WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.759 There it is. Okay so we're going to cover the 00:00:02.759 --> 00:00:05.459 thalamic reticular nucleus. Okay I'm going to 00:00:05.459 --> 00:00:08.019 map out some episodes here that kind of hits 00:00:08.019 --> 00:00:10.259 on this. We talk about it a lot though because 00:00:10.259 --> 00:00:12.300 it's going to have to do with the EI imbalance 00:00:12.300 --> 00:00:17.179 and this is the protective shell that surrounds 00:00:17.179 --> 00:00:20.379 the thalamus. We talk about this a lot so it's 00:00:20.379 --> 00:00:22.980 going to be nice just to see it all laid out 00:00:22.980 --> 00:00:26.079 and understand its functions. The main episode 00:00:26.079 --> 00:00:29.800 that we'll cover is episode 83 so not long ago. 00:00:29.949 --> 00:00:33.070 delimic reticular nucleus, trigating, and autism. 00:00:33.350 --> 00:00:36.450 Episode 82 will also hit on this. And that's 00:00:36.450 --> 00:00:40.789 Sonic Hedgehog. Let's see. An inhibitory, neurons, 00:00:41.310 --> 00:00:44.990 and autism. So we had back -to -back episodes 00:00:44.990 --> 00:00:49.729 on this inhibition. This is all inhibition. This 00:00:49.729 --> 00:00:53.929 ERN is all inhibition. And then episode 60 or 00:00:53.929 --> 00:00:57.909 76 kind of covered this because this is part 00:00:57.909 --> 00:01:00.320 of albium interneuron. We'll talk more about 00:01:00.320 --> 00:01:05.140 this specific interneuron, this inhibitory interneuron, 00:01:05.319 --> 00:01:07.859 a lot. Because it makes up the most of this. 00:01:08.040 --> 00:01:11.099 Parv -albium interneuron and the autistic phenotype. 00:01:11.519 --> 00:01:15.840 Episode 84 is the opposite side of this. And 00:01:15.840 --> 00:01:19.159 that is all about excitation. The goal signals. 00:01:19.640 --> 00:01:22.560 Excitatory. Excitatory neurons. The brain's goal 00:01:22.560 --> 00:01:24.560 signal. I don't want to say something. Okay. 00:01:24.780 --> 00:01:28.000 Showing up. Nah, not bad. Okay. and then back 00:01:28.000 --> 00:01:32.439 way back episode let's see three and four touched 00:01:32.439 --> 00:01:35.640 on it was like a two -part excitation inhibition 00:01:35.640 --> 00:01:39.359 episode back -to -back episodes episode four 00:01:39.359 --> 00:01:43.379 would have touched on more inhibition but very 00:01:43.379 --> 00:01:46.780 it wasn't very specific as these episodes are 00:01:46.780 --> 00:01:50.340 these are really dialing in to specific aspects 00:01:50.340 --> 00:01:55.060 of the excitation and inhibition especially for 00:01:55.060 --> 00:01:58.260 this one right here The thalamic reticular nucleus. 00:01:58.819 --> 00:02:02.439 Now, science. Because people are kind of career 00:02:02.439 --> 00:02:05.819 -driven, the TRN, you can see it abbreviated 00:02:05.819 --> 00:02:08.319 and named many different things. Just for the 00:02:08.319 --> 00:02:11.439 sake of this, just to keep it standard here, 00:02:11.719 --> 00:02:14.780 keep it similar, we're going to say it's TRN. 00:02:15.039 --> 00:02:17.960 You can see it probably three, four, five different 00:02:17.960 --> 00:02:20.759 names. It's all the same thing, though. We love 00:02:20.759 --> 00:02:24.699 to identify. and then name things and then rename 00:02:24.699 --> 00:02:28.680 things and then rename things that's just the 00:02:28.680 --> 00:02:32.060 that's just the culture and the kind of the atmosphere 00:02:32.060 --> 00:02:34.680 of science because people want to kind of make 00:02:34.680 --> 00:02:40.580 a buzzword create this new idea and have it captured 00:02:40.580 --> 00:02:45.060 have it gain momentum for funding purposes for 00:02:45.060 --> 00:02:49.300 citations just for the publicity of it it's irrelevant 00:02:49.300 --> 00:02:53.919 so let's talk about the thalamic reticular caniculus. 00:02:53.960 --> 00:02:56.240 Remember it's the shell. So let's just draw it 00:02:56.240 --> 00:02:58.919 out the thalamus. Remember the thalamus is a 00:02:58.919 --> 00:03:01.800 workhorse. That's why it has kind of these assistants. 00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:04.900 Remember the basal ganglia episodes. The subthalamic 00:03:04.900 --> 00:03:10.039 caniculus which just sits posterior and inferior 00:03:10.039 --> 00:03:14.439 to the thalamus and it helps relay the go -no 00:03:14.439 --> 00:03:17.240 -go signals in the basal ganglia. So let's just 00:03:17.240 --> 00:03:19.539 draw this out the thalamus because we're going 00:03:19.539 --> 00:03:23.610 to cover hopefully eventually the different subdivisions 00:03:23.610 --> 00:03:26.270 of the thalamus because there's a lot. The thalamus 00:03:26.270 --> 00:03:29.050 is a lot to parse out. And there's a good drawing 00:03:29.050 --> 00:03:31.710 of this. And you can see right here on the daylight, 00:03:32.430 --> 00:03:35.150 this is, you can get this image on the internet. 00:03:35.449 --> 00:03:38.030 It's very, it's a very good image of it with 00:03:38.030 --> 00:03:40.490 this shell right here. And then this is helping 00:03:40.490 --> 00:03:42.870 you parse out the different subdivisions because 00:03:42.870 --> 00:03:46.469 remember this trn just surrounds the thalamus. 00:03:46.590 --> 00:03:48.990 And then here's a different view of it. You can 00:03:48.990 --> 00:03:53.840 see the trn. is all around the outside. Prevents 00:03:53.840 --> 00:03:56.199 signals from coming in. So I'm going to draw 00:03:56.199 --> 00:03:58.860 that top one out though, just because I think 00:03:58.860 --> 00:04:01.539 it might help. It might help us understand it. 00:04:01.740 --> 00:04:05.020 Remember, at the bottom here, you have the medial 00:04:05.020 --> 00:04:09.099 geniculineculus. Right here, remember the, um, 00:04:09.379 --> 00:04:12.460 the auditory. This is the relay station for audition. 00:04:13.340 --> 00:04:17.220 Remember the, um, the auditory brain stem response, 00:04:17.399 --> 00:04:20.420 A, B, R. This is, this is the... the kind of 00:04:20.420 --> 00:04:23.180 the last stop this is where all relay for the 00:04:23.180 --> 00:04:26.899 auditory happen and then right next to that laterally 00:04:26.899 --> 00:04:30.639 is the lateral geniculate nucleus this is the 00:04:30.639 --> 00:04:34.319 same thing but for vision this receives roughly 00:04:34.319 --> 00:04:38.899 80 percent maybe 75 percent of the retinas fibers 00:04:38.899 --> 00:04:43.819 all vision will eventually come here but the 00:04:43.819 --> 00:04:46.959 other 10 to 15 percent gets the superior colliculi, 00:04:47.100 --> 00:04:49.680 which is in the mesencephalon, which is just, 00:04:50.000 --> 00:04:52.540 they're all right here. There's spatial relationships. 00:04:52.540 --> 00:04:54.500 They can just reach out and high five each other, 00:04:54.620 --> 00:04:57.459 which is what I said in the autism and eye movements 00:04:57.459 --> 00:05:00.319 episode, all about the superior colliculus. So 00:05:00.319 --> 00:05:03.399 we have the medial and the lateral here. The 00:05:03.399 --> 00:05:06.620 thalamus is kind of egg shaped. It's deep in 00:05:06.620 --> 00:05:10.439 the brain. Remember this area right here, the 00:05:10.439 --> 00:05:13.680 third ventricle is right here. And then the lateral 00:05:13.680 --> 00:05:16.519 ventricle. um vitricles are up here there's a 00:05:16.519 --> 00:05:18.920 lot of water here there's a lot of electrical 00:05:18.920 --> 00:05:22.600 power and things just surrounding this different 00:05:22.600 --> 00:05:25.920 nuclei surrounding these areas deep in the brain 00:05:25.920 --> 00:05:29.639 stem or the brain just above the brain stem so 00:05:29.639 --> 00:05:34.699 the the trn as you see in that picture this kind 00:05:34.699 --> 00:05:37.339 of just imagine this is kind of this cut out 00:05:37.339 --> 00:05:40.019 and then it's just a shell it's a shell over 00:05:40.019 --> 00:05:42.490 it and then we're going to talk about We're going 00:05:42.490 --> 00:05:45.329 to break this shell down a little bit. Hopefully 00:05:45.329 --> 00:05:48.350 it helps make sense of it because there's a lot 00:05:48.350 --> 00:05:51.230 of cool stuff here. At least I think it's cool. 00:05:51.449 --> 00:05:54.509 I love this stuff though. So in like the bottom 00:05:54.509 --> 00:06:00.089 picture here, okay, you got this on one side 00:06:00.089 --> 00:06:03.810 and then you got the thalamus on the other side. 00:06:04.290 --> 00:06:07.889 Now remember one side of the brain or the hemisphere 00:06:07.889 --> 00:06:11.430 is ipsilateral. Both sides is called contralateral. 00:06:11.579 --> 00:06:14.180 this is just the contralateral so this is one 00:06:14.180 --> 00:06:16.800 hemisphere this is the other hemisphere and the 00:06:16.800 --> 00:06:21.819 trn would be actually i think it might look better 00:06:21.819 --> 00:06:26.500 if it just had if it just had some color in it 00:06:26.500 --> 00:06:29.279 like bob ross let's just do it we're going to 00:06:29.279 --> 00:06:31.860 get through this i promise you see just basically 00:06:31.860 --> 00:06:35.060 just basically like this so yeah like the third 00:06:35.060 --> 00:06:37.829 ventricle will be right here Before we parse 00:06:37.829 --> 00:06:41.189 this out, remember the sonic hedgehog. Remember 00:06:41.189 --> 00:06:45.449 we talked about the sonic hedgehog a lot. Several 00:06:45.449 --> 00:06:47.970 different episodes. Remember, in neuroscience, 00:06:48.689 --> 00:06:51.569 in things like rodent studies, you can have these 00:06:51.569 --> 00:06:55.670 things. So S -H -H is sonic hedgehog. And then 00:06:55.670 --> 00:06:58.329 you can see in neuroscience papers where you 00:06:58.329 --> 00:07:00.810 can knock out the gene, protein sequencing and 00:07:00.810 --> 00:07:03.579 so forth. So it will look like this. That's a 00:07:03.579 --> 00:07:06.639 knockout, double knockout. So the animal, the 00:07:06.639 --> 00:07:09.680 subject, doesn't have this at all. Then we can 00:07:09.680 --> 00:07:12.620 see what happens. What is missing? Or what kind 00:07:12.620 --> 00:07:15.540 of behavioral effects does this have? It's basically 00:07:15.540 --> 00:07:18.959 like a lesion, okay? Remember in the neurolation 00:07:18.959 --> 00:07:22.740 episode, when we are kind of subdividing the 00:07:22.740 --> 00:07:26.420 neuroepithelial cells, we have the four cells 00:07:26.420 --> 00:07:28.879 in the neuroepithelial, three of them for the 00:07:28.879 --> 00:07:32.370 brain. And we kind of start looking like this, 00:07:32.470 --> 00:07:36.709 right? We have the tail encephalon and the diencephalon 00:07:36.709 --> 00:07:39.850 here, the mesencephalon, and then the things 00:07:39.850 --> 00:07:43.089 like the my and met encephalon. I think I have 00:07:43.089 --> 00:07:46.970 those backwards. Met and my encephalon. Remember, 00:07:47.350 --> 00:07:50.850 this one does not subdivide, but these are subdividing. 00:07:51.050 --> 00:07:54.769 So this is the big subcortical area and the cortex 00:07:54.769 --> 00:07:57.740 right here. And then this is just a little brain 00:07:57.740 --> 00:08:00.819 stem area. It's a very small area here. And then 00:08:00.819 --> 00:08:05.120 this is more of the pons and the cerebellum and 00:08:05.120 --> 00:08:09.360 then the medulla and then the spine. If you knock 00:08:09.360 --> 00:08:12.279 out the sonic hedgehog, it's responsible for 00:08:12.279 --> 00:08:15.439 this area right through here. So in a rodent 00:08:15.439 --> 00:08:18.560 model with this knocked out sonic hedgehog, you 00:08:18.560 --> 00:08:21.509 don't get this. This does not. form. It doesn't 00:08:21.509 --> 00:08:24.009 really do much for the human autistic phenotype, 00:08:24.250 --> 00:08:27.610 but at least it provides information on what 00:08:27.610 --> 00:08:33.210 is causing abnormalities with the thalamic reticular 00:08:33.210 --> 00:08:36.649 nucleus. Okay, so it's kind of unimportant for 00:08:36.649 --> 00:08:40.149 this episode learning about the TRN, this gel, 00:08:40.450 --> 00:08:43.690 but it's huge. It's a good finding in neuroscience 00:08:43.690 --> 00:08:46.490 and with the knocking out of that gene and the 00:08:46.490 --> 00:08:49.690 protein sequencing. So what is the overall function 00:08:49.690 --> 00:08:53.450 of this and what makes this? Remember the parvalbium 00:08:53.450 --> 00:08:57.129 interneuron. Okay we had that specific episode 00:08:57.129 --> 00:08:59.570 on that because there was a lot there was a great 00:08:59.570 --> 00:09:03.049 paper published about how autistics have kind 00:09:03.049 --> 00:09:06.009 of problems in a couple of different brain regions 00:09:06.009 --> 00:09:10.669 with the parvalbium interneuron. Remember parvalbium 00:09:10.669 --> 00:09:15.389 interneuron is the most abundant GABA in habition 00:09:15.389 --> 00:09:19.710 neuron that we have okay and this is acting on 00:09:19.710 --> 00:09:25.970 GABA -A which is very fast acting receptor this 00:09:25.970 --> 00:09:28.669 ion trophic i mean these are happening within 00:09:28.669 --> 00:09:32.490 one two milliseconds and then the parv albium 00:09:32.490 --> 00:09:35.570 interneuron makes up the majority of the shell 00:09:35.570 --> 00:09:41.809 the second type is somatostatin this is the second 00:09:41.809 --> 00:09:46.080 most abundant GABA cell. Neuron. And this works 00:09:46.080 --> 00:09:50.779 on GABA B receptors. These are metabotrophic. 00:09:50.820 --> 00:09:54.139 These are a little bit slower. These are roughly 00:09:54.139 --> 00:09:59.220 20 to 50 even longer milliseconds. It takes longer 00:09:59.220 --> 00:10:02.080 for these to act. Now what are these two roles 00:10:02.080 --> 00:10:06.259 in this thalamic reticular nucleus is the parvalbium, 00:10:06.299 --> 00:10:10.519 which is most of this nuclei. It's acting on 00:10:10.519 --> 00:10:14.830 specific inhibition. The somatostatin is more 00:10:14.830 --> 00:10:18.330 like globally. It's just kind of sprinkling the 00:10:18.330 --> 00:10:22.389 area just to help maintain balance. Remember, 00:10:22.450 --> 00:10:26.990 we talk a lot about the EI balance. With the 00:10:26.990 --> 00:10:29.990 autistic phenotype, there's a lack of inhibition. 00:10:30.090 --> 00:10:33.250 There's problems with inhibition. Not only a 00:10:33.250 --> 00:10:36.070 reduced number of cells but the cells on board 00:10:36.070 --> 00:10:39.070 are kind of abnormal. This is a great finding. 00:10:39.289 --> 00:10:42.269 Two decades ago, even maybe longer, something 00:10:42.269 --> 00:10:45.870 caused Rubenstein and Mike Merzenek to study 00:10:45.870 --> 00:10:48.309 this. They don't study autism. They study things 00:10:48.309 --> 00:10:51.690 like neuroplasticity. But something caused them 00:10:51.690 --> 00:10:55.070 to study this. I don't know what, but it's a 00:10:55.070 --> 00:10:59.730 good paper. 2003. So what about this TRN? What 00:10:59.730 --> 00:11:03.669 else besides these two specific cells make up 00:11:03.669 --> 00:11:07.080 this? we talked about in the episode of the thalamic 00:11:07.080 --> 00:11:10.659 reticuloniculus about the different sectors okay 00:11:10.659 --> 00:11:15.600 so the first sector is sensory the thalamus receives 00:11:15.600 --> 00:11:19.840 all sensory information coming in even things 00:11:19.840 --> 00:11:22.559 that we don't really pay attention to things 00:11:22.559 --> 00:11:25.200 that we're not perceiving that's because of this 00:11:25.200 --> 00:11:29.100 so with this we obviously have visual so the 00:11:29.100 --> 00:11:33.330 lateral geniculate is going to be involved We 00:11:33.330 --> 00:11:35.490 might as well just, let's see if this will work 00:11:35.490 --> 00:11:38.490 out. We'll just try this. Auditory. The orange. 00:11:38.690 --> 00:11:41.330 It's not bad. Looks like Miami hurricanes. I 00:11:41.330 --> 00:11:43.129 don't know about that. I don't know about that 00:11:43.129 --> 00:11:47.230 now. And then somatosensory. Remember somatosensory 00:11:47.230 --> 00:11:51.649 is right here. It's kind of sandwiched in between 00:11:51.649 --> 00:11:55.059 the sensor - the sensory motor area and the parietal 00:11:55.059 --> 00:11:57.759 lobe the parietal lobe is back here kind of talk 00:11:57.759 --> 00:11:59.720 about the parietal lobe here because it's going 00:11:59.720 --> 00:12:02.700 to be involved it's very involved in visual thinking 00:12:02.700 --> 00:12:05.360 and this is very involved in visual thinking 00:12:05.360 --> 00:12:09.799 as well so now the somatosensory doesn't have 00:12:09.799 --> 00:12:13.120 its own little relay station like vision and 00:12:13.120 --> 00:12:17.759 audition does these are huge sensory processing 00:12:17.759 --> 00:12:20.799 kind of mechanisms here especially vision right 00:12:20.799 --> 00:12:24.460 remember A lot of our brain is for vision. And 00:12:24.460 --> 00:12:27.740 then with the auditory, remember, this is another 00:12:27.740 --> 00:12:30.840 fascinating thing with the endocochlear potential. 00:12:31.200 --> 00:12:33.740 Remember, this is the highest DC voltage in the 00:12:33.740 --> 00:12:38.539 human body happening in the stria vascularis. 00:12:38.580 --> 00:12:40.980 I was thinking of stria terminalis, but that's 00:12:40.980 --> 00:12:43.700 a brain region. So anatomy, man, it's tough. 00:12:43.860 --> 00:12:46.919 So what are some of the inputs coming in? And 00:12:46.919 --> 00:12:51.120 then what's the little crosstalk? Because all... 00:12:51.149 --> 00:12:54.370 pretty much all regions this is a we can call 00:12:54.370 --> 00:12:57.330 this a region it's the thalamus all regions will 00:12:57.330 --> 00:13:00.490 have crosstalk they will cross and talk within 00:13:00.490 --> 00:13:03.309 each other it's very much a thing so let's talk 00:13:03.309 --> 00:13:07.570 about the afferents signals coming in and the 00:13:07.570 --> 00:13:10.490 efferents the signals going out remember with 00:13:10.490 --> 00:13:13.190 the basal ganglia episode though the thalamus 00:13:13.190 --> 00:13:16.610 is the main goal everything from the basal ganglia 00:13:16.610 --> 00:13:21.490 is working to modulate dictate what the thalamus 00:13:21.490 --> 00:13:25.450 is doing and that will determine our goal our 00:13:25.450 --> 00:13:28.909 activation and our no goal or inactivation the 00:13:28.909 --> 00:13:32.090 whole basal ganglia is for this and then remember 00:13:32.090 --> 00:13:34.970 the mini columns that's it let's just draw the 00:13:34.970 --> 00:13:37.350 mini columns again remember the mini columns 00:13:37.350 --> 00:13:55.460 which are everywhere Remember layer four. Remember 00:13:55.460 --> 00:14:03.519 the many columns. It puts command from the thalamus 00:14:03.519 --> 00:14:07.340 to layer four and layer four will kind of start 00:14:07.340 --> 00:14:10.059 these many columns. Remember this is a many column 00:14:10.059 --> 00:14:12.639 and then this is a many column. And as you build 00:14:12.639 --> 00:14:15.419 many columns, they're macro columns. And then 00:14:15.419 --> 00:14:19.360 the space in between are neurofills. In the autistic 00:14:19.360 --> 00:14:24.200 phenotype, they're about half the size of typicals. 00:14:24.320 --> 00:14:28.559 So they're roughly 40 to 60 microns, which is 00:14:28.559 --> 00:14:31.720 about, if you shape the thickness of a piece 00:14:31.720 --> 00:14:34.919 of paper in half, the autistic's neurofill is 00:14:34.919 --> 00:14:38.659 about that thickness, whereas typicals are closer 00:14:38.659 --> 00:14:42.639 to the full sheet of paper thickness okay but 00:14:42.639 --> 00:14:45.460 the thalamus remember after it runs through the 00:14:45.460 --> 00:14:49.299 basal ganglia and we decide to go and no go because 00:14:49.299 --> 00:14:52.460 they're simultaneous actions the thalamus will 00:14:52.460 --> 00:14:55.480 then speak up to layer four remember and then 00:14:55.480 --> 00:14:59.360 that will jump start and go to two and three 00:14:59.360 --> 00:15:02.860 next because everything about the living organism 00:15:02.860 --> 00:15:07.200 as far as like intelligence and memory and ability 00:15:07.200 --> 00:15:11.980 experiences um our skill sets and so forth basically 00:15:11.980 --> 00:15:14.360 live in layers two and three of the mini columns 00:15:14.360 --> 00:15:17.460 and then it will go down to five and six both 00:15:17.460 --> 00:15:21.899 five and six remember five a and five b and then 00:15:21.899 --> 00:15:26.600 six a and six b five a is for tonic firing it's 00:15:26.600 --> 00:15:29.980 just basically firing based off of the inputs 00:15:29.980 --> 00:15:34.039 and signals coming in it kind of just is a baseline 00:15:34.680 --> 00:15:37.779 activation to keep the living organism present, 00:15:37.799 --> 00:15:41.659 to keep them active and appropriate in large 00:15:41.659 --> 00:15:45.860 part here. 5b is more that burst firing. Remember 00:15:45.860 --> 00:15:48.600 what we're talking about is these first signals 00:15:48.600 --> 00:15:54.460 they fire and then they drop and then and then 00:15:54.460 --> 00:15:59.360 they drop then they drop right so we get these 00:15:59.360 --> 00:16:01.899 bursts right here and then they're working its 00:16:01.899 --> 00:16:05.690 way up this is more activation and then over 00:16:05.690 --> 00:16:09.629 time or you can use like physiological tools 00:16:09.629 --> 00:16:13.330 breathing exercises etc these will start to drop 00:16:13.330 --> 00:16:16.220 and this is in large part You can think about 00:16:16.220 --> 00:16:19.200 this on a seesaw because somewhere through here 00:16:19.200 --> 00:16:22.519 is tonic. Somewhere through here is baseline. 00:16:22.980 --> 00:16:26.080 You're like resting state. So that's what layer 00:16:26.080 --> 00:16:29.379 five is kind of doing. So how is this involved 00:16:29.379 --> 00:16:32.700 with the thalamic reticular nucleus? Well the 00:16:32.700 --> 00:16:36.580 shell is help determining. It's helping regulate 00:16:36.580 --> 00:16:40.659 this and the actions coming out of the thalamus. 00:16:40.820 --> 00:16:43.440 What does the thalamus want to pay attention 00:16:43.440 --> 00:16:46.240 to? What does the living organism want to pay 00:16:46.240 --> 00:16:48.659 attention to? That way the thalamus can do its 00:16:48.659 --> 00:16:52.059 work. Remember, it's a workhorse. So let's keep 00:16:52.059 --> 00:16:55.000 in mind the basal ganglia and these many columns. 00:16:55.139 --> 00:16:57.879 I don't have the basal ganglia mapped out here, 00:16:57.879 --> 00:17:02.120 but the end target is the thalamus. Okay, so 00:17:02.120 --> 00:17:05.259 the connections coming in. A lot of them are 00:17:05.259 --> 00:17:08.539 that crosstalk within the thalamus because the 00:17:08.539 --> 00:17:11.420 signals will eventually, well actually, let's 00:17:11.420 --> 00:17:15.500 talk about Because in the episode of the episode 00:17:15.500 --> 00:17:19.920 83, I think it was the one that's specific to 00:17:19.920 --> 00:17:22.539 the Salamic Reticulonucleus, we kind of outlined 00:17:22.539 --> 00:17:26.819 it as like guards. These are like guards and 00:17:26.819 --> 00:17:31.519 kind of providing protection. So let's map out 00:17:31.519 --> 00:17:36.880 what has access and the level of security that 00:17:36.880 --> 00:17:40.200 this shell is providing the thalamus. What kind 00:17:40.200 --> 00:17:44.480 of security? About this information coming in 00:17:44.480 --> 00:17:49.200 So just remember this is a large part sensory 00:17:49.200 --> 00:17:55.359 processing over here Okay, what how much access 00:17:55.359 --> 00:18:00.119 okay, so the sensory vision auditory touch and 00:18:00.119 --> 00:18:04.039 so forth how much access or Said differently 00:18:04.039 --> 00:18:08.339 how much security so I have to make a decision 00:18:08.339 --> 00:18:11.019 here. Do we want to go how much access? or how 00:18:11.019 --> 00:18:14.299 much security? Let's just say access. Very little, 00:18:14.519 --> 00:18:17.519 no access. These signals coming in from either 00:18:17.519 --> 00:18:21.000 vision, auditory, touch. Let's just say the retina 00:18:21.000 --> 00:18:24.240 is sending some fibers to the lateral geniculate 00:18:24.240 --> 00:18:28.269 nucleus and then some fibers up. to the thalamus, 00:18:28.289 --> 00:18:31.130 it's going to be regulated by the salamic reticular 00:18:31.130 --> 00:18:33.569 nucleus. And then it's also going to send signals 00:18:33.569 --> 00:18:37.269 back to the visual cortex. So if we want to draw 00:18:37.269 --> 00:18:39.670 that out real fast, here we have the retina. 00:18:39.829 --> 00:18:44.130 So signals will come in to the lateral geniculate 00:18:44.130 --> 00:18:50.390 nucleus, roughly 80%, and then about 15, well, 00:18:50.650 --> 00:18:57.000 85%. 15 % to the superior culliculus. the lateral 00:18:57.000 --> 00:19:01.859 geniculate nucleus will send some to inside the 00:19:01.859 --> 00:19:06.140 thalamus, especially this area right here, which 00:19:06.140 --> 00:19:09.900 is pulvinar. This is a lot of sensory, but this 00:19:09.900 --> 00:19:12.200 islamic reticular nucleus will determine how 00:19:12.200 --> 00:19:14.839 much and what kind is going to be able to go 00:19:14.839 --> 00:19:17.700 from the lateral geniculate nucleus to inside 00:19:17.700 --> 00:19:22.740 the thalamus. And then it will also, the lateral 00:19:22.740 --> 00:19:26.019 geniculate nucleus will also send fibers projections 00:19:26.019 --> 00:19:29.119 however you want to say it to the visual cortex 00:19:29.119 --> 00:19:32.720 V1 through essentially V5 right and then it'll 00:19:32.720 --> 00:19:36.279 just kind of work its way through the occipital 00:19:36.279 --> 00:19:39.299 lobe and then the parietal lobe will be up here 00:19:39.299 --> 00:19:42.180 so like the brain is kind of like this and you 00:19:42.180 --> 00:19:46.559 got the eyeballs right there the temporal lobe 00:19:46.559 --> 00:19:50.700 so you can kind of see this cartoon drawing of 00:19:50.700 --> 00:19:54.039 retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus here 00:19:54.240 --> 00:19:57.119 The lateral geniculus will send some information 00:19:57.119 --> 00:19:59.500 to the thalamus. Most of the information back 00:19:59.500 --> 00:20:02.500 to the V1. We also have the superior colliculus 00:20:02.500 --> 00:20:05.660 processing vision. And remember, a large part 00:20:05.660 --> 00:20:08.380 of this is going back up to the thalamus and 00:20:08.380 --> 00:20:10.660 to the frontal eye fields. Frontal eye fields 00:20:10.660 --> 00:20:13.640 are up here. There's a little subdivision of 00:20:13.640 --> 00:20:17.259 the thalamus right here, medial dorsal, and that's 00:20:17.259 --> 00:20:19.359 getting a lot of the information from the superior 00:20:19.359 --> 00:20:22.859 colliculus. It's a lot. I know, but... Just to 00:20:22.859 --> 00:20:26.160 understand this visual information and the processing 00:20:26.160 --> 00:20:29.980 of it, just kind of follow along here with what 00:20:29.980 --> 00:20:32.240 this thalamic reticular nucleus is trying to 00:20:32.240 --> 00:20:34.660 do because there's a lot of information. Just 00:20:34.660 --> 00:20:37.799 imagine if you don't have this or if it's abnormal 00:20:37.799 --> 00:20:40.259 and you're processing all the sensory information. 00:20:40.380 --> 00:20:43.559 It's a lot. But you know, it's easy for you to 00:20:43.559 --> 00:20:47.200 say that the autistic phenotype can be overstimulated. 00:20:47.400 --> 00:20:49.980 You can understand that easily. this is what's 00:20:49.980 --> 00:20:53.079 going on that's why i want to cover this stuff 00:20:53.079 --> 00:20:56.559 that and i love it okay so the sensory it has 00:20:56.559 --> 00:20:59.579 little access into the thalamus this layer right 00:20:59.579 --> 00:21:04.880 here remember 6a and 6b one is cortico bless 00:21:04.880 --> 00:21:07.160 it remember the white fibers right through here 00:21:07.160 --> 00:21:13.460 too like the fasciculi um and so forth so cortico 00:21:13.460 --> 00:21:19.359 cortex or cortico cortical. So this is just speaking 00:21:19.359 --> 00:21:22.599 back and forth through the cortex like the parietal 00:21:22.599 --> 00:21:25.099 lobe will be heavily involved, the sensory motor 00:21:25.099 --> 00:21:28.759 in the prefrontal. That's what this is. After 00:21:28.759 --> 00:21:32.200 layers come down from two and three, sending 00:21:32.200 --> 00:21:35.380 signals down to these cells and then the white 00:21:35.380 --> 00:21:38.240 matter tracks here, there's a lot of crosstalk 00:21:38.240 --> 00:21:41.279 between the cortex bringing other subdivisions 00:21:41.279 --> 00:21:45.670 on board helping the living organism adapt. responsibly 00:21:45.670 --> 00:21:51.109 and then the other one is corticothalamus or 00:21:51.109 --> 00:21:55.049 thalamic this is a big one here okay because 00:21:55.049 --> 00:21:57.410 the minicons are already receiving information 00:21:57.410 --> 00:22:00.289 from the thalamus into layer four with these 00:22:00.289 --> 00:22:03.210 stellette cells and then it goes up to layer 00:22:03.210 --> 00:22:06.210 two and three to gain information about what 00:22:06.210 --> 00:22:08.750 the living organism knows everything the living 00:22:08.750 --> 00:22:12.250 organism knows is basically receiving a summary 00:22:12.250 --> 00:22:15.480 here okay this is what's happening from the environment 00:22:15.480 --> 00:22:19.859 as far as sensory processing. What do I do? Remember 00:22:19.859 --> 00:22:22.380 in the background the basal ganglia is working. 00:22:22.839 --> 00:22:25.799 to help determine movements because the basal 00:22:25.799 --> 00:22:28.799 ganglia is movements and this is the living organism 00:22:28.799 --> 00:22:30.740 that's the role of the central nervous system 00:22:30.740 --> 00:22:33.279 is to move the living organism we're mapping 00:22:33.279 --> 00:22:36.980 out how it happens so the thalamus is sending 00:22:36.980 --> 00:22:40.400 cells or information to layer four and then it 00:22:40.400 --> 00:22:42.779 goes up to layers two and three to receive information 00:22:42.779 --> 00:22:45.059 and then that information is carried down to 00:22:45.059 --> 00:22:48.140 layers five and six and from five and six it's 00:22:48.140 --> 00:22:50.920 kind of being a completion but it's never complete 00:22:51.079 --> 00:22:54.200 it's just updating because it's a constant loop 00:22:54.200 --> 00:22:58.000 man it's just constant and what's allowing the 00:22:58.000 --> 00:23:01.519 thalamus to be updated here is this layer cortical 00:23:01.519 --> 00:23:05.059 thalamic or thalamic because based off of everything 00:23:05.059 --> 00:23:08.259 coming in it's getting updated how is it doing 00:23:08.259 --> 00:23:10.779 what does it need to do how is it making adjustments 00:23:10.779 --> 00:23:14.019 and that's in large part what this is doing too 00:23:14.019 --> 00:23:16.779 so let's just imagine this is the parietal lobe 00:23:16.779 --> 00:23:18.900 where sensory integration is kind of happening 00:23:19.119 --> 00:23:22.200 higher order sensory integration making meaning 00:23:22.200 --> 00:23:24.480 making sense of the things in the environment 00:23:24.480 --> 00:23:27.680 and then it can send signals to either the sensory 00:23:27.680 --> 00:23:30.559 motor because maybe you just have a habit based 00:23:30.559 --> 00:23:33.880 off of this information that habit will then 00:23:33.880 --> 00:23:36.380 send information down to the dorsal striatum 00:23:36.380 --> 00:23:38.940 remember the pertainment remember we mapped out 00:23:38.940 --> 00:23:42.339 we extracted a specific cell from the pertainment 00:23:42.339 --> 00:23:45.150 because this is where habits happen sensory motor 00:23:45.150 --> 00:23:48.890 to to the putamen that's very lateral in the 00:23:48.890 --> 00:23:52.970 dorsal striatum and a specific cell spine will 00:23:52.970 --> 00:23:55.650 hit remember these are medium spiny neurons we've 00:23:55.650 --> 00:23:58.650 mapped this out and then it will orchestrate 00:23:58.650 --> 00:24:01.089 based off of the basal ganglia those other relay 00:24:01.089 --> 00:24:04.190 stations and output areas and it will inform 00:24:04.190 --> 00:24:07.529 the thalamus okay what am i doing remember the 00:24:07.529 --> 00:24:09.450 habits though you don't have to think about things 00:24:09.680 --> 00:24:11.880 You just automate responses. That's why we have 00:24:11.880 --> 00:24:14.880 habits. If it's a habit, this is just an example 00:24:14.880 --> 00:24:19.740 of a habit. Let's say it's not. So this corticocortical 00:24:19.740 --> 00:24:22.619 could send information to the prefrontal cortex. 00:24:22.740 --> 00:24:25.680 Maybe it's parts of the dorsal lateral, which 00:24:25.680 --> 00:24:29.740 is this superior colliculi will update the dorsal 00:24:29.740 --> 00:24:33.420 lateral early. Well, let's just map it out because 00:24:33.420 --> 00:24:35.359 I really want to talk about the prefrontal cortex 00:24:35.359 --> 00:24:39.869 now for sure. So we have the eye again, OK? and 00:24:39.869 --> 00:24:42.970 then the thalamus here. And then we'll do the 00:24:42.970 --> 00:24:45.430 brain stem here. You know, remember we have the 00:24:45.430 --> 00:24:48.170 pons, a little football shape, and we have the 00:24:48.170 --> 00:24:51.730 cerebellum, inferior coeliculi, inferior coeliculi, 00:24:51.809 --> 00:24:54.950 right? And then we have the occipital lobe, the 00:24:54.950 --> 00:24:57.509 parietal lobe, sensory motor. We're up through 00:24:57.509 --> 00:25:00.049 here now. The dorsal lateral, we're getting into 00:25:00.049 --> 00:25:02.230 the dorsal lateral area. This is going to be 00:25:02.230 --> 00:25:04.529 more of the orbital frontal. And just to make, 00:25:04.769 --> 00:25:07.670 help us make sense of where we are, okay? Remember 00:25:07.670 --> 00:25:10.069 the the basal ganglia is right through here. 00:25:10.069 --> 00:25:12.589 Remember it's all surrounding this ventricular 00:25:12.589 --> 00:25:15.890 area. The third and the lateral ventriculars. 00:25:16.269 --> 00:25:18.769 Okay a lot of electrical signals here because 00:25:18.769 --> 00:25:21.430 there's a lot of water. There's a lot of freaking 00:25:21.430 --> 00:25:24.529 water there. Low blood brain barrier too. So 00:25:24.529 --> 00:25:29.329 let's just map out this prefrontal cortex. Let's 00:25:29.329 --> 00:25:34.589 go blue right here. Dorsolateral. Use these colors 00:25:34.589 --> 00:25:36.509 if I don't have to. I don't know if that shows 00:25:36.509 --> 00:25:38.670 up much different than black. It kind of does. 00:25:39.089 --> 00:25:41.309 Orbital frontal cortex. This is why I'm wearing 00:25:41.309 --> 00:25:44.069 parts of the south because this is a lot of sensory. 00:25:44.410 --> 00:25:47.450 It gets fast acting things from the environment. 00:25:47.750 --> 00:25:50.630 About 90 % of the things in the orbital frontal 00:25:50.630 --> 00:25:53.029 cortex, which is just right here, just right 00:25:53.029 --> 00:25:55.869 on the other side of your eyebrows, is sensory. 00:25:56.190 --> 00:26:00.970 It's very specific as well. And then deep inside, 00:26:01.190 --> 00:26:04.569 on the inside of this area is the medial prefrontal 00:26:04.569 --> 00:26:07.670 cortex. We've talked a lot about that, especially 00:26:07.670 --> 00:26:13.569 the anterior cingulate cortex. Okay. We'll do 00:26:13.569 --> 00:26:16.569 an episode all about this because these are heavily 00:26:16.569 --> 00:26:18.869 involved, especially the medial prefrontal cortex 00:26:18.869 --> 00:26:22.210 and maybe more so the orbital frontal cortex 00:26:22.210 --> 00:26:24.730 and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, more 00:26:24.730 --> 00:26:28.269 than what people might consider. I know the medial 00:26:28.269 --> 00:26:30.789 prefrontal cortex is heavily involved with autism 00:26:30.789 --> 00:26:33.890 because there's a lot of studies done because 00:26:33.890 --> 00:26:36.789 this is where adaptive responses happen. This 00:26:36.789 --> 00:26:39.410 is where, as we're navigating the world and we're 00:26:39.410 --> 00:26:42.269 mapping this out neurally with these connections, 00:26:42.730 --> 00:26:45.650 the medial prefrontal cortex leads the way. And 00:26:45.650 --> 00:26:48.289 in large part, it's these other subdivisions 00:26:48.289 --> 00:26:51.859 of the prefrontal cortex are helping out. Yeah, 00:26:52.119 --> 00:26:54.140 the anterior cingulate cortex. Remember they 00:26:54.140 --> 00:26:57.180 have the spindle neurons and the the lack of 00:26:57.180 --> 00:27:01.400 parv albium. So the medial prefrontal cortex 00:27:01.400 --> 00:27:04.180 is there's a lot of different abnormal cells 00:27:04.180 --> 00:27:07.940 neurons here. That's that's why it's really known. 00:27:09.220 --> 00:27:12.099 And in addition the adaptive responses because 00:27:12.099 --> 00:27:15.299 everybody knows that the autistic in a social 00:27:15.299 --> 00:27:19.140 situation lacks kind of skills because this is 00:27:19.140 --> 00:27:23.500 being suppressed and the other subcortical areas 00:27:23.500 --> 00:27:27.299 down through here and the habit formation with 00:27:27.299 --> 00:27:32.920 the rigid thinking, repetitive behaviors are 00:27:32.920 --> 00:27:36.960 acting more than here. This is more habit. This 00:27:36.960 --> 00:27:40.559 is more goal directed. This is more being able 00:27:40.559 --> 00:27:43.240 to adapt in the environment based off of useful 00:27:43.240 --> 00:27:50.460 skills. So that's big. Okay, let's just get back 00:27:50.460 --> 00:27:54.140 to what has access now. Trying, we're getting 00:27:54.140 --> 00:27:56.759 through it though, because we were talking about 00:27:56.759 --> 00:28:00.279 the layer six. So this information coming back 00:28:00.279 --> 00:28:07.460 down here, back down to the thalamus is no, not 00:28:07.460 --> 00:28:10.900 very good access, little access. Okay, so we 00:28:10.900 --> 00:28:15.019 just map all this out. receiving sensory information 00:28:15.019 --> 00:28:17.440 from the environment, which is that that's what 00:28:17.440 --> 00:28:21.160 sensory processes is doing. It's extracting physical 00:28:21.160 --> 00:28:23.660 information and phenomena from the environment. 00:28:24.019 --> 00:28:27.299 So the living organism knows what to do. We mapped 00:28:27.299 --> 00:28:30.539 all that out and then we sent it up to the many 00:28:30.539 --> 00:28:33.380 columns, whichever cortex or whichever area you 00:28:33.380 --> 00:28:36.119 want to think about. They're all slightly different. 00:28:36.380 --> 00:28:39.140 In large part, what's different is the layer 00:28:39.140 --> 00:28:42.829 four. And then what kind of cells make up layers 00:28:42.829 --> 00:28:45.970 five and six and two and three? A lot of pyramidal 00:28:45.970 --> 00:28:49.549 neurons and then inhibition neurons are making 00:28:49.549 --> 00:28:51.690 up layers two and three and five and six. And 00:28:51.690 --> 00:28:54.250 then you have things like microglia, like the 00:28:54.250 --> 00:28:57.049 little support cells, which we haven't spent 00:28:57.049 --> 00:29:01.759 a whole lot of time on that. So layer six has 00:29:01.759 --> 00:29:06.019 very little access. Layer five has a lot of access. 00:29:06.119 --> 00:29:09.599 Remember this is more firing rates. Good access. 00:29:09.859 --> 00:29:13.660 Lots of access. Not bad. Okay. This tonic and 00:29:13.660 --> 00:29:17.019 burst firing will help determine because this 00:29:17.019 --> 00:29:20.579 is kind of providing some modulatory impact. 00:29:20.940 --> 00:29:24.059 Some intensity. How much intensity? So that's 00:29:24.059 --> 00:29:26.819 valuable information. Then we have some access 00:29:26.819 --> 00:29:29.480 from the brainstem, especially remember the auditory 00:29:29.480 --> 00:29:31.900 brainstem response. But there's other things. 00:29:32.500 --> 00:29:35.299 Remember, with the, um, right here, with the, 00:29:35.299 --> 00:29:38.200 with the brainstem, there's a, there's a network 00:29:38.200 --> 00:29:41.799 called the reticular formation, not reticular 00:29:41.799 --> 00:29:45.119 TRN. It's just the repurposed word reticular. 00:29:45.480 --> 00:29:48.460 um reticular activating system is one where it 00:29:48.460 --> 00:29:51.500 has ascending and descending fibers and just 00:29:51.500 --> 00:29:54.640 the reticular formation or just a collection 00:29:54.640 --> 00:29:58.259 of these brainstem areas used for arousal used 00:29:58.259 --> 00:30:01.880 to go activate the sympathetic nervous system 00:30:01.880 --> 00:30:05.140 so this is kind of involved with that so it has 00:30:05.140 --> 00:30:09.839 some brainstem arousal get up and go the access 00:30:09.839 --> 00:30:14.480 here with this reticular activating system is 00:30:14.480 --> 00:30:18.980 context dependent. So it's hard to say if it 00:30:18.980 --> 00:30:22.359 has easy access, you can just get right in, no 00:30:22.359 --> 00:30:26.380 security, or if it's heavily guarded. It's context 00:30:26.380 --> 00:30:30.839 dependent. Okay? Okay. And then there are things 00:30:30.839 --> 00:30:34.000 like with this crosstalk, how much does this 00:30:34.000 --> 00:30:37.259 shell have to be involved with this crosstalk? 00:30:37.319 --> 00:30:40.160 Maybe it's talking back and forth to these different 00:30:40.160 --> 00:30:42.420 subdivisions here. there's a lot of different 00:30:42.420 --> 00:30:45.660 subdivisions in the thalamus. It's a heavily 00:30:45.660 --> 00:30:48.680 studied area here. So this kind of helps with 00:30:48.680 --> 00:30:51.559 what has access. The big thing to remember here 00:30:51.559 --> 00:30:56.140 is just the raw sensory input here has very little 00:30:56.140 --> 00:31:00.059 access. Now one thing that I should mention is 00:31:00.059 --> 00:31:03.799 things like pain, things coming up from the body, 00:31:04.700 --> 00:31:09.319 that intensity is also more context but mostly 00:31:09.319 --> 00:31:14.349 pain has pretty strong access, so there's not 00:31:14.349 --> 00:31:19.369 a lot of regulation control by the TRN. And here 00:31:19.369 --> 00:31:27.250 with this pulvinar, which is heavily involved 00:31:27.250 --> 00:31:30.269 in sensory information here, but the difference 00:31:30.269 --> 00:31:36.190 between the sensory sector of the shell and the 00:31:36.190 --> 00:31:40.299 subdivision with the sensory processing, inside 00:31:40.299 --> 00:31:44.960 the thalamus is this provides more attention. 00:31:45.279 --> 00:31:49.160 So remember the salience network, remember the 00:31:49.160 --> 00:31:51.980 superior colliculi reaching up to the frontal 00:31:51.980 --> 00:31:55.019 eye fields and then back down to the thalamus 00:31:55.019 --> 00:31:59.529 and back down to the... superior colliculi. This 00:31:59.529 --> 00:32:03.710 information here regarding the sensation isn't 00:32:03.710 --> 00:32:07.470 so much raw anymore. The living organism is making 00:32:07.470 --> 00:32:11.930 sense of it. So that visual input has little 00:32:11.930 --> 00:32:17.809 impact for the thalamic reticular nucleus. It 00:32:17.809 --> 00:32:21.170 has direct access to go back into the thalamus. 00:32:21.349 --> 00:32:25.089 Why? Because it's determined. Something's made 00:32:25.089 --> 00:32:27.980 the determination that that's valuable because 00:32:27.980 --> 00:32:31.140 that's what i'm spending my spotlight of attention 00:32:31.140 --> 00:32:34.380 to remember we've talked about signal to noise 00:32:34.380 --> 00:32:36.460 and this is what i want to talk about kind of 00:32:36.460 --> 00:32:41.519 right now because of um how important this is 00:32:41.519 --> 00:32:43.940 with the signal to noise because that's a lot 00:32:43.940 --> 00:32:46.740 about what we're talking about so i'm just going 00:32:46.740 --> 00:32:48.740 to go ahead and erase some of this stuff here 00:32:48.740 --> 00:32:53.309 so we can talk about We can talk a little bit 00:32:53.309 --> 00:32:56.390 about some of the functions and goals here since 00:32:56.390 --> 00:32:59.329 we're getting It's already covered. We already 00:32:59.329 --> 00:33:02.210 did a pretty good job of covering that Okay, 00:33:02.450 --> 00:33:04.990 and then the brainwave generation remember the 00:33:04.990 --> 00:33:08.329 layer five the layer five helps with this and 00:33:08.329 --> 00:33:13.289 something that's Pretty good is alpha band MIT 00:33:13.289 --> 00:33:18.119 does good work on um alpha or the brain waves 00:33:18.119 --> 00:33:20.680 and it should probably have a little bit more 00:33:20.680 --> 00:33:23.740 traction i think in research is the brain waves 00:33:23.740 --> 00:33:27.019 but i don't know i don't know the brain wave 00:33:27.019 --> 00:33:31.279 is very functional especially alpha in this regard 00:33:31.279 --> 00:33:35.220 which is 8 to 13 hertz remember we've we kind 00:33:35.220 --> 00:33:37.660 of covered that you could probably pick up based 00:33:37.660 --> 00:33:40.319 off of what we've talked about attention modulation 00:33:40.319 --> 00:33:43.660 this is helping so it's unclear to me if this 00:33:43.660 --> 00:33:48.019 is if this process is helping attention modulation, 00:33:48.019 --> 00:33:51.400 or if... I think it's probably bidirectional, 00:33:51.700 --> 00:33:54.079 especially if you think about the Autistic Phenotype. 00:33:54.380 --> 00:33:57.160 It seems like it's bidirectional. Things that 00:33:57.160 --> 00:34:01.039 are irrelevant are very much irrelevant to the 00:34:01.039 --> 00:34:04.480 Autistic Phenotype. Things that are salient are 00:34:04.480 --> 00:34:07.559 very much salient to the Autistic Phenotype. 00:34:08.380 --> 00:34:11.659 So I think this, and with that lack of adaptive 00:34:11.659 --> 00:34:16.489 responses and so forth... and the habits and 00:34:16.489 --> 00:34:19.570 the restricted fixated interests that are abnormal 00:34:19.570 --> 00:34:22.929 in intensity or focus. This is kind of helping 00:34:22.929 --> 00:34:26.409 explain why the autistic phenotype has that. 00:34:26.610 --> 00:34:31.969 What is really a big wow factor here for the 00:34:31.969 --> 00:34:35.110 autistic phenotype and this so -called sensory 00:34:35.110 --> 00:34:41.289 gate is regulating sleep -wake states. This is 00:34:41.289 --> 00:34:44.309 not talked about enough. in the autistic phenotype. 00:34:44.710 --> 00:34:48.030 But every autistic phenotype, every person with 00:34:48.030 --> 00:34:51.650 autism, has sleep -wake dysregulation. These 00:34:51.650 --> 00:34:55.150 things, 100 % of the autistic phenotypes have 00:34:55.150 --> 00:34:58.269 sensory processing problems, which we're covering. 00:34:58.630 --> 00:35:02.409 In large part, this is the core of it. Two is 00:35:02.409 --> 00:35:06.309 speech -language problems. Three, GI problems. 00:35:06.590 --> 00:35:10.929 Fourth, an underrated one, circadian rhythms. 00:35:12.039 --> 00:35:15.980 E or no E. I don't know. Could be an E. But these 00:35:15.980 --> 00:35:26.880 four, 100 % of autistics have 100%. 100%. I don't 00:35:26.880 --> 00:35:30.019 care what the research suggests. Like this 50 00:35:30.019 --> 00:35:32.619 to 80 % of autistics have a sleep -wake disorder. 00:35:32.940 --> 00:35:38.380 No, it's not. It's 100. I promise you. NGI and 00:35:38.380 --> 00:35:40.769 speech and language and sensory processing. promise 00:35:40.769 --> 00:35:46.510 and a fifth thing would be mitochondria but semantics 00:35:46.510 --> 00:35:50.610 i'm not going there the sleep wake regulation 00:35:50.610 --> 00:35:52.889 remember in a large part because of this area 00:35:52.889 --> 00:35:55.630 right here the reticular activating system is 00:35:55.630 --> 00:35:58.730 involved with that this brain stem here is a 00:35:58.730 --> 00:36:03.469 super highway man and it's got a lot to do with 00:36:03.469 --> 00:36:07.690 balancing the brain and physiology okay so sleep 00:36:07.690 --> 00:36:15.230 wake Not bad. And another one is just overload 00:36:15.230 --> 00:36:18.969 protection. It's just that protection. Like especially 00:36:18.969 --> 00:36:22.010 said the same as I think maybe one in three. 00:36:22.570 --> 00:36:25.610 But it's a big deal. It's a very big deal. Another 00:36:25.610 --> 00:36:27.409 thing that I want to talk about while we're talking 00:36:27.409 --> 00:36:31.130 about this is back to the rodent knockout model 00:36:31.130 --> 00:36:33.989 is because this right here is heavily involved 00:36:33.989 --> 00:36:38.489 in autism. CNT -NAP2. You can double knock out 00:36:38.489 --> 00:36:41.159 this. and you're going to have hyperactivity 00:36:41.159 --> 00:36:43.719 because this is going to be abnormal. This is 00:36:43.719 --> 00:36:46.179 very well studied in autism. I don't mind this 00:36:46.179 --> 00:36:49.800 as like one of them so -called gene things. I 00:36:49.800 --> 00:36:57.039 think genes are... broken. But, you know, there 00:36:57.039 --> 00:37:00.980 are some. Like this one is Shenk 3. Neuraligen, 00:37:01.179 --> 00:37:05.019 Neurexin are good ones. P10, good one. It's more 00:37:05.019 --> 00:37:08.409 of an enzyme, whatever, but... some good stuff 00:37:08.409 --> 00:37:12.210 there. So whenever this is knocked out you get 00:37:12.210 --> 00:37:16.269 the hyperactivity. You get seizures and poor 00:37:16.269 --> 00:37:19.449 socialness. Poor socialness. Wonder why? Or this 00:37:19.449 --> 00:37:23.809 is um under -regulated. This is there's a lot 00:37:23.809 --> 00:37:26.909 of information coming in and through this. Makes 00:37:26.909 --> 00:37:30.289 it hard for the environment. Makes it hard to 00:37:30.289 --> 00:37:34.449 interact. Remember listening to sonnets. Remember 00:37:34.449 --> 00:37:37.920 the processes with the auditory brain. stem response 00:37:37.920 --> 00:37:42.300 with wave five and the vision aspects of it there's 00:37:42.300 --> 00:37:46.059 a lot happening here that's abnormal for the 00:37:46.059 --> 00:37:51.239 autistic phenotype so there's isolation in a 00:37:51.239 --> 00:37:55.860 rodent knockout of this right here and also repetitive 00:37:55.860 --> 00:37:59.179 behaviors so what does repetitive behaviors look 00:37:59.179 --> 00:38:02.719 like for a mouse or rat a lot of saying like 00:38:02.719 --> 00:38:05.920 a lot of licking doing just a lot of the same 00:38:05.920 --> 00:38:09.880 kind of behavioral activation the same action 00:38:09.880 --> 00:38:13.559 just abnormal than what they were doing or what 00:38:13.559 --> 00:38:16.219 their peers are doing so this is a pretty good 00:38:16.219 --> 00:38:19.699 finding too what's different about this and the 00:38:19.699 --> 00:38:23.340 sonic hedgehog i think is because this is this 00:38:23.340 --> 00:38:26.659 comes on early with like the neuralation this 00:38:26.659 --> 00:38:32.030 is more downstream this is more after So it's 00:38:32.030 --> 00:38:35.750 not likely that the human living organism is 00:38:35.750 --> 00:38:39.429 going to just not have the shell. That's not 00:38:39.429 --> 00:38:41.750 likely to happen. That's not likely the case. 00:38:41.929 --> 00:38:45.150 But it is likely because we know that. Remember 00:38:45.150 --> 00:38:49.070 from the parvalium even that we can have a shell 00:38:49.070 --> 00:38:52.809 but it's just not functioning properly. So this 00:38:52.809 --> 00:38:55.869 is more in line with that. And based off of these 00:38:55.869 --> 00:38:59.010 kind of phenotypes from this double knockout, 00:38:59.489 --> 00:39:03.650 it's pretty good data. So what happens? This 00:39:03.650 --> 00:39:08.250 is in on what are some of the strengths of this 00:39:08.250 --> 00:39:12.110 kind of abnormal shell? So if you think about 00:39:12.110 --> 00:39:14.130 it, if you think about what we've been talking 00:39:14.130 --> 00:39:16.630 about, there's a lot of information coming in. 00:39:16.929 --> 00:39:19.610 So what is a lot of information? What could that 00:39:19.610 --> 00:39:23.150 mean? Well, we know that accelerated learning, 00:39:23.590 --> 00:39:27.880 okay, so strengths of a poor TRN, it's accelerated 00:39:27.880 --> 00:39:31.199 learning. Why? Because of that attention modulation 00:39:31.199 --> 00:39:36.619 is inner, we're inward. The autism, look here. 00:39:39.599 --> 00:39:46.579 Autism comes from the word autos. Autos, like 00:39:46.579 --> 00:39:55.309 automatic, automobile. This means self. Too few 00:39:55.309 --> 00:39:59.309 people know this more people need to know autism 00:39:59.309 --> 00:40:05.670 means self So accelerated learning because if 00:40:05.670 --> 00:40:08.670 you think about learning you need time on task 00:40:08.670 --> 00:40:14.150 you need access to the information This actually 00:40:14.150 --> 00:40:17.769 provides more. So this is a huge thing. We talk 00:40:17.769 --> 00:40:20.630 about these splinter skills and so forth I don't 00:40:20.630 --> 00:40:23.130 necessarily know if I like the term of that but 00:40:23.179 --> 00:40:26.500 with having a poor thalamic reticular nucleus 00:40:26.500 --> 00:40:31.159 we can accelerate the exposure and this is good 00:40:31.159 --> 00:40:34.639 for learning and it's not difficult to see especially 00:40:34.639 --> 00:40:38.019 if you read the early Cantor papers from 1943 00:40:38.019 --> 00:40:42.559 or Asperger's paper from 1944 he's Asperger spent 00:40:42.559 --> 00:40:45.940 a whole lot of time those are large long papers 00:40:45.940 --> 00:40:49.179 by the way Asperger spent a lot of time on autistic 00:40:49.179 --> 00:40:52.239 intelligence and Cantor did too he just didn't 00:40:52.239 --> 00:40:56.280 frame it with that those words Asperger called 00:40:56.280 --> 00:40:59.980 those little kids little professors this was 00:40:59.980 --> 00:41:03.480 happening this was happening back then so this 00:41:03.480 --> 00:41:07.539 accelerated learning is a very thing it's a very 00:41:07.539 --> 00:41:12.000 functional thing the second thing i don't want 00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:14.320 to say too much about this right now because 00:41:14.320 --> 00:41:17.800 it's a whole at least one episode this is very 00:41:17.800 --> 00:41:22.070 hard to explain if it's not you but that is visual 00:41:22.070 --> 00:41:29.389 thinking this it's almost like this is bi -directional 00:41:29.389 --> 00:41:32.769 here too and then you can lump things like this 00:41:32.769 --> 00:41:36.190 on but remember right here is the parietal lobe 00:41:36.190 --> 00:41:38.690 and then there's a little nuclei here called 00:41:38.690 --> 00:41:42.269 the precuneus the precuneus is involved in the 00:41:42.269 --> 00:41:44.630 default mode network as well where am i right 00:41:44.630 --> 00:41:48.820 here the default mode network okay and visual 00:41:48.820 --> 00:41:52.980 thinking this is imagination when sensory information 00:41:52.980 --> 00:41:56.679 the sensory processing is such it's heightened 00:41:56.679 --> 00:41:59.579 in the autistic phenotype remember because there's 00:41:59.579 --> 00:42:02.860 a lot of brainwaves being responsible here and 00:42:02.860 --> 00:42:05.380 even independent from this shell independent 00:42:05.380 --> 00:42:09.019 of it with the the retina to the lateral geniculate 00:42:09.019 --> 00:42:12.219 and the superior colliculus and the lateral geniculate 00:42:12.219 --> 00:42:17.239 and the superior colliculus both are sending 00:42:17.239 --> 00:42:21.099 fibers to the visual cortex, right? Because the 00:42:21.099 --> 00:42:24.340 retina, it's split between receiving, sending 00:42:24.340 --> 00:42:26.900 some projections to the lateral geniculate and 00:42:26.900 --> 00:42:29.179 the superior colliculus. So there's like two 00:42:29.179 --> 00:42:31.940 distinct pathways here, but each of these two 00:42:31.940 --> 00:42:35.420 will send some information up to the visual cortex. 00:42:35.699 --> 00:42:38.719 We'll parse this out. The visual cortex is being 00:42:38.719 --> 00:42:43.010 bombarded and it makes it hard to. kind of flow 00:42:43.010 --> 00:42:46.030 through the process and that's why you hear things 00:42:46.030 --> 00:42:52.869 like bottom up or details first this is so huge 00:42:52.869 --> 00:42:56.909 with learning this is so underrated and this 00:42:56.909 --> 00:43:00.150 is a big benefit this is just such a huge benefit 00:43:00.150 --> 00:43:04.369 i can't speak enough on visual thinking and accelerated 00:43:04.369 --> 00:43:07.210 learning or even the default mode network because 00:43:07.210 --> 00:43:10.250 that that's a big misnomer science and people 00:43:10.250 --> 00:43:13.920 think The autistic phenotype has an abnormal 00:43:13.920 --> 00:43:17.800 default mode network. No. This is our default. 00:43:18.079 --> 00:43:20.699 The default is the default mode network because 00:43:20.699 --> 00:43:24.239 it's all inner. Remember the salience network 00:43:24.239 --> 00:43:29.500 as well. Inner. Autism means autos, which means 00:43:29.500 --> 00:43:37.059 self. It's not complicated stuff. People researching 00:43:37.059 --> 00:43:40.699 autism are not autistic. People researching autism 00:43:40.699 --> 00:43:43.880 are just viewing it from the outside. The weaknesses 00:43:43.880 --> 00:43:46.599 though, we kind of talked about this. The weaknesses 00:43:46.599 --> 00:43:49.800 is the hyperactivity and just the lack of being 00:43:49.800 --> 00:43:53.440 able to filter out properly. So there's like 00:43:53.440 --> 00:43:56.480 anything in life. There's some benefits and some 00:43:56.480 --> 00:43:59.219 struggles with the thalamic reticular nucleus. 00:43:59.659 --> 00:44:03.340 But if you have the thalamus like this, the shell 00:44:03.340 --> 00:44:06.519 over it for protection. Thalamic reticular nucleus.