For today's episode, we will cover a fascinating
and very powerful phenomena, visual thinking.
We will cover the pictures and the movies playing
in our head. We will cover lots of brain regions
and connections starting with eye biology. This
topic won't be exhaustive, but we will get into
some deep and fun areas. Remember, eyes are brain.
and bi -directional influence on our central
nervous system, or more specifically, the autonomic
nervous system. We will cover how sensations
turn into perceptions, and also think sensory
processing. There are two previous episodes solely
on sensory processing. The sensory processing
phenomenon, all, all autistics have a sensory
processing challenge. That rate of information
coming in. And think about eye contact. Now,
it shouldn't be that difficult to understand
why eye contact is not preferred. And think about
the references to Bee Movie. The animated movie
about bees. Early in the movie, when the teenage
bees are graduating high school, and they're
kind of thinking about life, and the cameras
zoom out, looking at the hive, and they're Thousands
upon thousands and thousands of bees swarming
around at high rates. Very efficient. Close together.
Everything is in sync. They are extremely efficient.
And nothing is abnormal in this whole process.
That's visual thinking to me. I want to start
with an anecdotal event that recently just happened
about visual thinking. For the context, I guess.
This is in a graduate school classroom. We were
talking about visual perception and visual thinking,
visual hallucinations, and so forth. And I was
asked about this. And the question was asked,
well, how do I know I have this? The person was
asking, how can they tell if they have this?
And that's very obvious. Like, you'll know. So
the professor said, if I say tree, Do you see
it? Now, here's the thing. I will explain my
experience with it, and this happened fast. I
instantly went to Treebark, Oak Tree specifically,
because of the rigidness. There's distinct lines
in Treebark, and I saw this in real time from
about three or four feet away. I could see the
distinct features of the Oak Tree, where there's
almost vertical line with the rough kind of rigid
bark sticking out and then there's the recessed
lines, the vertical lines that are often smooth
and I walked right up to it and I put my left
hand to rub across the tree bark and then the
right hand with the index finger to rub up and
down the vertical lines. Now, I could feel this
and I could feel this. I could feel the touch
signals. as if I was actually touching the oak
tree. The left hand with the ruggedness and then
the right hand up and down the lines. And I could
feel it through my heart and body as if I was
really touching the tree. And then my mind went
into this rapid categorization of different tree
barks. An oak tree that is less distinguished
with the vertical lines. Sometimes they have
vertical lines. Sometimes they don't. And there's
different types of oak trees that showcase this.
And then from here the pictures just came rapidly
through my head. Different types of kind of rough
tree bark all the way to the smooth type. Now
there's things like Brathford pear trees that
are rough. But there are other types of pear
trees that are smooth. And then eventually I
got to a magnolia tree, which is my favorite
type of tree. Now, in the matter of a few seconds,
maybe 8 -10 seconds, I saw 10 -12 types of trees.
The bark. This is the thing. I never even made
it to the canopy. I just went into this rapid
categorization of tree bark and the tree trunks.
Now visual thinking and seeing these movies play
out is one of the most fascinating things of
my life and I think with the autistic phenotype.
So we're going to cover this in two parts. The
next episode will be about machine learning that's
similar to AI and how we build catalogs for different
categories. This is the source of accelerated
learning and those kind of restricted fixated
interests. and how it's just like a filing cabinet
with this vast amount of information, like AI.
Okay, so now let's get back to the intent and
material of this episode. I'm finished with the
end goal. Now let's get to the material, the
information regarding visual thinking. If you
think about if you have a destination and there's
point A to point B, but there are five stops
that you must get to. For autistics, these first
two stops are going to come fast and the terrain
is going to be rocky. It's going to be tough.
For non -autistics, point A to point B might
seem just like a normal venture. Nothing outstanding
or remarkable to get from point A to point B
and to execute these five stops. Now, by the
time you get to the fifth stop with the autistic,
things are complicated. the other end. Let's
say for the autistic phenotype and the sensory
processing, the first two stops come fast, but
then stops three, four, five to the final destination
is lagging versus the typicals. This is just
analogy with eye biology to reaching the cortex.
We have all of these stops in these brain regions,
all of these relayed stations and hubs inside
the brain that are working together, orchestrating
and facilitating adaptive responses, so to speak.
The central nervous system is designed to move
the living organism and the sensations coming
in, extracting physical phenomena from the outside
world, are used to inform the living organism
of the environment. Think about the mesencephalon,
the superior colliculus as well, and how this
is just complicating everything with this relay
recruiting those distal connections throughout
the brain and especially the cortex and the prefrontal
cortex. Those are distal connections. So the
eye biology, how do we sense sensory neurons
into interneurons? Remember the previous episodes
with the parv albium interneuron? and then into
the motor neurons. So we have those three types
of basic neurons, sensory, interneuron, and motor
neurons. So that we can form perceptions of the
world. Where do we bias our attention and orient
to the external world or the fantastic interworld?
Often, Described in the Autistic Phenotype. Remember
Autist, Autistic, Autism means Self. We will
also highlight the social back and forth, troubles,
and keeping up in real time. A source of Ecolalia
as well. And we will also mention the reading
process. And we will cover lots of Temple Grandin,
three specific books. We will just extract information
from these three books. I'm always fascinated
with thinking in pictures. For Grandin writes,
I think in pictures. Words are like a second
language to me. I translate both spoken and written
words into full color movies, complete with sound,
which run like VCR tape in my head. Temple Grandin
is a pioneer for this type of research. And remember,
a key takeaway here, this is crucial, Temple
Grandin is from the inside. Get it? Autism is
mostly interpreted from the outside, from non
-autistics. Huge problem. We can sit here for
days, months and years and say things like mitochondrial
dysfunction or the cytokines, gastrointestinal
problems, those poor distal connections described
earlier with point A to point B, but bringing
the autistic phenotype into life is needed too.
And finally, we will once again mention oxytocin
and cover some canner and Asperger kids. So let's
start with early eye biology and expand on the
magnocellular and parvocellular cells and pathways.
Again, from Temple Grandin, she says, sensory
processing problems are real. Bright lights can
be overwhelming, like a spotlight in my eye.
So this points to eye biology, where visual thinking
begins. So with the retina, this is a light -sensitive
layer, and acts as a camera lens, converting
light into signals via retinal ganglion cells.
There are different types of retinal ganglion
cells, the rods and cones. and then the popular
melanopsin. These form the optic nerve that connects
to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus.
This is deep inside the brain, right next to
the mesencephalon, the midbrain, so to speak,
which isn't exactly the midbrain. Maybe 50 ,000
years ago, it was the midbrain. This is wired
up in the womb. to shape how we see. In autism,
there are denser retinal ganglion cell connections,
possibly from a mutation that we've discussed
called Shenk 3. And this amplifies inputs, making
those examples that Temple Grandin shares like
razor sharp, but sometimes overwhelming. The
melanopsin -containing retinal ganglion cells,
intristic photosensitive, retinal ganglia cells.
They are sensitive to blue light and this regulates
alertness and the dysregulation may heighten
the light sensitivity. Melanin, a retinal pigment,
which is, melanin is kind of much more than a
pigment, facilitates signal transfer. Remember
the first episode of the sensory processing episode
where we talk about melanin. Melanin is sits
behind all of the sensory processing organs,
all of these receptors from the outside world
used for sensation. Melanin is behind this. In
this connectivity, the autistic phenotype has
hyperconnectivity of the optic nerve projections
to the lateral geniculate and the superior colliculus.
Remember these have spatial relationships. These
are very close. They can reach out and basically
high -five each other. But the superior colliculus
is like a relay station. It acts to recruit distal
connections. And there's an integration system
here with the superior temporal, sulcus, STS.
This is the first time we've mentioned this on
the podcast. We will get into a little bit more
of that momentarily. But from the retina, these
familiar magnocellular, sometimes M pathway,
and parvocellular, sometimes called P pathways,
are like editors. The magnocellular neurons are
big and fast, and they spot motion and spatial
patterns. The parvocellular neurons are small.
They focus on details and color. The magnocellular
is colorblind. However, The parvocellulars are
picking out fine detail and colors. In autism,
the end pathways are hypersensitive to boosting
dynamic imagery. Whereas the parvocellular acts
to highlight the fine details in objects, visual
inputs. The magnocellular neurons use more of
a fast glutamate signaling, excitation. Whereas
the parvocellular neurons rely more on GABA,
inhibition, so more of this EI stuff. The M pathways
project from the lateral geniculate nucleus to
V1 and to the parietal lobe, a higher order sensory
integration area of the brain. But specifically
here, we're going to talk more about the precuneus.
which is huge in the visual thinking phenomena.
And in autism, there are hyper -connected short
-range fibers that enhance the spatial imagery.
The p -pathways project to V1 and the STS. But,
and here's the big thing here, it's under -connective,
hypo -connective via inferior longitudinal fasciculus.
If you remember the speech and language episode,
we talked about the arcuate fasciculus in quite
detail. Fasciculus, they're bundles of nerve
fibers, axons within the different brain white
matter areas. And this is connecting different
areas of gray matter, acting as communication
pathways. This is very huge here with these distal
connection problems. Now, there are different
types of fasciculi. Just depending on their roles,
what they're trying to accomplish, such as the
arcuate is for speech and language, so for neckies
and broca. The inferior longitudinal fasciculus
is a major, major thing here for the white matter
track in the brain's visual pathway, which is
connecting the occipital and temporal lobes.
And this is helping process and integrate visual
information. with those higher level cognitive
functions, including object recognition or the
face processing. Now, I just mentioned the temporal
lobe and the face processing. There's a cool
nuclei called fusiform gyrus, which is pretty
research in autism. This is facial recognition.
In addition, for the language comprehension.
Now, if you think about reading, okay, you're...
you're using your visual inputs to make sense
of the words on the paper or whatever you're
reading from and then it even makes sense for
the arcuate fasciculus to come on board because
you're reading making sense of language and while
reading you're silently speaking to the self
anyway different topic so far the main things
to remember are there's disturbances in these
distal connections Remember the types of fasciculus,
fasciculi. And then the point A to point B with
those five stops is basically inputting sensations
from the environment is point A. And then you're
trying to get them back to the cortex to make
sense of the things that you're extracting from
the environment. That's point B, the final destination.
So you can incorporate these things and make
decisions to move the living organism. how are
you going to bias your attention to the outside
world? So now I think we can talk more about
some neurobiology of these visual inputs, these
the visual regions of the brain. So earlier I
mentioned visual cortex in V1 and this is at
the back of the brain. This is the camera capturing
the raw visual data that are being sent through
from the retina to the thalamus and superior
colliculi. The primary visual cortex, V1, decodes
edges and contrast, like spotting a line on a
blueprint. Now, I'll have an anecdotal story
about blueprints, maybe in the next episode on
visual thinking, with the machine learning and
AI. However, for now, there are also secondary
areas, V2, V3, and V4, and this is building objects.
In autism, data show that V1 through V4 are hyperactive.
And these firing neurons are like a super HD
camera zooming in on tiny details. Remember,
we've talked about this, how we see details and
then general. We build the model from the specific
details, fine details. And this can be studied
with EEG and the N100 type of measurement machine,
MEG and the M100 measuring machine, or fMRIs,
probably more familiar. This can reveal increased
firing rates that boost contrasting sensitivity.
This is why I believe that Temple Grandin and
the autistic brain says that she notices flaws
others miss. She's very good at this with her
profession in the animal industry. This reduced
synaptic pruning leaves dense dendritic connections.
Remember we've talked about pruning, like serotonin
in the thalamus is pruning. Those dendrites in
the thalamus and the cortex that map out sensory
processing. The serotonin is building our sensory
map. We've talked about things like that in the
Schenck 3 and P10. So if you think about a garden
or farm, farming fields, and there are neatly,
there are neat rows across the field, just imagine
if there weren't neat rows and everything was
structured and organized and it's just... Mother
nature just kind of took over and there was no
trimming and it was kind of hard to see the plants
in that situation. A region of interest here
is from the previous episode with the Parv Albium
interneuron inhibition. These are acting as like
traffic controllers. They help organize stop
and go. Remember excitation is activating So
that's the go, and the inhibition is inactivating.
So that's the stop, the no -go. And these parvalbium
interneurons, because their job is to stop, because
there's a lack of stop, there's an amplification
of excitability, sometimes causing sensory overload.
Remember the Pioneer study from Rubenstein? Rubenstein,
not sure. and Mike Merzenich from 2003. It's
a very well -known study in autism on the EI
imbalance. So the hyper -connectivity within
the V1 through V4 and these short -range occipital
fibers, this strengthens the detailed processing,
like a fast Wi -Fi network, if you will. But
the weak long -range connections to the prefrontal
cortex via a subtype of fasciculus called the
inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, I F O
F. This limits abstract integration. Okay, this
is a huge thing with the autistic phenotype.
Abstract thinking? Also involved here is that
parietal lobe, specifically the precuneus. Now,
the second guess On the episode, Dr. Leanna Hernandez
from UCLA briefly mentioned the precuneus having
an abnormal connectivity with the precuneus.
And we've later talked about that more specifically
with the default mode network and with the visual
thinking. This is in the upper back part of the
cortex, the back third of your head, top of your
head. The Precunius is essentially like a director
in this visual thinking and these movie analogies.
And it sequences the frames, if you will, into
dynamic scenes. Now, if you've ever heard Temple
Grandin be able to describe how she can just
see the outline and the layout and the operation
of these kind of animal machines, these cow pathways
that she's designed. She's famous for these designs
with the animals, specifically the cows. She
can see this and build this and highlight all
of the malfunctions and potentials of air, the
bottlenecks and the problems that the cows might
face while navigating that point A, entering
these chutes to the final destination, the point
B. She can see this and kind of modify these
designs in her head with the visual thinking.
And here using the fMRI as well, this shows hyperactivity
with the autistic phenotype during visual spatial
task. And this, this really enables vivid simulations
that take place in this visual thinking realm.
However, the fMRI shows a hypo activity and social
task, like imagining someone's perspective. So,
reduced GABAergic inhibition, so remember the
parvalbium interneurons, combined with an increased
so -called mini -column density. These are tiny
neural processors, and this amplifies imagery.
So we have not discussed many columns so far.
Not once, I don't think, in the whole podcast.
So we're going to do that now. Many columns are
vertical arrays of neurons in the cerebral cortex,
and these are organized as functional units that
processes information in a highly coordinated
way. These are specialized columns, specialized
regions. With primary roles of integrating sensory
and providing cognitive and motor information,
each mini -column contains approximately 80 to
100 neurons, including excitatory pyramidal neurons
and inhibitory interneurons, such as the parva
albium. These are arranged in a narrow column
that spans the cortex six layers. Remember the
cortex has six layers, and they're essentially
stacked up like crepes. The many columns are
critical for processing sensory input, such as
this visual thinking, and the pattern recognition,
and the detail -oriented cognition that we mentioned.
They serve as a basic computational unit for
the cortex, and each of these many columns handle
specific features. The many columns are particularly
relevant to autism due to their role in sensory
processing and the pattern recognition. Data
have shown that the structural and functional
differences in many columns in autistic brains
impact visual thinking and the related task.
So with the increased density, this leads to
denser neural packing, enhancing local processing,
and then the reduced inhibition. those fewer
stop signals between the many columns for the
autistic phenotype can result into less filtering
of sensory input. So there is an overload here.
And this leads to that heightened. Remember we
use the word heightened in the sensory processing.
This details the perception. With the autistic
phenotype, these many columns in the visual cortex
V1 through V4, and the parietal lobe show hyper
-connectivity with local regions. Remember, the
point A to point B is fast, so -called, and fast
and tough, rigid. This supports that vivid imagery.
Some mechanisms with the neurobiology and these
many columns, because these are highlighted in
several brain regions. The visual cortex, the
V1 through V4. Many columns here process those
visual features, and this contributes to the
responses shown in the N100 and M100 data. And
this supports the autistic's enhanced visual
thinking. In the precuneus, the many columns
here handle visual spatial imagery. This enables
mental rotation and dynamic imagery to formulate.
and this light up this area. The parvalbium interneurons,
well, these regulate many column activity. But
the reduced inhibition in autism enhances that
local processing. So if there's no stop signals
in these areas, there's going to be an amplification
of the visual detail and the focus. And the default
mode network, and these interact with integrating
visual imagery with memory. And this has helped
capturing the detailed memory and the preference
for just having this imaginative world inside
of us. However, it can also be a source of things
like just rumination and just reflecting back
on previous moments, especially those social
processing experiences. We can just replay this
and just kind of destroy ourselves because of
this analytic tendency that the autistic phenotype
will have. Okay, so we were discussing different
brain regions and we were highlighting the precuneus
here. Let's move on to the prefrontal cortex.
This is at the front. And this is kind of like
a flexible rule setting machine that we have.
And in autism, With the visual thinking, the
dorsal -lateral prefrontal cortex is a region
of interest. And this is trying to visualize
goals. In autism, there's a reduced top -down
control and this kind of so -called abnormal
abstract thinking. These are categorized by the
images, not abstract ideas. FMRI shows that the
dorsal -lateral hypoactivation and abstract task.
And there's an atypical myelination in the superior
longitudinal fasciculus that disrupts this efficiency.
This is like a delivery station. You want these
to hit on fast and efficient temporal components
here. So of course, it's not surprising that
this is limiting the top -down control and the
adaptive responses. The superior temporal soulless
mentioned earlier. This is along the brain's
sides, and the STS is the sound mixer, if you
will, for these visual thinking and movies. And
this is blending visuals with sounds and touch.
In autism, there's a reduced activation that
limits this, making imagery sometimes silent.
Desynchronized multisensory neuron firing. That's
due to the low parvalbium function and this disrupts
integration. The reduced arcuate fasciculus and
inferior longitudinal fasciculus connectivity
impairs multisensory processing like reading
or reading out loud. Transposing this raw data
coming in either visually or reading whatever
sensation it is this is kind of a delayed process
because we have to shift everything we have to
create everything into these images and sometimes
they can even come alive these movies that we
see real live movies going on in the inside now
in the autistic brain another one of grandon's
books she writes the autistic brain is different
but it's not broken It's just wired for strengths,
like visual thinking. Previously, we've spent
a lot of time on how kind of society doesn't
really mesh with the autistic phenotype here.
We're very much in contrast with the generalization
of social norms and central education and employment
and so forth. However, I really want to highlight
the Kanner kids and Asperger kids. These are
always salient and crucial topics to discuss
for autism. In 1943, Kanner described children
with social isolation, the language delays, repetitive
behaviors, and visual memory strengths, like
memorizing patterns. If you remember what we
talked about with the hyperactivity in the visual
cortex and precuneus with enhanced magnocellular
pathways and the enabling of the vivid imagery,
this is very much in line here. Now there's no
way to understand the brain functions or imaging
the brains of the canner kids or the Asperger
kids, but the behaviors that they highlighted
very much is in line with visual thinking processes.
The Kanner kids, it was really fascinating that
it would always appear that they weren't paying
attention, but if you're asking them about the
environment, they could pick up and tell you
essentially everything happening. That visual,
that fast visual processing just allows us to
detect things in the environment much faster
than others. Kanner kids are like photographers.
They're just capturing every moment, every detail.
But the trade -off is there's no interaction.
Maybe because people are just not on the same
page. If you don't experience the same thing,
how are you going to share that? How are you
going to share those common interests? If you
think about criteria A and the DSM, social interaction
and communication criteria. There's that implications
with the back and forth but if you get autistics
on a topic or Autistics comfortable sharing something
there's massive amounts of interaction In 1944
Asperger described that the so -called higher
functioning children with preserved language
had intense visual technical interest One common
example from Asperger's case studies is Fritz.
Asperger's little professors and he highlighted
that so -called autistic intelligence. They're
technical wizards here. They're so technically
advanced and just picking up patterns and picking
up small details in the environment and having
these fixated interest on these types of things.
Cantor and Asperger's observations kind of really
capture why the word autism or autistic is used.
That inward focus, mainly because the amount
of intensity and enjoyment, the interest with
this visual thinking, and that safe place of
these topics and subjects. Something shared across
the so -called autistic phenotype. This is the
core that B3 with the restricted fixated interest
that are abnormal in intensity or focus Now something
we haven't discussed yet and it's very powerful
is The default mode network here how this is
playing and kind of helping the visual thinking
Because of that inward focus This is what the
default mode network is kind of suggesting. The
precuneus here, that hyperactivity for the autistic
phenotype is like the theater. It's the big screen.
This is where everything is kind of being played
out. And if you know about the default mode network,
the hippocampus is heavily involved in associative
learning. this high intensity of memory. All
of this is involved here and we'll get into that
more in the second episode of the visual thinking.
However, the default mode network manages the
self -referential thought but this reduced connectivity
such as the cingulum and the hyper -connectivity
of the visual parietal tracks superior parietal
and the occipital tracts. This boosts those imageries.
Remember to piece everything together that we've
covered with the many columns and that heightened
activity with the point A point B being really
fast. In contrast, the reduced STS connectivity
such as the arcuate fasciculus and the inferior
longitudinal fasciculus kind of limits the multisensory
integration. However, this isn't necessarily
the case the entire time, or for every autistic,
because this visual thinking, this live, realistic,
internal world, is often mixing those sensories
together at times. It's very fascinating on how
it's just like a light switch. Remember the supplementing
relationships? I can have full -on conversations
about anything in this imaginative world. In
the Autistic Brain, Grandin additionally writes,
my visual thinking is a strength, but social
situations are harder. This highlighted default
mode network kind of acts as a hub or a station
that we can have all of this machine learning.
happening and we'll talk about that in the next
episode. We can build catalogs for categories
in this intense learning, this accelerated learning
that the autistic phenotypes have from way back
to the Kanner and Asperger kids to current. This
is why people need to understand this visual
thinking and this learning process so that the
autistic phenotype, the autistic person can do
something, do something that they love and can
do and want to do. Why is that so difficult?
I have something exciting. I want to introduce
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Essentially, it is like going to a light switch
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to the podcast or listening to the episode, please
feel free to leave a review or rating. In podcasting,
reviews, ratings, and downloads are huge. and
I very much appreciate your feedback. You can
contact me on X at rps47586 and we can have any
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