WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.580 Okay, so we have an episode coming out next week 00:00:03.580 --> 00:00:08.500 all about auditory processing. It's called Autism 00:00:08.500 --> 00:00:12.560 and Auditory Low Inhibition plus High Excitation 00:00:12.560 --> 00:00:18.359 Equals Sensory Overloop. We have a episode, a 00:00:18.359 --> 00:00:21.219 whiteboard on the auditory brainstem response, 00:00:21.559 --> 00:00:24.179 which I have mapped out here again, but that 00:00:24.179 --> 00:00:27.839 episode was just about the ABR and it really 00:00:27.839 --> 00:00:31.390 hit wave five. because of the mesencephalon, 00:00:31.890 --> 00:00:34.929 which is here on the brain stem, and because 00:00:34.929 --> 00:00:38.369 of the the known roles of the mesencephalon with 00:00:38.369 --> 00:00:41.770 toxicity phenotype including sensory processing, 00:00:42.070 --> 00:00:48.070 hearing, and eyes, and motor movements. So the 00:00:48.070 --> 00:00:50.689 mesencephalon is a big region of interest for 00:00:50.689 --> 00:00:54.229 me and for autism research it should be anyways. 00:00:55.490 --> 00:01:00.670 So we'll do some more um auditory brainstem response 00:01:00.670 --> 00:01:05.069 because it's a big part of hearing. And then 00:01:05.069 --> 00:01:09.349 we'll also cover listening to sonnets in this 00:01:09.349 --> 00:01:12.510 whiteboard series and maybe the auditory cortex, 00:01:12.909 --> 00:01:17.950 which is up along and through here. So this is 00:01:17.950 --> 00:01:22.030 so obviously the cochlear and then this is slices 00:01:22.030 --> 00:01:24.129 of the brainstem. Remember, if you're looking 00:01:24.129 --> 00:01:27.430 at the brainstem and you just want to because 00:01:27.430 --> 00:01:30.280 it's so dense and packed. if you just kind of 00:01:30.280 --> 00:01:35.159 slice it open here and kind of extract the little 00:01:35.159 --> 00:01:38.680 slice out that way you can see right here because 00:01:38.680 --> 00:01:41.859 it's just so dense right there okay it's kind 00:01:41.859 --> 00:01:44.340 of like what we're doing here like different 00:01:44.340 --> 00:01:49.620 sections of it um this is the medulla part which 00:01:49.620 --> 00:01:52.079 is kind of where this is and then we're working 00:01:52.079 --> 00:01:54.939 up this is the pons the pons has the little football 00:01:54.939 --> 00:01:58.950 shape okay this is the brain stem And then the 00:01:58.950 --> 00:02:02.349 mesencephalons at the top, very small area. And 00:02:02.349 --> 00:02:06.489 that's here. And then right here is the subcortical 00:02:06.489 --> 00:02:09.629 areas. And just highlighted here is the thalamus. 00:02:09.909 --> 00:02:13.789 Got the thalamus here. We'll get there though. 00:02:14.250 --> 00:02:17.729 So this is just working our way up because hearing 00:02:17.729 --> 00:02:21.949 comes in through the ears, reaches the medulla, 00:02:23.689 --> 00:02:26.310 to the pons, to the mesencephalon, and it works 00:02:26.310 --> 00:02:30.810 its way up. Okay, so there's a lot more steps 00:02:30.810 --> 00:02:37.069 here compared to vision, to the thalamus, to 00:02:37.069 --> 00:02:40.550 the lateral geniculate, and then to the superior 00:02:40.550 --> 00:02:44.650 colliculus, which is here. Okay, vision is just 00:02:44.650 --> 00:02:47.909 straight through. So from retina, pretty much 00:02:47.909 --> 00:02:50.409 to the lateral geniculate nucleus, which is the 00:02:50.409 --> 00:02:53.949 relay station, and superior colliculus. And then 00:02:53.949 --> 00:02:58.020 it can just start to recruit downstream. Regents 00:02:58.020 --> 00:03:02.319 for the sensation perception sensory processing 00:03:02.319 --> 00:03:05.979 Here is a little bit different. Okay, there's 00:03:05.979 --> 00:03:08.379 essentially seven steps to get to the thalamus 00:03:08.379 --> 00:03:14.080 to the cortex It takes five maybe six to get 00:03:14.080 --> 00:03:16.960 to the brain outside of the brain stem. Okay, 00:03:16.960 --> 00:03:21.199 so This is the cochlea, of course, and this is 00:03:21.199 --> 00:03:26.069 where it starts. Okay, this is one so sounds 00:03:26.069 --> 00:03:31.050 come in and enter the cochlea okay and then you 00:03:31.050 --> 00:03:34.330 know it's spiraled it's very interesting that 00:03:34.330 --> 00:03:37.370 it's spiraled it's kind of reminded me of scent 00:03:37.370 --> 00:03:41.930 hounds they have they have like turbines um in 00:03:41.930 --> 00:03:45.789 their nostrils and it kind of accelerates electrical 00:03:45.789 --> 00:03:49.030 signals and it really increases their ability 00:03:49.030 --> 00:03:53.199 to smell so whether scent hounds sounds are you 00:03:53.199 --> 00:03:55.639 know they have the longer nostril or the longer 00:03:55.639 --> 00:04:00.020 nozzle compared to sighthounds sighthounds will 00:04:00.020 --> 00:04:03.520 have a smaller but this is a cochlear right and 00:04:03.520 --> 00:04:07.560 this is where a lot of power happens the eighth 00:04:07.560 --> 00:04:11.460 cranial nerve is it's kind of here so eighth 00:04:11.460 --> 00:04:15.199 cranial nerve and the cochlea so what is very 00:04:15.199 --> 00:04:19.420 fascinating about the cochlea is because this 00:04:19.420 --> 00:04:24.699 is the most DC voltage the human body has. This 00:04:24.699 --> 00:04:29.480 is the biggest power right here. And the formula, 00:04:29.660 --> 00:04:34.279 it's called endocochlear potential, or EP for 00:04:34.279 --> 00:04:39.300 short. Endocochlear potential. And this is involving 00:04:39.300 --> 00:04:46.540 some potassium ions. This is in the endolent, 00:04:47.819 --> 00:04:50.689 which is 99 % water. We're going to talk a lot 00:04:50.689 --> 00:04:54.069 about water and melanin here. Melanin is very 00:04:54.069 --> 00:04:57.269 underrated here. Jack Cruz is the only one I've 00:04:57.269 --> 00:05:00.009 ever heard talk about melanin's role with this 00:05:00.009 --> 00:05:05.629 process. And then peri lymph. Okay? And then 00:05:05.629 --> 00:05:09.970 hair cells. Because we're making our way to the 00:05:09.970 --> 00:05:16.009 stria basculare. This is where this endocochlear 00:05:16.009 --> 00:05:20.300 potential is happening. We can map out Millimoles, 00:05:20.860 --> 00:05:27.279 okay, so the indolent remembers 99 % water potassium 00:05:27.279 --> 00:05:32.899 ion million moles is 150 Roughly. All right, 00:05:33.019 --> 00:05:36.639 let's let's go here Well, we got the sodium there 00:05:36.639 --> 00:05:42.360 Let's go here and then we'll do the potassium 00:05:42.360 --> 00:05:45.720 Sodium which isn't so much involved here though. 00:05:45.720 --> 00:05:50.329 Okay, and then We'll just like make a table here. 00:05:51.569 --> 00:05:55.149 Why not? We'll get through it. And then we'll 00:05:55.149 --> 00:05:58.829 vote. Okay. Sodium here is low. It's only one 00:05:58.829 --> 00:06:03.889 or two. The perilymph is no more than five. So 00:06:03.889 --> 00:06:06.610 already a big difference here. But it has a lot 00:06:06.610 --> 00:06:12.189 of sodium. Roughly 150. The hair cells similar 00:06:12.189 --> 00:06:16.050 to the endolymph. 140 to 150. Just showing up. 00:06:16.189 --> 00:06:19.939 Not bad. It's not bad. Sodium here is not very 00:06:19.939 --> 00:06:24.620 many. We'll call it 10. Okay, so we can think 00:06:24.620 --> 00:06:27.220 of this as, okay, this is a big difference here. 00:06:27.360 --> 00:06:33.220 Okay, so step one is kind of delta potassium 00:06:33.220 --> 00:06:38.060 ion. That's the way we can see this, the differences. 00:06:38.759 --> 00:06:42.579 Okay, yeah. All right, so now the millivolt. 00:06:42.740 --> 00:06:46.839 Okay, this gradient here and that is, you can, 00:06:47.180 --> 00:06:53.500 Look at this as Delta V. The difference is in 00:06:53.500 --> 00:06:57.660 volts. This is a big difference right here. So 00:06:57.660 --> 00:07:04.600 this is plus 85 to 100, okay? The peri length 00:07:04.600 --> 00:07:10.199 is essentially zero. Maybe plus five, maybe. 00:07:10.399 --> 00:07:14.240 the hair cells minus okay so this is what we're 00:07:14.240 --> 00:07:17.699 talking about right here look at this delta this 00:07:17.699 --> 00:07:26.459 is a big thing here this is approximately a difference 00:07:26.459 --> 00:07:34.180 there's a delta here oh good night 145 to 155 00:07:34.180 --> 00:07:39.240 the millimoles charges the millivolts. And this 00:07:39.240 --> 00:07:41.800 is where the action potential happens. This is 00:07:41.800 --> 00:07:45.139 where the wave, the sound wave turns into an 00:07:45.139 --> 00:07:48.980 electrical current, electrical signal. It's all 00:07:48.980 --> 00:07:51.899 happening right here. This is the most power 00:07:51.899 --> 00:07:56.000 in the human body. Now, I erased one. I erased 00:07:56.000 --> 00:08:00.180 one. Let's put this back up in black. Okay, so 00:08:00.180 --> 00:08:05.079 ADR2 is exiting the cochlear and reaching the 00:08:05.079 --> 00:08:10.540 dorsal and ventral cochlear nerves okay this 00:08:10.540 --> 00:08:15.860 is happening at about 2 .5 milliseconds so there's 00:08:15.860 --> 00:08:18.399 not a whole lot happening right now between let's 00:08:18.399 --> 00:08:21.800 say typical in autistics okay there's not a lot 00:08:21.800 --> 00:08:25.079 there's a lot of excitation though so no problem 00:08:25.079 --> 00:08:27.879 with the autistic phenotype there's a lot of 00:08:27.879 --> 00:08:31.620 especially coming off of that electrical potential 00:08:31.850 --> 00:08:38.330 that endocochlear potential. ABR3 is the action 00:08:38.330 --> 00:08:41.549 of the dorsal and ventricle cochlear nerves which 00:08:41.549 --> 00:08:47.470 is here and here. So what is happening at this 00:08:47.470 --> 00:08:52.470 moment and this is occurring at approximately 00:08:52.470 --> 00:08:57.129 three and a half milliseconds so we can call 00:08:57.129 --> 00:09:04.600 it DCN and VCN so it kind of branches off and 00:09:04.600 --> 00:09:08.059 hits both of these and then these will reach 00:09:08.059 --> 00:09:10.779 speak over there's also some facial nerves here 00:09:10.779 --> 00:09:14.039 and some other things that it's doing within 00:09:14.039 --> 00:09:17.659 it's really synchronizing the cochlear nerve 00:09:17.659 --> 00:09:22.700 and it's making its setting order for the very 00:09:22.700 --> 00:09:26.850 crucial brain region little nuclei here called 00:09:26.850 --> 00:09:30.370 the superior olive which is leading us to two 00:09:30.370 --> 00:09:36.129 three and then four three and four is going to 00:09:36.129 --> 00:09:41.769 be a lot happening superior olivary and the medial 00:09:41.769 --> 00:09:46.210 okay this is happening at about four and a half 00:09:46.210 --> 00:09:50.710 to five milliseconds there's a lot happening 00:09:50.710 --> 00:09:54.960 at this point the superior olive We'll start 00:09:54.960 --> 00:09:58.139 to send signals up. This is just kind of spliced. 00:09:58.379 --> 00:10:02.600 This is the lamenskull. Okay, so superior olive 00:10:02.600 --> 00:10:06.919 and the medial olive to the lamenskull. This 00:10:06.919 --> 00:10:11.000 is going to be a large part. Lamenskis. Lamenskis. 00:10:11.179 --> 00:10:16.379 Okay, and also in fault here will be the medial, 00:10:16.659 --> 00:10:20.340 I should have disabbreviated this, nucleus of 00:10:20.340 --> 00:10:30.850 the trapezoid body. MNTB. So to be fair, this 00:10:30.850 --> 00:10:36.269 would be three. And then the laminscus up at 00:10:36.269 --> 00:10:40.769 the top. The laminscus is kind of probably like, 00:10:41.429 --> 00:10:44.830 it covers a large area there, like so. You can 00:10:44.830 --> 00:10:47.389 see it if you splice open the mesencephalon. 00:10:47.649 --> 00:10:51.639 You can see it. This is where this is where ears 00:10:51.639 --> 00:10:54.740 both ears are coming into play okay there's a 00:10:54.740 --> 00:11:05.980 thing called i t d i l d okay this is the superior 00:11:05.980 --> 00:11:14.100 olive here so i t d and i l d for the medial 00:11:14.100 --> 00:11:18.340 olive the medial olive is where contralateral 00:11:18.340 --> 00:11:24.279 excitation happening okay so contralateral remember 00:11:24.279 --> 00:11:28.700 so this is the midline right through here okay 00:11:28.700 --> 00:11:32.840 and then one side and then the other side so 00:11:32.840 --> 00:11:35.379 if you just stay on this side it's ipsilateral 00:11:35.379 --> 00:11:39.779 if you combine the sides that's contralateral 00:11:39.779 --> 00:11:44.440 so we're beginning to have both ears come into 00:11:44.440 --> 00:11:48.559 play from three and four and there's a lot happening 00:11:48.559 --> 00:11:55.299 okay So ITD with the Superior Olive is microsecond 00:11:55.299 --> 00:11:59.840 level timing differences between the two ears 00:11:59.840 --> 00:12:04.220 for sound localization. ILD is differences in 00:12:04.220 --> 00:12:09.919 sound intensity of both ears. Okay. For that 00:12:09.919 --> 00:12:13.480 localization and especially at higher frequencies. 00:12:13.840 --> 00:12:17.340 So excitation and inhibition here is all of that's 00:12:17.340 --> 00:12:22.269 excitation. All right. And there's a, it's reaching 00:12:22.269 --> 00:12:25.490 the laminscus at some point, you know, because 00:12:25.490 --> 00:12:29.409 it's just, this is just a splice showing, but 00:12:29.409 --> 00:12:33.789 there's some depth to it, okay? There is a lot 00:12:33.789 --> 00:12:37.289 of burst firing happening here. And that's excitation 00:12:37.289 --> 00:12:42.289 with the ventral nucleus of the laminscus. And 00:12:42.289 --> 00:12:46.320 then inhibition. This right here is huge for 00:12:46.320 --> 00:12:49.980 inhibition. This is glycine. This is using glycine 00:12:49.980 --> 00:12:54.539 while the another part of the laminscus, the 00:12:54.539 --> 00:12:58.460 dorsal nucleus of the lateral laminscus is using 00:12:58.460 --> 00:13:03.220 GABA. The GABA here with this laminscus is trying 00:13:03.220 --> 00:13:08.779 to provide duration in the tone. Because there's 00:13:08.779 --> 00:13:11.000 a lot of excitation coming up because we want 00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:13.929 these things firing fast. because we want to 00:13:13.929 --> 00:13:17.110 process the sound. But we have to be careful 00:13:17.110 --> 00:13:22.429 and not overload it and allow unwanted noises 00:13:22.429 --> 00:13:26.309 to enter. At each step, we're trying to filter 00:13:26.309 --> 00:13:29.450 out as much as possible. And this is inhibition. 00:13:29.570 --> 00:13:33.649 So now we're at the laminscus. Okay. So wave 00:13:33.649 --> 00:13:37.009 three to four is very important. In the autistic 00:13:37.009 --> 00:13:40.529 phenotype, there is a lot of jittering and irregular 00:13:40.529 --> 00:13:45.529 inhibition that distorts to be overwhelmed, this 00:13:45.529 --> 00:13:48.590 process here. So if this process is overwhelmed 00:13:48.590 --> 00:13:52.690 or getting overran, what do you think downstream 00:13:52.690 --> 00:13:56.590 is happening? We always talk about upstream versus 00:13:56.590 --> 00:13:59.529 downstream. Here, it's a little backwards though, 00:13:59.590 --> 00:14:02.269 right? Because we're moving upstream, but as 00:14:02.269 --> 00:14:04.490 we move upstream, it's actually downstream. You 00:14:04.490 --> 00:14:08.129 see that? It's so fun. So auditory brain response, 00:14:08.370 --> 00:14:12.320 brainstem response five. We covered this pretty 00:14:12.320 --> 00:14:16.600 good in the episode about the mesencephalon. 00:14:17.759 --> 00:14:21.860 So this is entering in the inferior colliculus. 00:14:23.320 --> 00:14:26.500 I talk about the both of the colliculi a lot 00:14:26.500 --> 00:14:35.799 superior for vision inferior for hearing. Okay, 00:14:35.980 --> 00:14:38.860 and this is a big brainstem area, okay, because 00:14:38.860 --> 00:14:43.080 this is a lot of sensory integration and modulating 00:14:43.080 --> 00:14:46.779 the attention. Which is, you know, I always talk 00:14:46.779 --> 00:14:50.200 about modulating the attention of to the outside 00:14:50.200 --> 00:14:52.879 world is a big thing with the mesencephalon. 00:14:53.720 --> 00:14:59.639 All right. So it has large glutamatergic excitation 00:14:59.639 --> 00:15:04.419 convergence in both the ventral endorcella and 00:15:04.419 --> 00:15:10.039 this is providing input and taking in these bineural 00:15:10.039 --> 00:15:12.059 because this is what we're doing here I didn't 00:15:12.059 --> 00:15:14.820 mention the word the definition but bineural 00:15:14.820 --> 00:15:17.639 we're taking all of that in and it's being sent 00:15:17.639 --> 00:15:22.940 up to here so from the laminscus to the inferior 00:15:22.940 --> 00:15:27.879 colliculus here and that's five so four kind 00:15:27.879 --> 00:15:30.919 of covers all of this because there's a lot happening 00:15:30.919 --> 00:15:34.389 so four would be kind of like through here and 00:15:34.389 --> 00:15:37.809 then five right here so it's kind of like one 00:15:37.809 --> 00:15:41.370 is out of the picture two is entering in here 00:15:41.370 --> 00:15:45.929 three to four is going in here two is entering 00:15:45.929 --> 00:15:50.169 the brain stem and then five at this point we 00:15:50.169 --> 00:15:53.909 need the strong gamma and a lot of times with 00:15:53.909 --> 00:15:56.389 the sensory processing we talk about how autistic 00:15:56.389 --> 00:16:01.070 stay in gamma and it's for event related potentials 00:16:01.070 --> 00:16:05.259 it's overwhelming But with hearing, with this 00:16:05.259 --> 00:16:08.720 dynamic electrical capacity, we want the gamma 00:16:08.720 --> 00:16:12.679 to help suppress. So once again, it's kind of 00:16:12.679 --> 00:16:15.059 backwards. With the autistic phenotype, it has 00:16:15.059 --> 00:16:18.120 a hard time achieving that gamma because of the 00:16:18.120 --> 00:16:22.279 backwards sensation. Okay. Once it hits the inferior 00:16:22.279 --> 00:16:26.059 colliculus here, remember, the part of the thalamus 00:16:26.059 --> 00:16:29.179 for auditory, the relay station for auditory 00:16:29.179 --> 00:16:32.600 is the medial. geniculate nucleus which is if 00:16:32.600 --> 00:16:36.740 you can see it it's the inside here remember 00:16:36.740 --> 00:16:40.139 if this is the midline so medial means middle 00:16:40.139 --> 00:16:44.580 and then which is here and then the lateral geniculate 00:16:44.580 --> 00:16:49.860 which is here okay this one would represent here 00:16:49.860 --> 00:16:53.200 so we're going to go up to the medial geniculate 00:16:53.200 --> 00:16:58.259 nucleus and this is six This is five. So we're 00:16:58.259 --> 00:17:00.879 entering, we're entering the subcortical areas. 00:17:01.220 --> 00:17:04.259 We're finally entering the brain off of the brain 00:17:04.259 --> 00:17:09.180 stem at six. And the time here for us to get 00:17:09.180 --> 00:17:16.400 to ABR five is roughly six milliseconds. So within 00:17:16.400 --> 00:17:21.220 six milliseconds, sound enters the brain and 00:17:21.220 --> 00:17:23.960 it hits the brain stem within six milliseconds. 00:17:24.410 --> 00:17:27.309 Okay, and then we're entering up and from here. 00:17:27.309 --> 00:17:30.250 We're going to start recruiting more areas to 00:17:30.250 --> 00:17:33.109 make sense of what we're hearing because remember 00:17:33.109 --> 00:17:38.029 we have not even Become close to reaching perception 00:17:38.029 --> 00:17:41.849 yet at this point. We have no idea what the noises 00:17:41.849 --> 00:17:44.789 are at this point We're just working our way 00:17:44.789 --> 00:17:50.089 up to brain areas that can really Make meaning 00:17:50.089 --> 00:17:53.650 of the sounds this is happening at about seven 00:17:54.640 --> 00:17:58.960 milliseconds. And also in play here is the TRN, 00:17:59.299 --> 00:18:03.079 the shell. Remember this is all GABA. This is 00:18:03.079 --> 00:18:05.000 just, pretend like this is cut out just so you 00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:09.960 can see how it's protecting it, how it's covering 00:18:09.960 --> 00:18:12.880 it. So if this was the thalamus, this would be 00:18:12.880 --> 00:18:16.700 the TRN, the thalamic reticular nucleus. Because 00:18:16.700 --> 00:18:20.559 the thalamus needs protection. Because we cannot 00:18:20.559 --> 00:18:25.609 just be overwhelmed with sensory. The medial 00:18:25.609 --> 00:18:30.230 will send some signals to the auditory cortex 00:18:30.230 --> 00:18:34.849 and then some signals to the thalamus inside 00:18:34.849 --> 00:18:38.069 the thalamus. So from here to auditory cortex 00:18:38.069 --> 00:18:42.009 and then some will enter. Now the TRN, remember 00:18:42.009 --> 00:18:45.930 from the TRN inhibition and autism episode, it 00:18:45.930 --> 00:18:49.009 has different sectors. Visual sector, auditory 00:18:49.009 --> 00:18:53.109 sector and somatosensory sector. Things that 00:18:53.109 --> 00:18:58.230 will help with like touch even so the auditory 00:18:58.230 --> 00:19:02.230 sector just like all of the sectors related to 00:19:02.230 --> 00:19:06.450 protection and sensory gating is Compromised 00:19:06.450 --> 00:19:09.990 especially since the signals coming in has already 00:19:09.990 --> 00:19:14.549 been kind of compromised itself So each stop 00:19:14.549 --> 00:19:18.299 it's just picking up more and more Complications 00:19:18.299 --> 00:19:21.200 so we've entered the thalamus and early parts 00:19:21.200 --> 00:19:27.440 of the auditory cortex. Okay, so a br 7 the final 00:19:27.440 --> 00:19:30.319 destination is the thalamus various parts of 00:19:30.319 --> 00:19:35.299 the thalamus and To a 1 we'll just call a 1 this 00:19:35.299 --> 00:19:41.740 happens about 9 milliseconds 8 to 9 There's just 00:19:41.740 --> 00:19:44.779 remember just like anything really in biology 00:19:44.779 --> 00:19:48.779 in neuroscience each Downstream region that is 00:19:48.779 --> 00:19:51.200 hitting it's going to start recruiting more and 00:19:51.200 --> 00:19:53.500 more regions. That's the way you can think about 00:19:53.500 --> 00:19:57.680 that So as we're working our way up, there's 00:19:57.680 --> 00:20:00.180 not a whole lot of other connections being made 00:20:00.180 --> 00:20:02.859 Okay, like that as we coming up through this 00:20:02.859 --> 00:20:06.180 brainstem it could send some descending fibers 00:20:06.180 --> 00:20:11.160 down to help us with Perifial and it's also going 00:20:11.160 --> 00:20:14.559 to eventually hit the cerebellum because right 00:20:14.559 --> 00:20:19.690 about here is where some inputs to the cerebellum 00:20:19.690 --> 00:20:24.190 will happen. You can see a little, it looks like 00:20:24.190 --> 00:20:28.529 a thorn. Like a rose thorn. Stick out and then 00:20:28.529 --> 00:20:31.710 the cerebellum will develop around this. Behind 00:20:31.710 --> 00:20:35.609 the brain stem, okay? So we made it from noise 00:20:35.609 --> 00:20:40.289 entering the cochlea to that huge action potential. 00:20:40.789 --> 00:20:44.309 The electrical gradient here. Remember with the 00:20:44.309 --> 00:20:48.769 endolymph. Paralymph and the hair cells. Okay, 00:20:48.890 --> 00:20:54.130 the sodium or the potassium ions and the millivolts, 00:20:54.210 --> 00:20:57.470 that gradient, just the electrical capacity. 00:20:57.789 --> 00:21:02.369 Then we worked our way to the medulla with the 00:21:02.369 --> 00:21:06.910 ventral and dorsal cochlear inoculus. Then we 00:21:06.910 --> 00:21:11.670 recruited the olive, the olivary. Then we sent 00:21:11.670 --> 00:21:15.529 it up to the laminscus. Then we entered the bineural. 00:21:16.809 --> 00:21:20.750 So both sides can start making sense of it. Then 00:21:20.750 --> 00:21:25.150 to the brainstem, or the mesencephalon specifically, 00:21:25.529 --> 00:21:29.089 of the brainstem, the very top of it. And then 00:21:29.089 --> 00:21:33.690 into the cortex, or the human brain. And then 00:21:33.690 --> 00:21:38.130 thalamus, of course. Also a part of the auditory 00:21:38.130 --> 00:21:41.180 brain response seven. is something that I want 00:21:41.180 --> 00:21:45.900 to end on because I mentioned it is thalamocortical 00:21:45.900 --> 00:21:51.000 okay remember the thalamus is it's taking in 00:21:51.000 --> 00:21:55.859 all sensations coming in that get to enter that 00:21:55.859 --> 00:21:59.359 the trn allows to enter okay some of them have 00:21:59.359 --> 00:22:02.480 different privileges remember on the trn episode 00:22:02.480 --> 00:22:05.240 we talked about how some things have more privilege 00:22:05.240 --> 00:22:08.880 and some things are more restricted okay but 00:22:08.880 --> 00:22:11.380 the thalamus has a lot of different subdivisions 00:22:11.380 --> 00:22:14.660 here. A main one for sensory is back here, pulmonary, 00:22:15.059 --> 00:22:20.480 and then another one up here is mediodorsal subdivision. 00:22:20.940 --> 00:22:24.059 And these two will, not just those two though, 00:22:24.759 --> 00:22:28.559 will start to recruit up through the cortex, 00:22:29.119 --> 00:22:31.779 okay, and that's the thalamocortical. From this 00:22:31.779 --> 00:22:35.059 point we can map out the many layers because 00:22:35.369 --> 00:22:38.289 The auditory cortex has its own mini -layer, 00:22:38.329 --> 00:22:40.390 and then all of these other cortical regions 00:22:40.390 --> 00:22:44.509 have their own types of mini -columns. The biggest 00:22:44.509 --> 00:22:47.690 thing with the mini -columns is layer 4. Remember, 00:22:47.890 --> 00:22:50.829 thus, the thalamus enters the mini -columns in 00:22:50.829 --> 00:22:54.490 layer 4. Not layer 1 to work its way down, or 00:22:54.490 --> 00:22:58.329 not layer 6 to work its way up. Inputs go into 00:22:58.329 --> 00:23:02.009 the mini -columns about halfway, layer 4. So 00:23:02.009 --> 00:23:04.710 this is the auditory brainstem response as well. 00:23:04.940 --> 00:23:08.539 more detail than the previous episode, okay? 00:23:09.420 --> 00:23:12.059 So we'll keep this out because I want to talk 00:23:12.059 --> 00:23:14.859 about listening dissonance. Listening dissonance 00:23:14.859 --> 00:23:19.319 and filtering unwanted noises up through this. 00:23:20.099 --> 00:23:22.440 If you want to look at it through here or just 00:23:22.440 --> 00:23:25.559 up through here. Listening dissonance kind of 00:23:25.559 --> 00:23:28.819 starts with three and four because we're losing 00:23:28.819 --> 00:23:34.539 our capacity to inhibit noises coming up. So 00:23:35.539 --> 00:23:39.779 This is gonna be gone Just for the little ABR 00:23:39.779 --> 00:23:41.759 table, and I want to talk about listening to 00:23:41.759 --> 00:23:44.579 sonnets though because listening to sonnets is 00:23:44.579 --> 00:23:46.900 Why I want to talk about it so bad is it's not 00:23:46.900 --> 00:23:49.000 well understood. You probably never even heard 00:23:49.000 --> 00:23:51.599 of it, but every autistic phenotype Struggles 00:23:51.599 --> 00:23:55.599 with it. I promise you It's when sounds blend 00:23:55.599 --> 00:23:59.019 It's a big problem. See I want to make sure I 00:23:59.019 --> 00:24:02.619 don't miss anything here. Okay So let's talk 00:24:02.619 --> 00:24:04.900 about listening to sonnets. So what is this? 00:24:05.210 --> 00:24:08.150 Just sounds blending. That's exactly what it 00:24:08.150 --> 00:24:10.730 is. So there's two things that I want to kind 00:24:10.730 --> 00:24:16.470 of get into two kind of Analogies that I think 00:24:16.470 --> 00:24:19.769 might help with this because of the inhibition 00:24:19.769 --> 00:24:23.410 the excitation inhibition So remember if we draw 00:24:23.410 --> 00:24:29.509 out the seesaw analogy Excitation here Inhibition 00:24:29.509 --> 00:24:33.910 here. This is the default for the autistic phenotype 00:24:33.910 --> 00:24:38.420 high excitation, low inhibition because of a 00:24:38.420 --> 00:24:43.460 lot of those inhibitory cells being missed in 00:24:43.460 --> 00:24:45.480 large part here and throughout and throughout 00:24:45.480 --> 00:24:47.380 the brain regions okay because we're going to 00:24:47.380 --> 00:24:50.200 talk about more cortex areas with this listening 00:24:50.200 --> 00:24:52.779 dissonance and I think you'll be able to make 00:24:52.779 --> 00:24:57.400 sense of it. So as signals come in and we're 00:24:57.400 --> 00:25:03.099 reaching the cochlear neculis is here with From 00:25:03.099 --> 00:25:06.519 2 to 3 in the brainstem response and then from 00:25:06.519 --> 00:25:10.859 3 to 4 is where it really starts to kind of blend 00:25:10.859 --> 00:25:14.640 Okay, by the time the signal reaches this brainstem 00:25:14.640 --> 00:25:19.859 area here this superior olive right here and 00:25:19.859 --> 00:25:22.420 the inferior all the way up to the inferior colliculus 00:25:22.420 --> 00:25:28.599 so from 3 to 4 and then 4 to 5 is Whenever it's 00:25:28.599 --> 00:25:31.819 starting to happen a roll of these areas the 00:25:31.759 --> 00:25:37.240 the olivary, the leminscus, and the inferior 00:25:37.240 --> 00:25:41.759 colliculus is suppressing unwanted sounds. So 00:25:41.759 --> 00:25:47.000 how does it know what it wants to pay attention 00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:49.680 to is a good question. Well, one thing you can 00:25:49.680 --> 00:25:54.200 think of is we're mapping this out from a beginning, 00:25:55.019 --> 00:25:58.700 but rarely, if ever, as you're navigating the 00:25:58.700 --> 00:26:02.670 social world as a living organism. is you're 00:26:02.670 --> 00:26:05.410 not going to have any noises, and then suddenly 00:26:05.410 --> 00:26:10.029 noises are just going to start. So that's something 00:26:10.029 --> 00:26:12.609 you really need to consider, okay? There's always 00:26:12.609 --> 00:26:16.809 background noises going on if you're up. So whenever 00:26:16.809 --> 00:26:20.410 it's sending signals up, new signals coming up, 00:26:21.849 --> 00:26:25.089 and the thalamus has recruited out with that 00:26:25.089 --> 00:26:29.349 thalamocortical... pathway in the auditory cortex, 00:26:29.690 --> 00:26:33.849 the brain can kind of respond back and understand 00:26:33.849 --> 00:26:38.109 what noises are relevant, what noises are salient 00:26:38.109 --> 00:26:43.509 versus the ones that are not. So it can send 00:26:43.509 --> 00:26:48.049 signals back down to the olivary cortex, the 00:26:48.049 --> 00:26:51.670 lamenscus, and the inferior colliculus to kind 00:26:51.670 --> 00:26:56.299 of help shut off kind of prevent these from happening 00:26:56.299 --> 00:27:02.339 so a good way of thinking about this is and it's 00:27:02.339 --> 00:27:05.539 good that we use green but I'm going to think 00:27:05.539 --> 00:27:10.539 about this as water hose okay plumbing plumbing 00:27:10.539 --> 00:27:16.460 is weird weird weird things here okay so this 00:27:16.460 --> 00:27:23.859 is the water hose and then actually it mostly 00:27:24.009 --> 00:27:28.490 It mostly goes straight, doesn't it? See, plumbing's 00:27:28.490 --> 00:27:33.130 weird. So you have this. And then let's say you 00:27:33.130 --> 00:27:36.109 have a faucet, okay? So you have a faucet, okay? 00:27:36.210 --> 00:27:39.910 You want it, you can turn it on. So all through 00:27:39.910 --> 00:27:43.869 here, I want to go green. I want to go green. 00:27:44.890 --> 00:27:48.410 Let's just say this is water, okay? Because these 00:27:48.410 --> 00:27:53.220 are the signals coming up. the brain stem. And 00:27:53.220 --> 00:27:55.559 then these kind of areas are the areas trying 00:27:55.559 --> 00:27:58.400 to filter this out. And even the cortex trying 00:27:58.400 --> 00:28:01.039 to suppress these sounds. If you have a leak 00:28:01.039 --> 00:28:05.259 here, or if you're trying to control the water 00:28:05.259 --> 00:28:09.220 flow here, but you can't, water is just going 00:28:09.220 --> 00:28:13.880 to come out uncontrollably. Okay, and this is 00:28:13.880 --> 00:28:16.880 kind of what this is with that endococcal potential. 00:28:17.390 --> 00:28:20.470 Where you have this strong electrical potential 00:28:20.470 --> 00:28:23.509 in that strong gradient just to shoot noises 00:28:23.509 --> 00:28:27.529 up But if you don't have the inhibition the inhibition 00:28:27.529 --> 00:28:30.049 could be a couple of different things it could 00:28:30.049 --> 00:28:33.369 be the handle that turns it on and off or maybe 00:28:33.369 --> 00:28:37.789 there's a Maybe there's a filter Maybe there's 00:28:37.789 --> 00:28:40.430 a special filter here so that you don't have 00:28:40.430 --> 00:28:43.470 the unwanted things of the water like fluoride 00:28:43.470 --> 00:28:47.650 or something to get out But maybe that filters 00:28:47.650 --> 00:28:50.470 bad you haven't changed it in a while. So now 00:28:50.470 --> 00:28:54.230 you're getting all of this fluoride and unwanted 00:28:54.230 --> 00:28:59.569 particles out in the water because inhibition 00:28:59.569 --> 00:29:07.049 downstream Is letting this in so your your filter 00:29:07.049 --> 00:29:09.750 or maybe you even have a filter coming into your 00:29:09.750 --> 00:29:14.240 house an extra filter, which is popular It's 00:29:14.240 --> 00:29:16.839 pretty common now. This filter is bad. The role 00:29:16.839 --> 00:29:21.920 of inhibition here is to get rid of these red 00:29:21.920 --> 00:29:25.460 marks, which is unwanted, which is no good, okay? 00:29:25.579 --> 00:29:31.460 So if you want to think about it, the green are 00:29:31.460 --> 00:29:37.240 the gold signals. So we have glutamate excitation 00:29:37.240 --> 00:29:39.640 running this way because that's the direction 00:29:39.640 --> 00:29:42.740 of the water flow. And this is helping it. it's 00:29:42.740 --> 00:29:45.660 helping it push it along at faster rates because 00:29:45.660 --> 00:29:49.759 that's our default. Our default is go especially 00:29:49.759 --> 00:29:53.519 with sensation perception. But then you have 00:29:53.519 --> 00:29:57.019 inhibition things like parvalbium interneuron 00:29:57.019 --> 00:30:00.900 and somatostatin and basal intestinal peptides 00:30:00.900 --> 00:30:04.579 remember that are acting on as a disinhibition. 00:30:05.579 --> 00:30:09.380 We have these let's say we just have parvalbium 00:30:09.380 --> 00:30:13.349 and so forth like this. This is kind of wanting 00:30:13.349 --> 00:30:18.450 to block. So we have inhibition here, and here, 00:30:19.089 --> 00:30:23.869 and some here. But we can't, based off of the 00:30:23.869 --> 00:30:27.089 context and the capacity of these inhibitions, 00:30:27.450 --> 00:30:31.789 we can't naturally control the output, the flow 00:30:31.789 --> 00:30:35.990 of the noises. So sometimes the autistic phenotype 00:30:35.990 --> 00:30:40.480 is overwhelmed with this water. Okay, so you 00:30:40.480 --> 00:30:43.380 could think of this as the difference between 00:30:43.380 --> 00:30:48.240 a water hose outside and a fire hydrant, maybe. 00:30:49.440 --> 00:30:52.519 The fire hydrant is a good way of thinking about 00:30:52.519 --> 00:30:56.500 autistic stability for sensory processing. It's 00:30:56.500 --> 00:30:58.819 a fire hose of information, Carl Weiser Roth 00:30:58.819 --> 00:31:02.619 says, and projections. Here, projections. It's 00:31:02.619 --> 00:31:06.799 a torrent of information, he calls it, and it's 00:31:06.799 --> 00:31:09.759 accurate. because there's no stop signals here. 00:31:10.099 --> 00:31:14.579 There is no stopping here. And each one of these 00:31:14.579 --> 00:31:19.599 areas here, the olivary, the laminscus here, 00:31:19.779 --> 00:31:23.019 and then the inferior colliculus, is trying to 00:31:23.019 --> 00:31:26.279 provide a little bit of stopping. Because once 00:31:26.279 --> 00:31:30.660 it hits the thalamus, especially with this TRM 00:31:30.660 --> 00:31:34.460 that is already in a bad state, Bad condition 00:31:34.460 --> 00:31:37.299 everything is just going to start to become overwhelming. 00:31:37.299 --> 00:31:41.380 So this is very similar to the ear canal We should 00:31:41.380 --> 00:31:46.019 have built -in inhibition Mainly up through here 00:31:46.019 --> 00:31:51.279 though To help stop filter out this stuff. We're 00:31:51.279 --> 00:31:55.799 up here and we have a lot of noise We have a 00:31:55.799 --> 00:32:00.299 lot of noise now coming in. It's just okay. We'll 00:32:00.299 --> 00:32:04.289 use green. It's becoming overwhelming We have 00:32:04.289 --> 00:32:08.470 so much to perceive here, okay? With the auditory 00:32:08.470 --> 00:32:13.549 cortex, which is here, and then if we map out... 00:32:13.549 --> 00:32:16.269 Let's just draw a side view of this, okay? So 00:32:16.269 --> 00:32:19.950 we have the pons, and the brain stem, kind of 00:32:19.950 --> 00:32:22.349 the cerebellum. Inferior colliculus is here, 00:32:22.529 --> 00:32:26.210 okay? It's here. That's what this is. Superior 00:32:26.210 --> 00:32:28.670 colliculus here. And then we have the thalamus. 00:32:28.950 --> 00:32:33.349 Medial geniculate, the lateral geniculate. I'm 00:32:33.349 --> 00:32:36.130 just going to make this kind of so this is the 00:32:36.130 --> 00:32:41.210 thalamus here okay because I want to highlight 00:32:41.210 --> 00:32:44.349 the big thing with listening to sonnets here 00:32:44.349 --> 00:32:48.809 so the occipital the parietal the sensory motor 00:32:48.809 --> 00:32:52.130 here the prefrontal cortex kind of this temporal 00:32:52.130 --> 00:32:56.869 lobe okay so as noises start to become overwhelming 00:32:56.869 --> 00:33:02.210 so a1 is over here okay that's more occipital 00:33:02.430 --> 00:33:06.089 A1 is up here and it's very lateral. It's very 00:33:06.089 --> 00:33:10.569 lateral. So A1 is up here and it's trying to... 00:33:10.569 --> 00:33:13.690 This is where perception happens, okay? We do 00:33:13.690 --> 00:33:17.309 not understand the noises until A1 kind of helps 00:33:17.309 --> 00:33:20.150 make sense of it. Like if you hear your favorite 00:33:20.150 --> 00:33:22.630 song and maybe it takes one second or one or 00:33:22.630 --> 00:33:26.349 two tones and you recognize the song. Versus, 00:33:26.509 --> 00:33:28.829 oh what's that song? What is that song? You're 00:33:28.829 --> 00:33:31.551 just sitting there, what song is that? You know... 00:33:31.549 --> 00:33:34.009 you're trying to you're working here in the auditory 00:33:34.009 --> 00:33:36.710 cortex and other areas of the cortex remember 00:33:36.710 --> 00:33:39.049 layers two and three in the mini columns we'll 00:33:39.049 --> 00:33:42.329 help you get there but the thalamus is sending 00:33:42.329 --> 00:33:45.089 signals up to those many columns to recruit layers 00:33:45.089 --> 00:33:47.130 two and three because layers two and three is 00:33:47.130 --> 00:33:50.109 where your experiences live your subjective experiences 00:33:50.109 --> 00:33:53.589 and your intelligence live okay so the big thing 00:33:53.589 --> 00:33:56.099 with listening to sonus here with recruiting 00:33:56.099 --> 00:33:58.640 the rest of this cortex is going to be massive. 00:33:58.819 --> 00:34:01.779 To compensate this overwhelming noise coming 00:34:01.779 --> 00:34:05.299 through here into the thalamus and the auditory 00:34:05.299 --> 00:34:09.639 cortex, the brain and your sensory processing 00:34:09.639 --> 00:34:14.260 will attempt to recruit distal connections especially 00:34:14.260 --> 00:34:18.059 the medial prefrontal cortex which is here. The 00:34:18.059 --> 00:34:21.250 first time we mentioned this was in the Autism 00:34:21.250 --> 00:34:23.849 and Adaptive Responses episode where we parsed 00:34:23.849 --> 00:34:27.710 out the medial prefrontal cortex, the ACC, anterior 00:34:27.710 --> 00:34:30.670 cingulate cortex, which is a subdivision here, 00:34:30.829 --> 00:34:34.409 and the anterior insula, which is about right 00:34:34.409 --> 00:34:39.030 here, very lateral, but also right here. So we 00:34:39.030 --> 00:34:41.889 have the dorsal lateral up here and the orbital 00:34:41.889 --> 00:34:45.010 prefrontal cortex right here. Orbital prefrontal 00:34:45.010 --> 00:34:48.170 cortex. medial prefrontal cortex is in the middle 00:34:48.170 --> 00:34:50.670 and then this outside surface right here is the 00:34:50.670 --> 00:34:53.789 dorsal lateral okay whenever you're trying to 00:34:53.789 --> 00:34:58.150 oh before i explain the circuitry here with listening 00:34:58.150 --> 00:35:01.010 and dissonance a major role of the prefrontal 00:35:01.010 --> 00:35:03.550 cortex if you're just going to explain it in 00:35:03.550 --> 00:35:07.530 one role it's to shhh a neurosurgeon said this 00:35:07.530 --> 00:35:11.329 um casey helper the role of the prefrontal cortex 00:35:11.329 --> 00:35:16.139 is to quiet the rest of these subcortical areas. 00:35:17.480 --> 00:35:20.780 It's inactivating the subcortical areas. That 00:35:20.780 --> 00:35:25.579 way you can recruit adaptive responses. So with 00:35:25.579 --> 00:35:28.300 this listening to solanets and becoming this 00:35:28.300 --> 00:35:32.179 sensory overload, remember because of this scenario 00:35:32.179 --> 00:35:35.480 right here, low inhibition, high excitation equals 00:35:35.480 --> 00:35:38.539 sensory overload. The brain is trying to recruit 00:35:38.539 --> 00:35:41.960 these more higher order functioning. So it's 00:35:41.960 --> 00:35:45.280 top down control over this situation because 00:35:45.280 --> 00:35:48.780 your ears will start to throb and you just can't 00:35:48.780 --> 00:35:51.659 make sense of it and you can feel yourself becoming 00:35:51.659 --> 00:35:57.539 overwhelmed. This is called signal to noise. 00:35:59.139 --> 00:36:03.960 Signal is healthy. Noise is not healthy. You 00:36:03.960 --> 00:36:06.769 want to the whole thing we're talking about over 00:36:06.769 --> 00:36:09.769 here is quieting the noise filtering out the 00:36:09.769 --> 00:36:15.849 noise okay so good bad okay so these brain regions 00:36:15.849 --> 00:36:18.809 here that are for adaptive responses and top 00:36:18.809 --> 00:36:21.389 -down control are recruited and they're heavily 00:36:21.389 --> 00:36:23.750 involved and it doesn't matter if you're autistic 00:36:23.750 --> 00:36:29.650 or not you can hook up um Put the scalp fMRI 00:36:29.650 --> 00:36:32.550 on and measure brainwaves even in the typical 00:36:32.550 --> 00:36:36.289 these areas will begin to heighten because it's 00:36:36.289 --> 00:36:41.150 trying to Provide effort into quieting these 00:36:41.150 --> 00:36:45.409 areas right here It's pretty an effort into quieting 00:36:45.409 --> 00:36:48.530 this and it becomes difficult even for the typical 00:36:48.530 --> 00:36:52.409 it's kind of compensating here But because of 00:36:52.409 --> 00:36:56.050 the autistic phenotype being like this there's 00:36:56.079 --> 00:36:59.460 even so much excitation here and there's not 00:36:59.460 --> 00:37:04.019 enough parvalbum interneuron especially with 00:37:04.019 --> 00:37:08.420 this area right here and the ACC and the anterior 00:37:08.420 --> 00:37:11.739 insula. The anterior insula is paying attention 00:37:11.739 --> 00:37:14.860 to bodily states so as you're becoming overwhelmed 00:37:14.860 --> 00:37:18.440 your heart rate will change and so is your breathing 00:37:18.440 --> 00:37:23.300 your depth and rate of your breathing and that 00:37:23.300 --> 00:37:27.880 is being fed up to the posterior insula and the 00:37:27.880 --> 00:37:32.539 anterior insula right here. And to the ACC. Remember 00:37:32.539 --> 00:37:36.139 the ACC? It's measuring conflict monitoring. 00:37:37.239 --> 00:37:41.360 It's measuring error detection. It's signaling 00:37:41.360 --> 00:37:44.639 errors are happening. I'm becoming overwhelmed. 00:37:45.199 --> 00:37:47.460 What do I need to do? I need to do something. 00:37:48.000 --> 00:37:50.739 And the anterior insula is being hijacked by 00:37:50.739 --> 00:37:55.900 the bodily states. And now the brain states are 00:37:55.900 --> 00:37:59.460 working overdrive even in the typical. It's providing 00:37:59.460 --> 00:38:05.539 a lot of effort to clear out and free up the 00:38:05.539 --> 00:38:10.179 sensory processing. It becomes so much that emotional 00:38:10.179 --> 00:38:14.039 circuits are also being recruited because of 00:38:14.039 --> 00:38:18.659 the brain states even and the bodily states. 00:38:19.500 --> 00:38:22.800 So remember that third role of the anterior insula. 00:38:23.039 --> 00:38:26.940 is evaluating the environment. So it has three 00:38:26.940 --> 00:38:31.139 main data sources, brain, body, environment. 00:38:31.239 --> 00:38:35.179 And this thing is becoming overwhelmed. And so 00:38:35.179 --> 00:38:40.500 it's hijacking. It's allowing these processes 00:38:40.500 --> 00:38:45.400 to be hijacked. So the insula is a good friend 00:38:45.400 --> 00:38:51.239 and a very powerful enemy. This depends on who's 00:38:51.239 --> 00:38:53.909 leading the way here. Remember, we talk about 00:38:53.909 --> 00:38:58.469 who's leading the way. When we're adapting, when 00:38:58.469 --> 00:39:01.449 we're responding well to the environment, areas 00:39:01.449 --> 00:39:04.329 like the dorsal lateral and the medial prefrontal 00:39:04.329 --> 00:39:08.449 will lead the way. It will orchestrate the circuitry 00:39:08.449 --> 00:39:12.550 needed in these lower areas here instead of vice 00:39:12.550 --> 00:39:17.170 versa. When we are overwhelmed, these lower areas 00:39:17.170 --> 00:39:24.110 like the amygdala here and this ACC become hyperactive 00:39:24.110 --> 00:39:27.789 and they're hyperconnective and these are emotional 00:39:27.789 --> 00:39:30.329 circuitries. It gets to the point where these 00:39:30.329 --> 00:39:34.590 are hijacked and including here. The orbital 00:39:34.590 --> 00:39:41.230 frontal cortex is roughly 90 % sensory even though 00:39:41.230 --> 00:39:45.210 it's a so -called prefrontal cortex, okay? So 00:39:45.210 --> 00:39:49.900 the orbital frontal cortex, the amygdala which 00:39:49.900 --> 00:39:53.900 is not our fear center. People get rid of that. 00:39:54.079 --> 00:39:57.340 That's a bad misnomer. Fear center is all about 00:39:57.340 --> 00:40:02.179 correlates. We are past the times of this brain 00:40:02.179 --> 00:40:05.260 region equals this. The amygdala is also involved 00:40:05.260 --> 00:40:08.360 with positive things too and motivation, not 00:40:08.360 --> 00:40:11.980 just fear. So come on. And then the anterior 00:40:11.980 --> 00:40:15.940 insula. Whenever these things are this kind of 00:40:15.940 --> 00:40:21.030 hijacked like this and the prefrontal becomes 00:40:21.030 --> 00:40:25.030 shut off, we leave because that's the only option 00:40:25.030 --> 00:40:28.929 at that point. Is it an adaptive response? Maybe, 00:40:28.969 --> 00:40:33.389 depends on who you ask. If you would ask, well, 00:40:33.489 --> 00:40:37.809 looking back at it, maybe not. But in real time, 00:40:38.010 --> 00:40:42.030 that is the option because it is impossible to 00:40:42.030 --> 00:40:45.550 filter out all of this excessive noise coming 00:40:45.550 --> 00:40:49.300 up through here and overwhelming. The brain. 00:40:50.000 --> 00:40:53.800 Overwhelming the thalamus. And that is listening 00:40:53.800 --> 00:40:57.619 to sonnets. This is a bad thing. And it's uncontrollable. 00:40:59.159 --> 00:41:01.780 This is why people will wear the noise -canceling 00:41:01.780 --> 00:41:06.380 headphones now. And they're screaming kids. And 00:41:06.380 --> 00:41:09.500 they're just overwhelmed. Even adults. Even like 00:41:09.500 --> 00:41:13.019 family gatherings. It's like gone. That's the 00:41:13.019 --> 00:41:16.559 option. It's gone. Because you can't control 00:41:16.559 --> 00:41:20.429 it. Remember I say in the podcast episode sometimes 00:41:20.429 --> 00:41:27.809 that 1960s Beatles like 1967 and 1968 Beatles 00:41:27.809 --> 00:41:32.469 Sgt. Pepper's album right here white album right 00:41:32.469 --> 00:41:35.809 here. They started to experience or experiment 00:41:35.809 --> 00:41:39.070 with different noises different instruments that 00:41:39.070 --> 00:41:44.000 make noises and things just around the recording 00:41:44.000 --> 00:41:46.139 studio. They just started to make noise with 00:41:46.139 --> 00:41:48.320 them and blend them together at the end of the 00:41:48.320 --> 00:41:50.619 songs. And the songs would just carry on with 00:41:50.619 --> 00:41:54.599 all this orchestrated, bizarre music blends. 00:41:55.019 --> 00:41:56.699 And that's what it sounds like. That's what it 00:41:56.699 --> 00:41:58.960 sounds like in real time whenever you're out. 00:41:59.900 --> 00:42:02.480 And it's getting loud. You can't discriminate 00:42:02.480 --> 00:42:07.380 the sources of the sounds. You can't. Even if 00:42:07.380 --> 00:42:10.440 they're lower volume sounds, but they're multiple. 00:42:10.800 --> 00:42:14.559 multiple sources of sounds that will hijack these 00:42:14.559 --> 00:42:17.780 areas as well because at first you can pay attention 00:42:17.780 --> 00:42:20.519 you can pay attention to the different sources 00:42:20.519 --> 00:42:24.639 of sounds coming in almost like you can follow 00:42:24.639 --> 00:42:28.059 along with different maybe conversations but 00:42:28.059 --> 00:42:31.860 then all of a sudden it comes so fast let me 00:42:31.860 --> 00:42:34.039 tell you it comes so fast these things will just 00:42:34.039 --> 00:42:37.860 blend in and these areas right here will just 00:42:37.860 --> 00:42:42.840 hijack you and There's no more dorsolateral prefrontal 00:42:42.840 --> 00:42:46.460 cortex or the medial prefrontal cortex. The ACC 00:42:46.460 --> 00:42:51.400 cannot make sense of it. So you go. And this 00:42:51.400 --> 00:42:54.119 brings me to what I want to say most. It's not 00:42:54.119 --> 00:42:57.340 uncommon that the autistic phenotype children 00:42:57.340 --> 00:43:01.920 are overwhelmed and they leave. And they're found 00:43:01.920 --> 00:43:08.880 in bodies of water. Drowned. It's every week. 00:43:11.199 --> 00:43:15.019 Whenever the autistic phenotype is becoming like 00:43:15.019 --> 00:43:17.699 this, the worst thing you can do is talk to them. 00:43:17.880 --> 00:43:20.199 Why are you sitting there just keep talking to 00:43:20.199 --> 00:43:22.139 them? Well, what's the matter? What's the matter? 00:43:22.179 --> 00:43:24.340 What do you need? What do you need? Well, I can't 00:43:24.340 --> 00:43:27.860 even understand it. People that are involved 00:43:27.860 --> 00:43:31.699 in autism, even different types of educators 00:43:31.699 --> 00:43:34.480 or people that's trying to provide them therapy 00:43:34.480 --> 00:43:36.579 and so forth, they don't understand the autistic 00:43:36.579 --> 00:43:42.699 phenotype. I don't understand it. Listening to 00:43:42.699 --> 00:43:47.119 Sonus, this episode will be out next week, and 00:43:47.119 --> 00:43:49.780 this will just help maybe follow along with it. 00:43:50.519 --> 00:43:52.619 We didn't talk much about the auditory cortex, 00:43:52.719 --> 00:43:55.400 but I don't necessarily want to now, but that's 00:43:55.400 --> 00:43:56.659 where perceptions happen.