:13.560 --> 00:08:19.100 needed it because my ranges the TSH and then 00:08:19.100 --> 00:08:22.819 the the other one T4, T3 maybe it's called I 00:08:22.819 --> 00:08:27.300 don't know you can these are easy checks gone 00:08:27.300 --> 00:08:30.620 both in range without medication and I could 00:08:30.620 --> 00:08:37.740 not do that for 15 nearly 20 years so this tells 00:08:37.740 --> 00:08:43.230 me something about our modern environments and 00:08:43.230 --> 00:08:47.429 not getting sunlight. And this is huge because 00:08:47.429 --> 00:08:53.649 of developing here. So these three, tyrosine, 00:08:53.750 --> 00:08:57.409 tryptophan, and phenylalanine have those benzene 00:08:57.409 --> 00:09:03.190 rings, okay? It's huge for this and all of these. 00:09:04.230 --> 00:09:09.059 So. Some more unknown roles here about the cell. 00:09:09.759 --> 00:09:15.240 Okay serotonin we know makes the All of these 00:09:15.240 --> 00:09:17.980 connections. Okay, we covered that good. I'm 00:09:17.980 --> 00:09:21.639 not going to go back into that but I do want 00:09:21.639 --> 00:09:26.039 to say That we want to kind of put these side 00:09:26.039 --> 00:09:31.700 -by -side I think and talk about be able to see 00:09:31.700 --> 00:09:35.919 a specific cell here and talk about what serotonin 00:09:35.919 --> 00:09:38.820 is doing and what thyroid is doing for that specific 00:09:38.820 --> 00:09:43.820 cell. So let's just draw a generic cell here. 00:09:54.200 --> 00:09:58.259 It doesn't have to be perfect, okay? I just want 00:09:58.259 --> 00:10:05.559 us to be able to see the cell body And the connections. 00:10:09.159 --> 00:10:11.960 It's not bad, I guess. I don't know, we'll have 00:10:11.960 --> 00:10:20.019 to make it work. Serotonin comes on pretty fast, 00:10:20.279 --> 00:10:24.500 okay? Remember, right around neuralation. For 00:10:24.500 --> 00:10:28.220 neurogenesis, cell differentiation, you know, 00:10:28.299 --> 00:10:31.480 cells divide, and then they differentiate, they 00:10:31.480 --> 00:10:34.139 become specialized cells. What is the role of 00:10:34.139 --> 00:10:37.480 that specific cell after it proliferates? It 00:10:37.480 --> 00:10:41.500 has to have a job. Serotonin is kind of big on 00:10:41.500 --> 00:10:44.759 that, and then it will help it migrate. Where 00:10:44.759 --> 00:10:46.940 does it need to go once it becomes a specific 00:10:46.940 --> 00:10:50.580 cell, right? And that's why we have these clusters 00:10:50.580 --> 00:10:53.860 and neculi and things like the thalamus. Well, 00:10:53.860 --> 00:10:58.720 all of those things migrate to and make the thalamus. 00:11:00.399 --> 00:11:04.940 Thyroid here has Similar kind of roles here, 00:11:04.940 --> 00:11:09.940 but a little bit later about week 16 or so once 00:11:09.940 --> 00:11:15.419 once the the brain is developing and all of these 00:11:15.419 --> 00:11:20.960 regions are kind of coming to Thyroid will help 00:11:20.960 --> 00:11:24.460 take over and do neuro differentiation and the 00:11:24.460 --> 00:11:28.620 migration and it will kind of mature the cell 00:11:28.620 --> 00:11:34.929 specifically t3, okay so T3 will kind of take 00:11:34.929 --> 00:11:38.370 over this area right here kind of like the cell 00:11:38.370 --> 00:11:44.990 body and all of those crucial organelles things 00:11:44.990 --> 00:11:50.570 like mitochondria and the soma and things T3's 00:11:50.570 --> 00:11:54.370 role here for developing the cell right here 00:11:54.370 --> 00:11:58.789 is the most important thing it's non -negotiable 00:11:58.789 --> 00:12:03.779 and then things like Insulin is probably second 00:12:03.779 --> 00:12:07.240 for the importance of developing the cell here 00:12:07.240 --> 00:12:12.740 for things like survival. Now, there's a lot 00:12:12.740 --> 00:12:17.899 to be said. You can find anywhere that the metabolic 00:12:17.899 --> 00:12:21.799 condition of the maternal is a huge risk factor 00:12:21.799 --> 00:12:27.000 for autism. And it's T3 and her insulin growth 00:12:27.000 --> 00:12:30.980 factors, things like that. that are kind of implicating 00:12:30.980 --> 00:12:33.960 this area right here. Now this is just a specific 00:12:33.960 --> 00:12:38.100 cell. But how many cells are going to be implicated? 00:12:39.440 --> 00:12:42.360 Because another role here is things like myelination. 00:12:43.820 --> 00:12:48.220 So the mother's T3 will provide energy for this 00:12:48.220 --> 00:12:51.840 up until the time the fetus can make its own, 00:12:52.159 --> 00:12:56.440 which is about weeks 16 to 20. So we have serotonin 00:12:56.440 --> 00:13:00.269 early, early. to develop all of this, all of 00:13:00.269 --> 00:13:03.210 these maps and the cortex, the thalamus to the 00:13:03.210 --> 00:13:06.470 cortex, roles. Remember, thalamus is a workhorse. 00:13:07.009 --> 00:13:10.110 And then the thyroid, or thyroid, specifically 00:13:10.110 --> 00:13:12.649 the T3, because this is the sequence. It makes 00:13:12.649 --> 00:13:16.870 T4, which is kind of thyroxine. And then T3. 00:13:16.870 --> 00:13:19.269 Now you can look up the nomenclature to T3. I'm 00:13:19.269 --> 00:13:22.350 not going to spell it out. I can barely spell 00:13:22.350 --> 00:13:31.100 melanin. So the thyroid here, T3 is huge for 00:13:31.100 --> 00:13:36.220 this kind of area, for billions of cells. And 00:13:36.220 --> 00:13:40.679 then serotonin is more responsible for things 00:13:40.679 --> 00:13:43.419 like this. Things like the dendrites and spines. 00:13:43.480 --> 00:13:47.200 Remember, we extracted a specific spine. That 00:13:47.200 --> 00:13:50.299 spine will mean the same thing every time. Every 00:13:50.299 --> 00:13:53.600 time a spine receives a connection, it's the 00:13:53.600 --> 00:13:59.279 same meaning every time. So serotonin's role 00:13:59.279 --> 00:14:02.259 with a specific cell is more this green area, 00:14:02.679 --> 00:14:06.000 more of these connections, more of the axons 00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:09.720 and things. Remember that make up the norophil 00:14:09.720 --> 00:14:15.980 that provides communication. So serotonin and 00:14:15.980 --> 00:14:20.840 thyroid are the two biggest factors here for 00:14:20.840 --> 00:14:24.919 cell development. And it's a little bit unknown. 00:14:27.310 --> 00:14:30.909 Mainly I think because of this little epoch here 00:14:30.909 --> 00:14:37.230 before delivery isn't studied enough. It's just 00:14:37.230 --> 00:14:40.909 not well understood. But we can see like the 00:14:40.909 --> 00:14:44.909 studies from UC San Diego about the size of the 00:14:44.909 --> 00:14:49.370 brain organelle. UC San Diego early last year 00:14:49.370 --> 00:14:53.649 in 20, well no, 2024 now, the size of the brain 00:14:53.649 --> 00:14:56.230 organelle will predict severity of socialness. 00:14:56.460 --> 00:14:59.740 in the autistic child and they found this on 00:14:59.740 --> 00:15:03.419 two -month -olds roughly two months old it's 00:15:03.419 --> 00:15:07.220 UC San Diego they can have like this ability 00:15:07.220 --> 00:15:12.159 to track that specific child to ages three four 00:15:12.159 --> 00:15:17.039 whatever and this specific child with the altered 00:15:17.039 --> 00:15:20.740 brain organelle size have severities with socialness 00:15:20.740 --> 00:15:23.279 and are they so -called fit into this autistic 00:15:23.279 --> 00:15:28.100 phenotype It's similar to the study that I talk 00:15:28.100 --> 00:15:30.639 about frequently about the salience network. 00:15:30.639 --> 00:15:33.700 Remember, that's what these were. You have the 00:15:33.700 --> 00:15:37.500 ACC, anterior cingulate cortex, which is deep 00:15:37.500 --> 00:15:40.860 in the medial prefrontal cortex, and then the 00:15:40.860 --> 00:15:44.799 insula, which is lateral. These make up, those 00:15:44.799 --> 00:15:47.240 are the two critical hubs for the salience network. 00:15:48.039 --> 00:15:51.659 These two regions here will bias our attention 00:15:51.659 --> 00:15:55.919 kind of more powerfully than anything. That's 00:15:55.919 --> 00:15:57.700 why they're the hubs of the salus network. And 00:15:57.700 --> 00:16:00.419 then you have other regions, mostly subcortical. 00:16:01.200 --> 00:16:06.039 Things like VTA, the RAFA, hippocampus amygdala, 00:16:06.899 --> 00:16:12.600 so forth, things like that. So that study from 00:16:12.600 --> 00:16:15.379 UCLA with the salus network was found on six 00:16:15.379 --> 00:16:18.500 weeks old. The study from UC San Diego was found 00:16:18.500 --> 00:16:22.360 on two months old. San Diego does a lot of good 00:16:22.360 --> 00:16:26.960 research here. But nothing is really done about 00:16:26.960 --> 00:16:30.860 it. Ezekiel Ben Ari does a lot of good stuff 00:16:30.860 --> 00:16:33.960 here. He has an episode. He was one of my first 00:16:33.960 --> 00:16:37.059 guests. He's the one that found that, well, he's 00:16:37.059 --> 00:16:40.860 kind of famous for inhibition during this time 00:16:40.860 --> 00:16:44.019 frame is excitatory. Remember, we talk a lot 00:16:44.019 --> 00:16:47.240 about excitation inhibition. That might be the 00:16:47.240 --> 00:16:51.559 central theme of the autistic phenotype. And 00:16:51.559 --> 00:16:55.330 during this period, that allows for massive growth 00:16:55.330 --> 00:16:59.129 here we don't have inhibition so much it's all 00:16:59.129 --> 00:17:06.789 excitation up until like perinatal so this role 00:17:06.789 --> 00:17:11.049 here with the thyroid and the mother is a huge 00:17:11.049 --> 00:17:15.890 risk factor for developing autism it should be 00:17:15.890 --> 00:17:22.740 well known it should be a checklist Kind of the 00:17:22.740 --> 00:17:26.759 conflict is you take the hypothyroidism medication. 00:17:28.200 --> 00:17:30.319 If you want to mitigate the risk factors for 00:17:30.319 --> 00:17:36.059 autism, yes, probably. But our environments are 00:17:36.059 --> 00:17:41.720 horrible, absolutely horrible for synthesizing 00:17:41.720 --> 00:17:45.400 proteins like this. Why? Because of things like 00:17:45.400 --> 00:17:50.539 this. Exposure to things like this. This isolated 00:17:50.539 --> 00:17:54.809 blue light will destroy and not allow these to 00:17:54.809 --> 00:17:58.410 kind of synthesize properly and another thing 00:17:58.410 --> 00:18:02.509 about this is the myelination serotonin and thyroid 00:18:02.509 --> 00:18:09.910 has huge implications for myelination so we just 00:18:09.910 --> 00:18:12.630 want to talk about that one specific cell but 00:18:12.630 --> 00:18:16.329 you can extract any cell and it's going to have 00:18:16.329 --> 00:18:22.019 implications because serotonin is The master 00:18:22.019 --> 00:18:26.240 kind of architect. It's the Michelangelo of all 00:18:26.240 --> 00:18:30.720 of these connections all of them Especially with 00:18:30.720 --> 00:18:35.700 sensation and then t3 is the master kind of engineer 00:18:35.700 --> 00:18:39.579 Michelangelo's right -hand man of Developing 00:18:39.579 --> 00:18:42.240 this cell because this cell if we're going to 00:18:42.240 --> 00:18:45.980 expand or create st. Peter's Basilica the specific 00:18:45.980 --> 00:18:53.240 cell is a specific block Okay, now each specific 00:18:53.240 --> 00:18:57.619 block is very important. Sure, you might have 00:18:57.619 --> 00:19:00.079 some deficiencies with a block and it can kind 00:19:00.079 --> 00:19:03.180 of mix in. The other blocks can kind of take 00:19:03.180 --> 00:19:07.160 over and help it out even if it's visual. It 00:19:07.160 --> 00:19:10.420 doesn't look as good. You might not see it. The 00:19:10.420 --> 00:19:12.339 autistic probably will because of the attention 00:19:12.339 --> 00:19:14.500 to detail, but that's a different story. That's 00:19:14.500 --> 00:19:21.660 another episode coming soon. So how is hypothyroidism 00:19:21.660 --> 00:19:41.079 is biomarker for autism and Parkinson's? That's 00:19:41.079 --> 00:19:45.359 too clustered. Hypothyroidism is a biomarker 00:19:45.359 --> 00:19:49.980 for autism and Parkinson's. What's the role with 00:19:49.980 --> 00:19:56.220 Parkinson's? Well, we've talked a lot about the 00:19:56.220 --> 00:19:59.359 basal ganglia. We talked a lot about the mesencephalon. 00:20:00.900 --> 00:20:04.980 We talked a lot about melanin, more than probably 00:20:04.980 --> 00:20:12.559 most, thanks to Jack Cruz. You know, LDOPA, you 00:20:12.559 --> 00:20:16.200 probably know about Oliver Sacks and Robin Williams 00:20:16.200 --> 00:20:21.980 and Rude Awakenings. with L -Dopa and we drew 00:20:21.980 --> 00:20:25.420 out, let's just extract this out right here. 00:20:26.539 --> 00:20:33.579 Let's just take this area right here and kind 00:20:33.579 --> 00:20:39.460 of make it bigger. What area is this? The mesencephalon. 00:20:43.440 --> 00:20:50.450 So let's talk about I'm just going to have to 00:20:50.450 --> 00:20:52.930 overhead it. Remember, if this is the brain stem, 00:20:53.150 --> 00:20:55.890 we're going to just take a slice out and look 00:20:55.890 --> 00:20:58.670 at it like this from the top down. Okay, because 00:20:58.670 --> 00:21:00.809 that's the best way of looking down through the 00:21:00.809 --> 00:21:03.609 brain stem through the spine because it's just 00:21:03.609 --> 00:21:08.910 so packed into the small area. So if we extract 00:21:08.910 --> 00:21:23.019 out the mesencephalon at this at this view remember 00:21:23.019 --> 00:21:25.519 because you can you can zoom in or out you can 00:21:25.519 --> 00:21:27.859 go vertical as much as you want and this will 00:21:27.859 --> 00:21:30.720 change drastically as you're moving up and down 00:21:30.720 --> 00:21:33.579 the brain stem and spine because this is packed 00:21:33.579 --> 00:21:38.000 full of things but if you just want to look at 00:21:38.000 --> 00:21:48.400 where we're going we drew this out I think in 00:21:48.400 --> 00:22:15.940 the neurolation episode okay Seven. Seven. So 00:22:15.940 --> 00:22:19.180 we have the substantia nigra here. These black 00:22:19.180 --> 00:22:23.140 spots, because it's full of neuromelanin. It's 00:22:23.140 --> 00:22:32.680 full of dopamine. Then we have the third and 00:22:32.680 --> 00:22:37.059 fourth cranial nerves, ocular motor and tricular, 00:22:37.480 --> 00:22:41.380 Eddinger Westfall. And then fifth cranial nerve 00:22:41.380 --> 00:22:44.299 is down through here. And we have the medial 00:22:44.299 --> 00:22:48.160 geniculate nucleus here, which is the relay station 00:22:48.160 --> 00:22:51.759 for audition. And then we have the superior colliculus 00:22:51.759 --> 00:22:54.839 here, which are the relay stations for vision. 00:22:56.240 --> 00:22:58.579 The laminscus here, remember the auditory brainstem 00:22:58.579 --> 00:23:02.079 response. So we're just going to look at this 00:23:02.079 --> 00:23:05.740 area right here. The para -aqueductal gray is 00:23:05.740 --> 00:23:10.250 here. Remember serotonin. The raffae is down 00:23:10.250 --> 00:23:13.130 through here, this red mark here. So as you move 00:23:13.130 --> 00:23:17.309 up and down, you can see the raffae. But we're 00:23:17.309 --> 00:23:20.230 going to mainly talk about the substantia nigra. 00:23:20.549 --> 00:23:23.730 Remember the differences between the substantia 00:23:23.730 --> 00:23:27.549 nigra and a healthy versus a Parkinson's patient. 00:23:27.869 --> 00:23:30.390 You can't see this black. This black is gone. 00:23:30.690 --> 00:23:35.279 It's gone because this is gone. And remember 00:23:35.279 --> 00:23:38.619 the mesencephalon is all of these subcortical 00:23:38.619 --> 00:23:43.740 areas are surrounding this. The lateral and third 00:23:43.740 --> 00:23:49.380 ventricle. The ventricular system. Remember the 00:23:49.380 --> 00:23:53.200 caudate nucleus actually pushes in on these lateral 00:23:53.200 --> 00:23:58.119 ventriculars. So there's a lot of power here. 00:23:58.359 --> 00:24:02.750 There's a lot of special nuclei that formed around 00:24:02.750 --> 00:24:07.009 this because there's a lot of water and a thing 00:24:07.009 --> 00:24:09.809 about developing this cell is it needs a lot 00:24:09.809 --> 00:24:13.670 of water a huge part of what's going on here 00:24:13.670 --> 00:24:16.690 is it's interacting with water especially melanin 00:24:16.690 --> 00:24:22.230 and the t3 remember it's making organelles mitochondria 00:24:22.230 --> 00:24:25.529 if you ever look at the mitochondria you can 00:24:25.529 --> 00:24:50.789 see things like Kind of looks like this. Enter 00:24:50.789 --> 00:24:55.289 mitochondrial membrane. These are complexes. 00:24:55.849 --> 00:24:59.289 One, two, three, four, and then the FOA, complex 00:24:59.289 --> 00:25:09.430 five, where ATP is made. Cytochrome C oxidase 00:25:09.430 --> 00:25:12.990 here. This fourth one is where we make water. 00:25:14.529 --> 00:25:18.069 H2O. Remember electrons are coming in. This is 00:25:18.069 --> 00:25:28.089 the electron transport chain. And it's pumping 00:25:28.089 --> 00:25:31.609 electrons through this membrane and hydrogen 00:25:31.609 --> 00:25:34.349 out. Then this FO head will take the hydrogen, 00:25:34.589 --> 00:25:44.900 pump it back through and make ATP. ADP ADP to 00:25:44.900 --> 00:25:49.299 ATP it's the amount of phosphorus adenosine and 00:25:49.299 --> 00:25:52.839 the amount of phosphorus there because this is 00:25:52.839 --> 00:25:58.480 oxidative phosphorylation oxygen okay so this 00:25:58.480 --> 00:26:03.220 area right here is huge for water and it melanin 00:26:03.220 --> 00:26:05.859 and water whenever they're coupled is the most 00:26:05.799 --> 00:26:08.680 probably the most powerful things that can provide 00:26:08.680 --> 00:26:17.700 energy here especially here that's why you want 00:26:17.700 --> 00:26:21.019 this dark you want that dark remember because 00:26:21.019 --> 00:26:23.519 this is the source of what modulates the basal 00:26:23.519 --> 00:26:26.619 ganglia and this is a huge part about autism 00:26:26.619 --> 00:26:29.740 and Parkinson's is the basal ganglia because 00:26:29.740 --> 00:26:36.250 these will speak up and kind of conduct If we 00:26:36.250 --> 00:26:40.730 want to zoom in here, we have the reticulata 00:26:40.730 --> 00:26:49.390 and then compacta. Pars, if you want to get down 00:26:49.390 --> 00:26:55.549 to the nomenclature of it. Reticulata is GABA, 00:26:55.670 --> 00:27:02.269 inhibition. It's stopping. Pars compacta is the 00:27:02.269 --> 00:27:05.910 dopamine. We have two major sources of dopamine 00:27:05.910 --> 00:27:09.789 in the brain here. Parus compacta from the Sancta 00:27:09.789 --> 00:27:13.109 nigra and then another area in the brain stem, 00:27:13.509 --> 00:27:18.430 the ventral tegmental area. It's also using a 00:27:18.430 --> 00:27:24.970 lot of power and dopamine in water. So this is 00:27:24.970 --> 00:27:28.049 more for conducting the basal ganglia, go, no 00:27:28.049 --> 00:27:31.589 go. Whenever we have autism and Parkinson's, 00:27:31.650 --> 00:27:34.849 this is off. undisputed we have a lot of episodes 00:27:34.849 --> 00:27:38.589 on the basal ganglia and dr robert malello talked 00:27:38.589 --> 00:27:42.269 about the basal ganglia quite in good detail 00:27:42.269 --> 00:27:45.210 we we could have went on and on to be honest 00:27:45.210 --> 00:27:51.390 but this is off if you want to compare a normal 00:27:51.390 --> 00:27:54.910 substantial nigra versus a parkinson's it looks 00:27:54.910 --> 00:27:59.990 like this much contrast dark nothing because 00:27:59.990 --> 00:28:03.240 there's a loss of this a loss of this will mean 00:28:03.240 --> 00:28:06.579 a loss of this and a loss of dopamine okay so 00:28:06.579 --> 00:28:09.759 i'll just say a lot loss of melanin will mean 00:28:09.759 --> 00:28:14.839 a loss of dopamine or vice versa a loss of dopamine 00:28:14.839 --> 00:28:17.240 you're going to have awkward movements you're 00:28:17.240 --> 00:28:22.160 not going to have the ability to orchestrate 00:28:22.160 --> 00:28:26.579 brain circuitry because dopamine and serotonin 00:28:26.579 --> 00:28:30.220 or neuromodulators they're conductors to a huge 00:28:30.220 --> 00:28:34.740 orchestra If dopamine is off, it cannot conduct 00:28:34.740 --> 00:28:37.920 the orchestra. It's like different sections of 00:28:37.920 --> 00:28:40.680 the instruments are playing off timing. And if 00:28:40.680 --> 00:28:44.819 they're off timing, if it's an orchestra, it's 00:28:44.819 --> 00:28:49.440 going to be awful. Orchestras and the brain is 00:28:49.440 --> 00:28:55.740 all about space -time. So hypothyroidism, because 00:28:55.740 --> 00:29:00.019 of tyrosine, will make thyroxine, and L -Dopa, 00:29:00.319 --> 00:29:03.519 so you have the loss of T3 and then you have 00:29:03.519 --> 00:29:08.640 the loss of dopamine and melanin will get you 00:29:08.640 --> 00:29:12.539 Parkinson's and it will get you autism now you 00:29:12.539 --> 00:29:16.799 think about things like this or this things like 00:29:16.799 --> 00:29:20.140 these movements with the dinosaur hands and things 00:29:20.140 --> 00:29:26.759 right there so the biggest takeaway here today 00:29:26.759 --> 00:29:35.789 is thyroid Hypothyroidism is an easy biomarker 00:29:35.789 --> 00:29:40.829 for autism and Parkinson's. It is the easiest. 00:29:41.650 --> 00:29:44.930 If you don't know, now you do know, but you should 00:29:44.930 --> 00:29:45.250 know.