WEBVTT 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:03.500 I would like to take a moment and mention a pressing 00:00:03.500 --> 00:00:09.859 issue we are seeing in our modern world. And 00:00:09.859 --> 00:00:15.140 that is tech use and tech light. The data are 00:00:15.140 --> 00:00:19.600 impressive and concerning on isolated wavelengths 00:00:19.600 --> 00:00:25.320 of light, especially shorter wavelengths, which 00:00:25.320 --> 00:00:29.989 is blue light. For those that don't know, We 00:00:29.989 --> 00:00:33.649 have chromophores, which are special proteins 00:00:33.649 --> 00:00:39.429 that absorbs specific wavelengths of light. For 00:00:39.429 --> 00:00:43.429 blue light, the light that is LED light and tech 00:00:43.429 --> 00:00:49.649 light, that protein is called melanopsin. Melanopsin 00:00:49.649 --> 00:00:55.409 is responsible for our circadian biology, physiology, 00:00:55.710 --> 00:01:00.380 and cell functioning. hormone regulation, and 00:01:00.380 --> 00:01:06.480 even a connection to an area huge for mood. A 00:01:06.480 --> 00:01:10.439 consideration we should include is this protein 00:01:10.439 --> 00:01:16.120 was not even discovered until 1998. It seems 00:01:16.120 --> 00:01:20.900 important for us to understand how our biology 00:01:20.900 --> 00:01:25.680 uses the different wavelengths of light. for 00:01:25.680 --> 00:01:30.560 various aspects of our biology. This blue light 00:01:30.560 --> 00:01:35.640 chromophore is our master controller, our master 00:01:35.640 --> 00:01:40.319 clock. Remember circadian rhythm is a two -part 00:01:40.319 --> 00:01:47.239 process, two independent parts, light and dark. 00:01:48.079 --> 00:01:53.239 For a quick reference, see the 2017 Nobel Prize 00:01:53.239 --> 00:01:58.939 in Physiology medicine. But for now, I have something 00:01:58.939 --> 00:02:01.920 exciting. I want to introduce a product unlike 00:02:01.920 --> 00:02:06.799 any other product available. A highlight is the 00:02:06.799 --> 00:02:10.759 product from Daylight Computer Company created 00:02:10.759 --> 00:02:15.199 their product based on these factors. The Daylight 00:02:15.199 --> 00:02:20.759 Computer is completely blue light free. It has 00:02:20.759 --> 00:02:25.219 no flicker. Short wavelength flicker. is extremely 00:02:25.219 --> 00:02:29.020 harmful for our eyes and downstream biology. 00:02:30.080 --> 00:02:32.879 Light flicker is constantly turning our central 00:02:32.879 --> 00:02:37.860 nervous system on and off. Essentially it is 00:02:37.860 --> 00:02:41.099 like going to a light switch and repeatedly turning 00:02:41.099 --> 00:02:46.460 it on and off. The problem is blue light and 00:02:46.460 --> 00:02:51.680 LED light does this and it is so rapid You cannot 00:02:51.680 --> 00:02:56.500 even perceive this in real time. The daylight 00:02:56.500 --> 00:03:01.199 computer is the lowest stimulation and foremost 00:03:01.199 --> 00:03:06.240 for sensory sensitive users. It is no question 00:03:06.240 --> 00:03:10.419 that the alternative product, especially when 00:03:10.419 --> 00:03:15.240 used at night, do not address or consider this 00:03:15.240 --> 00:03:20.159 in their product. It is so toxic to human biology. 00:03:20.520 --> 00:03:25.379 Big tech corporations have patents on how their 00:03:25.379 --> 00:03:28.319 short wavelength implicate the human nervous 00:03:28.319 --> 00:03:34.120 system. And a bonus, despite daylight computer 00:03:34.120 --> 00:03:38.520 not having backlight, it is very functional for 00:03:38.520 --> 00:03:43.520 outdoor use. And of course, increased sunlight 00:03:43.520 --> 00:03:48.900 is always preferred. I am happy to offer a discount 00:03:48.900 --> 00:03:52.800 for the Daylight Computer. You can use the code 00:03:52.800 --> 00:03:59.900 Autism for a $25 off coupon. Again, use the code 00:03:59.900 --> 00:04:05.900 Autism and the discount code for $25 off. See 00:04:05.900 --> 00:04:09.039 the link in the show notes to Daylight Computer 00:04:09.039 --> 00:04:11.939 Company or just give it a quick search in your 00:04:11.939 --> 00:04:17.160 internet browser. Use the code Autism. for $25 00:04:17.160 --> 00:04:22.660 off. For today's episode, we will explore a dense 00:04:22.660 --> 00:04:28.300 part of human biology, a hot topic as well. We 00:04:28.300 --> 00:04:31.040 will cover a popular protein of the podcast, 00:04:31.639 --> 00:04:36.899 tryptophan, an aromatic amino acid, and introduce 00:04:36.899 --> 00:04:43.939 microtubules and expand on mitosis. For tryptophan, 00:04:44.180 --> 00:04:47.519 this is a very special protein whereby it has 00:04:47.519 --> 00:04:52.399 one codon. Tryptophan and methionine have only 00:04:52.399 --> 00:04:57.740 one. Remember methionine provides a donor, SAM, 00:04:57.740 --> 00:05:05.120 S -A -M, for M -T -H -F -R, the methylene tetrahydrofolate 00:05:05.120 --> 00:05:10.819 reductase. And folate, the vitamin B9, is heavily 00:05:10.819 --> 00:05:16.759 used for DNA methylation in this process. Anyway, 00:05:16.759 --> 00:05:23.079 tryptophan, the one codon is UGG. This is really 00:05:23.079 --> 00:05:25.699 upstream in our biology and I don't really want 00:05:25.699 --> 00:05:29.540 to go here. I don't like to go here. Mainly because 00:05:29.540 --> 00:05:34.180 some of the data is mucky and I am afraid I won't 00:05:34.180 --> 00:05:38.199 come back from this area. It's too easy with 00:05:38.199 --> 00:05:41.160 the obsessions and the restricted fixated interest 00:05:41.160 --> 00:05:46.060 that are abnormal in intensity or focus. But 00:05:46.060 --> 00:05:53.660 the DNA is A, T, C, H. Apple tree and car in 00:05:53.660 --> 00:05:58.459 garage. The A in T and the C in G. It's high 00:05:58.459 --> 00:06:03.980 school biology. In RNA, the T is changed to U. 00:06:04.680 --> 00:06:11.240 So for tryptophan, the DNA is TGG. The RNA is 00:06:11.240 --> 00:06:18.060 UGG. For microtubules, these are train tracks 00:06:18.060 --> 00:06:22.519 for cells. They are tiny tubes and provide a 00:06:22.519 --> 00:06:27.079 track for movement and a frame for the cell to 00:06:27.079 --> 00:06:33.019 develop around. Mitosis, how cells copy each 00:06:33.019 --> 00:06:37.639 other. One, cells copy the DNA. The microtubules 00:06:37.639 --> 00:06:42.339 provide a spindle which grabs the DNA and then 00:06:42.339 --> 00:06:46.139 splits it. An easy example of this process happening 00:06:46.139 --> 00:06:54.560 is skin repairing after a cut. For tryptophan, 00:06:55.459 --> 00:06:57.980 this is an essential amino acid and a building 00:06:57.980 --> 00:07:02.240 block of proteins. Remember, we only have 20 00:07:02.240 --> 00:07:05.740 amino acids, and then within those 20, you can 00:07:05.740 --> 00:07:09.259 break those down into subtypes, subcategories, 00:07:09.279 --> 00:07:13.529 and so forth. The aromatic amino acids, are very 00:07:13.529 --> 00:07:21.610 special. The tryptophan provides a tubulin which 00:07:21.610 --> 00:07:26.009 is primary protein component for these microtubules. 00:07:27.290 --> 00:07:31.850 Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal structures 00:07:31.850 --> 00:07:35.709 involved in cellular processes like the mitosis 00:07:35.709 --> 00:07:40.509 or intracellular transport and maintaining the 00:07:40.509 --> 00:07:45.220 cell's shape. This is all going to be important 00:07:45.220 --> 00:07:50.120 for autism. Now, admittedly, this isn't really 00:07:50.120 --> 00:07:54.339 involved much with autism research, but I have 00:07:54.339 --> 00:07:57.759 a problem with it. We need to look at these normal 00:07:57.759 --> 00:08:01.000 processes, these underlying processes of building 00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:04.360 the living organism, and find out from these 00:08:04.360 --> 00:08:08.199 upstream processes where autism is developing. 00:08:08.439 --> 00:08:12.029 What is going on? What is wrong? and what is 00:08:12.029 --> 00:08:16.009 causing these problems. And for that reason, 00:08:17.069 --> 00:08:20.670 these upstream processes are heavily important. 00:08:22.970 --> 00:08:28.470 So the tryptophan and tubulin. Tryptophan residues 00:08:28.470 --> 00:08:32.149 are present in the amino acid sequence for the 00:08:32.149 --> 00:08:38.070 tubulin in an alpha and beta subunit. And these 00:08:38.070 --> 00:08:41.809 residues are contributors for the proteins' folding, 00:08:41.970 --> 00:08:44.970 stability, and these interactions with other 00:08:44.970 --> 00:08:50.129 molecules. Hence, the building block. An example 00:08:50.129 --> 00:08:54.070 of this is tryptophan's hydrophobic and the aromatic 00:08:54.070 --> 00:08:59.590 properties will influence tubulin and its binding 00:08:59.590 --> 00:09:03.929 to the microtubule -associated proteins, or called 00:09:03.929 --> 00:09:11.129 MAPs. The aromatics have an indole group. So 00:09:11.129 --> 00:09:16.350 this is a carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The 00:09:16.350 --> 00:09:22.190 endo group is a benzene ring fused with additional 00:09:22.190 --> 00:09:28.710 nitrogen. I would like to mention Chroma, lights 00:09:28.710 --> 00:09:34.029 designed for humans. 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They are US made and chroma ships globally 00:12:12.590 --> 00:12:21.149 and accepts FSA and HSA payments. Use autism 00:12:21.149 --> 00:12:27.490 at checkout for a 10 % off discount. That's autism 00:12:27.490 --> 00:12:34.840 at checkout for a 10 % off discount. What's special 00:12:34.840 --> 00:12:39.299 about these aromatic amino acids as they fluoresce? 00:12:39.299 --> 00:12:41.659 We've talked about this mainly in the Cause of 00:12:41.659 --> 00:12:44.480 Autism episode and a few other episodes from 00:12:44.480 --> 00:12:50.399 time to time. These proteins fluoresce. So this 00:12:50.399 --> 00:12:53.720 means that tryptophan's natural fluorescence 00:12:53.720 --> 00:12:59.299 means they absorb light and then emit light. 00:13:00.440 --> 00:13:05.620 What's fascinating about this is Once these proteins 00:13:05.620 --> 00:13:10.059 absorb or are excited by UV light, remember 200 00:13:10.059 --> 00:13:13.200 to 400 nanometer light, and the tryptophan peaks 00:13:13.200 --> 00:13:18.159 at 280 on the absorption, and it fluoresces, 00:13:18.500 --> 00:13:23.299 it emits light around mid 300s, I think. But 00:13:23.299 --> 00:13:26.080 in studies, scientists can use this property 00:13:26.080 --> 00:13:29.659 and monitor how the tubulin assembles into the 00:13:29.659 --> 00:13:34.419 microtubules. because of the ability to observe 00:13:34.419 --> 00:13:40.320 the light. There will be a link that shows a 00:13:40.320 --> 00:13:43.019 fascinating video of this, maybe two videos. 00:13:43.399 --> 00:13:47.139 There's a part one and part two. But tryptophan 00:13:47.139 --> 00:13:50.440 and the microtubules, this is a recent video 00:13:50.440 --> 00:13:58.419 too, early to mid -March. So mitosis. This is 00:13:58.419 --> 00:14:02.279 the process by which a eukaryotic cell, mitosis 00:14:02.279 --> 00:14:06.820 is only eukaryotic cells, and this involves dividing 00:14:06.820 --> 00:14:10.539 its nucleus, the cell nucleus, to produce two 00:14:10.539 --> 00:14:18.039 separate cells. Each of the cells need the identical 00:14:18.039 --> 00:14:22.039 set of chromosomes. That is key here. It's a 00:14:22.039 --> 00:14:25.019 key part of the cell cycle in ensuring that genetic 00:14:25.019 --> 00:14:29.919 material is accurately distributed to each of 00:14:29.919 --> 00:14:33.159 the daughter cells, each of the two split cells. 00:14:34.080 --> 00:14:37.340 Mitosis is crucial for the growth of the living 00:14:37.340 --> 00:14:40.980 organism and tissue repair. Remember the cut 00:14:40.980 --> 00:14:44.379 skin. This is a big reason on how the living 00:14:44.379 --> 00:14:48.399 organism kind of maintains and lives efficiently. 00:14:50.539 --> 00:14:53.600 So an overview of the mitosis. Mitosis is a five 00:14:53.600 --> 00:14:57.779 -step process. And then there's the cytokinesis, 00:14:57.960 --> 00:15:02.879 a division of the actual cytoplasm. So the microtubules, 00:15:03.259 --> 00:15:06.740 as part of that mitotic spindle mentioned earlier, 00:15:07.519 --> 00:15:11.059 have a key role in moving the chromosomes apart 00:15:11.059 --> 00:15:17.340 and into these additional cells. So the first 00:15:17.340 --> 00:15:21.899 phase of mitosis is prophase. What happens here 00:15:21.899 --> 00:15:25.360 is chromatin. which are loose DNAs, condenses 00:15:25.360 --> 00:15:29.779 into very distinct chromosomes. And they do their 00:15:29.779 --> 00:15:34.299 magical work with chromatids and centromeres. 00:15:34.519 --> 00:15:37.500 I'm not going to get into that. But the nuclear 00:15:37.500 --> 00:15:41.080 envelope will start to break down. And then this 00:15:41.080 --> 00:15:44.879 mitotic spindle, mentioned earlier, that structure 00:15:44.879 --> 00:15:48.740 from the microtubules will begin to form. And 00:15:48.740 --> 00:15:51.929 this is a very crucial process. in the transfer 00:15:51.929 --> 00:15:57.929 of information. Second stage is pro -metaphase. 00:15:58.230 --> 00:16:01.250 So what happens here is the nuclear envelope 00:16:01.250 --> 00:16:05.230 will fully disassemble and this allows a spindle 00:16:05.230 --> 00:16:08.570 of the microtubules to access these chromosomes. 00:16:09.809 --> 00:16:12.309 Remember that they are transferring. They provide 00:16:12.309 --> 00:16:20.190 tracks. The microtubules grow here. Some of them 00:16:20.269 --> 00:16:24.250 latch onto the various biology or molecules. 00:16:25.389 --> 00:16:29.929 And some of them, they just stabilize the spindle. 00:16:30.570 --> 00:16:34.009 And chromosomes here will start moving as the 00:16:34.009 --> 00:16:37.830 microtubules tug on them. Observe this in the 00:16:37.830 --> 00:16:42.250 video provided. The third phase is metaphase. 00:16:42.710 --> 00:16:46.250 The chromosomes will begin to align at the cell's 00:16:46.250 --> 00:16:50.669 equator plane. This is huge here. This will start 00:16:50.669 --> 00:16:53.649 to pull into position by the spindle and each 00:16:53.649 --> 00:16:57.490 chromosome is attached to a microtubule from 00:16:57.490 --> 00:17:01.509 opposite poles. The microtubule here provides 00:17:01.509 --> 00:17:04.910 tensions and ensures chromosomes are perfectly 00:17:04.910 --> 00:17:09.529 centered. This is a very dynamic process, very 00:17:09.529 --> 00:17:13.470 fascinating thing. And the cells can check that 00:17:13.470 --> 00:17:17.730 all of these molecules deeply attached here are 00:17:17.730 --> 00:17:21.690 attached before processing before moving forward. 00:17:23.170 --> 00:17:26.910 The fourth phase is anaphase. What happens here 00:17:26.910 --> 00:17:32.190 is sister chromatids are pulled apart and the 00:17:32.190 --> 00:17:35.210 microtubules will begin to shorten and this separates 00:17:35.210 --> 00:17:39.430 into individual chromosomes. These cells, they 00:17:39.430 --> 00:17:43.450 begin to elongate as the microtubules begin to 00:17:43.450 --> 00:17:48.089 expand and lengthen. A huge role here for the 00:17:48.089 --> 00:17:55.440 microtubules They shrink and they drag the chromosomes 00:17:55.440 --> 00:17:59.180 to the opposite poles. They kind of make room 00:17:59.180 --> 00:18:05.079 for these other molecules being attached. And 00:18:05.079 --> 00:18:07.940 lastly, the fifth and final phase is telophase. 00:18:08.420 --> 00:18:10.680 So the chromosomes will begin to reach these 00:18:10.680 --> 00:18:15.500 poles, their destination, and begin to decondense 00:18:15.500 --> 00:18:19.380 back into a chromatin. The nuclear envelopes 00:18:19.380 --> 00:18:23.119 reform around each set of the chromosomes and 00:18:23.119 --> 00:18:26.460 this provides two separate, two different nuclei. 00:18:27.400 --> 00:18:30.559 Then the spindle disassembles. It's gone. It's 00:18:30.559 --> 00:18:35.359 done. The microtubule here will break down and 00:18:35.359 --> 00:18:41.359 make room for the two distinct nuclei. Cytokinesis 00:18:41.359 --> 00:18:44.259 will then happen and this is when the cytoplasm 00:18:44.259 --> 00:18:48.720 divides. This splits the cell into two daughter 00:18:48.720 --> 00:18:53.680 cells, which has its own nucleus, as we just 00:18:53.680 --> 00:18:58.119 discovered, and the organelles. So in mammalian 00:18:58.119 --> 00:19:03.019 cells, these complex cells, the eukaryotic cells, 00:19:03.759 --> 00:19:07.619 a cleavage will happen, and it forms into actin 00:19:07.619 --> 00:19:10.880 filaments, which have very dynamic roles as an 00:19:10.880 --> 00:19:13.720 organelle as well. Remember, the eukaryotic cells 00:19:13.720 --> 00:19:16.990 are more complex. than the prokaryotic cells. 00:19:17.410 --> 00:19:20.509 Some roles of the actin filaments are cell movement 00:19:20.509 --> 00:19:25.569 and the cell shape, cell adhesion. Remember the 00:19:25.569 --> 00:19:29.769 conversation about T3 that the process of the 00:19:29.769 --> 00:19:33.890 the thyroid and providing T3 and T4 and T3's 00:19:33.890 --> 00:19:37.549 roles those surprising roles with cells. And 00:19:37.549 --> 00:19:40.990 also actin filaments are involved in signal transduction. 00:19:41.730 --> 00:19:45.579 These are all in the The cytoplasm with things 00:19:45.579 --> 00:19:48.619 like the mitochondria and so forth, the DNA and 00:19:48.619 --> 00:19:52.440 the nucleus. So a little review here. The chromosomes 00:19:52.440 --> 00:19:56.240 carry the genetic information that's being divided. 00:19:56.660 --> 00:20:00.579 These are little messengers. They're like the 00:20:00.579 --> 00:20:04.259 post office workers, Pony Express even. The microtubules 00:20:04.259 --> 00:20:07.619 will form the spindle which will then help move 00:20:07.619 --> 00:20:11.460 the chromosomes and tryptophan is a part of this 00:20:11.460 --> 00:20:15.319 for the tubulin. and the tryptophan contributes 00:20:15.319 --> 00:20:20.519 to the structure. So this is important. The mitosis 00:20:20.519 --> 00:20:25.019 is important because it ensures each of the split 00:20:25.019 --> 00:20:28.359 divided cells will inherit an identical copy 00:20:28.359 --> 00:20:33.140 of the genome. And with autism, you know this 00:20:33.140 --> 00:20:37.380 is implicated here. This is a region of interest 00:20:37.380 --> 00:20:43.279 here. So the mitosis and these microtubules are 00:20:43.279 --> 00:20:46.759 huge in prenatal development. Because mitosis 00:20:46.759 --> 00:20:51.140 is a very critical part during the embryonic 00:20:51.140 --> 00:20:53.680 development, especially in this formation of 00:20:53.680 --> 00:20:56.759 the brain. Remember, neuralation. Remember those 00:20:56.759 --> 00:21:00.779 subtypes of cells with the proencephalon, the 00:21:00.779 --> 00:21:04.460 mesencephalon, the romencephalon, and how the 00:21:04.460 --> 00:21:09.559 brain is developed here. The neural tube. We've 00:21:09.559 --> 00:21:12.289 discussed the neural tube. Right? This is developing 00:21:12.289 --> 00:21:15.390 the central nervous system. And this comes early 00:21:15.390 --> 00:21:19.750 in pregnancies around that week 3 to 4, days 00:21:19.750 --> 00:21:23.069 22 to 28 is what we're talking about here. Remember 00:21:23.069 --> 00:21:27.809 the episodes on neuralation. Cells undergo rapid 00:21:27.809 --> 00:21:30.930 mitotic division here. This is how the complex 00:21:30.930 --> 00:21:36.410 living organism becomes so complex. Microtubules 00:21:36.410 --> 00:21:40.980 made of these tubulin proteins. from the tryptophan. 00:21:41.819 --> 00:21:44.059 When these things that we're talking about today 00:21:44.059 --> 00:21:48.859 are disrupted, these microtubule functions or 00:21:48.859 --> 00:21:52.680 these any part of the mitosis cycle, this affects 00:21:52.680 --> 00:21:57.200 how neurons proliferate, migrate, and connect. 00:21:58.200 --> 00:22:00.480 Sounds like autism. Sounds like everything we 00:22:00.480 --> 00:22:04.660 cover in autism with the migration problem and 00:22:04.660 --> 00:22:10.579 the hyper and hypo connectivity. For brain size, 00:22:11.420 --> 00:22:14.500 we've also covered this. The research shows that 00:22:14.500 --> 00:22:18.220 some children have larger brain sizes. It's not 00:22:18.220 --> 00:22:22.640 uncommon that they have microcephaly. I think 00:22:22.640 --> 00:22:27.039 UC San Diego probably does the most work on this 00:22:27.039 --> 00:22:31.660 topic. So if these neuro progenitor cells, if 00:22:31.660 --> 00:22:35.279 they divide too much or too quickly due to that 00:22:35.279 --> 00:22:40.160 microtubule dysregulation, it becomes a problem 00:22:40.160 --> 00:22:44.099 for the cortical tissues. And remember the roles 00:22:44.099 --> 00:22:49.400 of P10, phosphatase, Tencin, in regulating this 00:22:49.400 --> 00:22:54.160 process here. In addition, post birth, this is 00:22:54.160 --> 00:22:57.200 huge up into the, let's say, the critical period. 00:22:58.559 --> 00:23:01.480 The living organism, the human baby, the infant, 00:23:02.740 --> 00:23:07.210 undergoes vast and massive development. at rapid 00:23:07.210 --> 00:23:11.029 paces here. This is a problem here. All of these 00:23:11.029 --> 00:23:15.549 things need to be in sync with exquisite timing. 00:23:17.430 --> 00:23:20.529 So the hypo and hyper connections in autism is 00:23:20.529 --> 00:23:23.730 very common. It's very well established. It's 00:23:23.730 --> 00:23:29.269 undisputed. With the neuron proliferation and 00:23:29.269 --> 00:23:31.910 the migration, there's a problem here during 00:23:31.910 --> 00:23:36.029 prenatal development. Because these neurons the 00:23:36.029 --> 00:23:39.549 ventricular zone, tying this back to that ventricular 00:23:39.549 --> 00:23:42.230 zone when the neural tube starts to fold and 00:23:42.230 --> 00:23:46.430 the crest becomes alive. They migrate to their 00:23:46.430 --> 00:23:50.589 destinations. They migrate based off of the tracks 00:23:50.589 --> 00:23:54.410 and the guides from the microtubules and these 00:23:54.410 --> 00:23:58.509 base structures like the radial glia. We've covered 00:23:58.509 --> 00:24:01.529 that in the neuralation and the conversations 00:24:01.529 --> 00:24:05.730 with migration. And if the mitosis produces too 00:24:05.730 --> 00:24:11.069 many neurons, or if migration goes abnormal, 00:24:12.029 --> 00:24:14.750 where are the neurons going to go? How are they 00:24:14.750 --> 00:24:17.450 going to get there, or where they're supposed 00:24:17.450 --> 00:24:20.789 to go? Remember, they're supposed to migrate 00:24:20.789 --> 00:24:24.490 to similar cells, just like we flock to friends, 00:24:24.650 --> 00:24:27.890 we flock to similarities. That's the process 00:24:27.890 --> 00:24:33.789 of these neurons ought to be doing. With hyperconnectivity, 00:24:34.710 --> 00:24:38.849 this also explains the excessive synaptic connections. 00:24:38.950 --> 00:24:43.710 Remember the neurorexin, the Shenk 3, and the 00:24:43.710 --> 00:24:47.589 neuroligand. There's a big problem with the synaptic 00:24:47.589 --> 00:24:52.809 connections with the autistic phenotype. With 00:24:52.809 --> 00:24:56.990 that is a process called synaptic pruning. And 00:24:56.990 --> 00:25:00.369 after the birth, the brain trims excessive connections 00:25:00.369 --> 00:25:04.039 in a process called synaptic pruning, which also 00:25:04.039 --> 00:25:06.480 involves the microtubules for transporting the 00:25:06.480 --> 00:25:12.180 materials to these areas. With autism, there's 00:25:12.180 --> 00:25:16.000 a problem with the pruning. And this leaves these 00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:18.359 crowded areas, these hyper -connected areas, 00:25:18.700 --> 00:25:23.539 locally. Remember the sensation processing episodes 00:25:23.539 --> 00:25:27.220 where there's studies showing that early on in 00:25:27.220 --> 00:25:31.119 the process of sensory, when we're processing 00:25:31.420 --> 00:25:37.000 like a visual cue or auditory cue. Early in this 00:25:37.000 --> 00:25:40.799 process, we're sending these sensations down 00:25:40.799 --> 00:25:44.240 through the brain for perception to make sense 00:25:44.240 --> 00:25:49.180 of the environment. Early in this process, the 00:25:49.180 --> 00:25:53.539 first stages, there's a problem with the sensory 00:25:53.539 --> 00:25:57.980 processing. And the downstream connections here, 00:25:58.200 --> 00:26:01.720 these distal connections, will phase out. With 00:26:01.720 --> 00:26:04.440 autism, at these initial parts of the sensory 00:26:04.440 --> 00:26:08.599 processing, it's overloaded, it's hyper -connected, 00:26:08.640 --> 00:26:11.680 so it's too much too fast. And then it phases 00:26:11.680 --> 00:26:15.099 out before it reaches more like cortical capacities 00:26:15.099 --> 00:26:18.059 or areas of the brain that can help make sense 00:26:18.059 --> 00:26:21.039 of this. The sensory processing problem is a 00:26:21.039 --> 00:26:26.420 huge phenomena here. It is no surprise that autistics, 00:26:26.839 --> 00:26:29.839 one of the most common comorbid problems is sensory 00:26:29.839 --> 00:26:33.630 sensitivities. Remember part two of the sensory 00:26:33.630 --> 00:26:39.089 processing episode when we reviewed four papers 00:26:39.089 --> 00:26:43.609 on sensory processing and paper three showed 00:26:43.609 --> 00:26:47.930 90 % of their subjects had sensory processing 00:26:47.930 --> 00:26:53.829 complications and paper four showed 95 % of the 00:26:53.829 --> 00:26:59.440 subjects had sensory processing problems. A problem 00:26:59.440 --> 00:27:03.039 with this is that cortical development, especially 00:27:03.039 --> 00:27:06.599 in the somatosensory cortex. And this process 00:27:06.599 --> 00:27:11.240 is touched in the auditory cortex. And remember 00:27:11.240 --> 00:27:15.220 the mesencephalon with the superior and inferior 00:27:15.220 --> 00:27:20.299 colliculi. This mesencephalon is a very important 00:27:20.299 --> 00:27:25.029 area, I think. And its goal here is to... bias 00:27:25.029 --> 00:27:27.990 our attention to the environment, make us aware 00:27:27.990 --> 00:27:33.329 of the environment. With autism, we don't care 00:27:33.329 --> 00:27:38.069 about the environment. So with the cortical development, 00:27:38.130 --> 00:27:42.329 if these microtubules that are responsible for 00:27:42.329 --> 00:27:47.069 the migration or division are abnormal, these 00:27:47.069 --> 00:27:50.309 areas won't be able to go downstream, go to their 00:27:50.309 --> 00:27:56.579 destination. In addition, A common topic is the 00:27:56.579 --> 00:28:00.880 excitation inhibition imbalance. This is big 00:28:00.880 --> 00:28:04.279 with the sensory processing as well because it 00:28:04.279 --> 00:28:08.099 requires a balance, a more balanced seesaw instead 00:28:08.099 --> 00:28:11.980 of one side always high, one side always low. 00:28:12.480 --> 00:28:16.380 For autism, it's mostly high excitation and low 00:28:16.380 --> 00:28:19.539 inhibition. And the roles of this tryptophan 00:28:19.539 --> 00:28:22.470 being that aromatic amino acid and providing 00:28:22.470 --> 00:28:26.250 the tubulence for these microtubules. This is 00:28:26.250 --> 00:28:30.089 a region of interest and likely an untouched 00:28:30.089 --> 00:28:33.589 region of interest for some reason. We need to 00:28:33.589 --> 00:28:37.930 go here. Some implications with the prenatal 00:28:37.930 --> 00:28:44.230 with the autism. We've mentioned Shenk 3 and 00:28:44.230 --> 00:28:48.690 how this helps regulate the mitosis and the microtubule 00:28:48.690 --> 00:28:52.319 function for that synaptic formation. and the 00:28:52.319 --> 00:28:57.599 P10. The environment is a problem. There are 00:28:57.599 --> 00:29:00.680 a lot of environmental toxins being identified 00:29:00.680 --> 00:29:06.000 now for autism. My question is, is it do we not 00:29:06.000 --> 00:29:10.579 have enough DHA and melanin and so forth, melatonin 00:29:10.579 --> 00:29:15.059 and so forth, glutathione, or are the toxins 00:29:15.059 --> 00:29:18.339 just that much increased? Are we that much more 00:29:18.339 --> 00:29:23.019 exposed? probably a little bit of both. But the 00:29:23.019 --> 00:29:25.640 main environmental toxin here that's going to 00:29:25.640 --> 00:29:30.420 do these insults is the light environment. Because 00:29:30.420 --> 00:29:32.980 we are not getting that proper sunlight from 00:29:32.980 --> 00:29:36.700 that full light spectrum, I should say, to develop. 00:29:37.119 --> 00:29:40.059 We are no different from the tree or your favorite 00:29:40.059 --> 00:29:43.400 plant outside. If we're not getting that light, 00:29:43.720 --> 00:29:47.880 we're not going to develop. But if you block 00:29:47.880 --> 00:29:50.460 the Sun from the tree, you're going to think, 00:29:50.720 --> 00:29:52.900 oh, well, that's why it's dying or that's why 00:29:52.900 --> 00:29:57.059 it didn't develop through germination. Why are 00:29:57.059 --> 00:30:02.859 we so complicated on this? Some other functions 00:30:02.859 --> 00:30:05.960 of the microtubules in early embryonic stages 00:30:05.960 --> 00:30:09.500 are during the fertilization. Why I want to mention 00:30:09.500 --> 00:30:12.720 this is because the environment of the mother 00:30:12.720 --> 00:30:16.589 here has vastly changed and this is occurring 00:30:16.589 --> 00:30:20.750 immediately. These processes once sperm meets 00:30:20.750 --> 00:30:25.230 egg and we undergo this mitosis on all these 00:30:25.230 --> 00:30:29.930 cell proliferations this comes fast. It turns 00:30:29.930 --> 00:30:34.650 the zygotic cell two cells and then four cells 00:30:34.650 --> 00:30:39.650 and then it just keeps on multiplying. A key 00:30:39.650 --> 00:30:42.670 detail here is tryptophan residues. Remember 00:30:42.670 --> 00:30:45.369 those residues in that tubulin. This will help 00:30:45.369 --> 00:30:49.849 stabilize this. If it's off immediately, everything 00:30:49.849 --> 00:30:53.509 downstream here will be off. That's why I want 00:30:53.509 --> 00:30:57.630 to go more upstream. In the womb, this happens 00:30:57.630 --> 00:31:01.430 fast, within days of conception, before you even 00:31:01.430 --> 00:31:05.170 know, weeks, maybe months before you even know 00:31:05.170 --> 00:31:08.990 that this is happening in your body. it is happening 00:31:08.990 --> 00:31:15.670 in your body. This can begin as far as or as 00:31:15.670 --> 00:31:19.170 soon as around day six or seven that the embryo 00:31:19.170 --> 00:31:23.730 travels down the tube towards the implantation 00:31:23.730 --> 00:31:27.210 and there are things that you can look up like 00:31:27.210 --> 00:31:31.349 blastocyst which is the microtubules here will 00:31:31.349 --> 00:31:35.750 help establish the cell polarity and then the 00:31:35.750 --> 00:31:39.400 so -called blastocyst gives rise to the inner 00:31:39.400 --> 00:31:42.400 cell mass, which is that future embryo. And then 00:31:42.400 --> 00:31:46.900 the outer, the outer blast, which is the placenta. 00:31:47.140 --> 00:31:49.940 Remember Dr. Hannah Stevens taking us through 00:31:49.940 --> 00:31:52.440 the role of the placenta from the mother and 00:31:52.440 --> 00:31:56.339 the womb, how this is developed. And already 00:31:56.339 --> 00:32:01.299 these microtubules, they will function to make 00:32:01.299 --> 00:32:04.859 sure that these inner cell masses and that embryo 00:32:04.859 --> 00:32:08.819 is properly being exported and transferred and 00:32:08.819 --> 00:32:13.119 developed, then giving rise to gastrolation. 00:32:13.900 --> 00:32:16.480 We didn't talk about gastrolation during the 00:32:16.480 --> 00:32:20.460 neuralation episodes, but this is occurring between 00:32:20.460 --> 00:32:24.000 weeks two and three, and just briefly here. Some 00:32:24.000 --> 00:32:27.799 of these roles will include transforming the 00:32:27.799 --> 00:32:30.259 cells into three layered structures. This is 00:32:30.259 --> 00:32:33.539 the part with the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and 00:32:33.539 --> 00:32:36.619 the endoderm. that we discussed. And the microtubules 00:32:36.619 --> 00:32:40.400 here will ensure that the cells reach their designated 00:32:40.400 --> 00:32:44.559 germ layers. And then we start to form our tissues 00:32:44.559 --> 00:32:47.900 in these organs in the different nervous systems. 00:32:49.980 --> 00:32:53.759 So microtubules role in that neuralation are 00:32:53.759 --> 00:32:57.519 critical for the neural tube formation. The neural 00:32:57.519 --> 00:33:02.339 plate folding. And these microtubules will bundle 00:33:02.339 --> 00:33:04.700 these neuroepithelial cells that we've talked 00:33:04.700 --> 00:33:09.099 about. And the mitosis of these neuroprogenitors, 00:33:09.839 --> 00:33:13.799 and a huge part here for autism, working alongside 00:33:13.799 --> 00:33:16.660 the microtubules, working alongside the radial 00:33:16.660 --> 00:33:22.519 glia, these are important, vastly important for 00:33:22.519 --> 00:33:26.220 the scaffolds responsible for the cell migration. 00:33:27.559 --> 00:33:33.039 Do you understand how complex and small this 00:33:33.039 --> 00:33:36.200 process is and how easily it could be disrupted? 00:33:36.920 --> 00:33:40.539 If you think about not having the proper exposure 00:33:40.539 --> 00:33:45.799 for the living organism to properly grow. Something 00:33:45.799 --> 00:33:48.180 we discussed quite heavily in the autism and 00:33:48.180 --> 00:33:52.779 the womb episode. Several, several episodes ago, 00:33:52.799 --> 00:33:55.900 last summer, we talked about neurogenesis. This 00:33:55.900 --> 00:34:00.839 happens around weeks four to over 20 weeks into 00:34:00.839 --> 00:34:04.099 embryonic development or prenatal development. 00:34:04.940 --> 00:34:07.599 Microtubules here are heavily involved with these 00:34:07.599 --> 00:34:12.679 neurogenesis including the axonal growth and 00:34:12.679 --> 00:34:15.599 also the synaptogenesis. Remember that episode 00:34:15.599 --> 00:34:18.880 long ago? We talked about synaptogenesis as well. 00:34:19.400 --> 00:34:24.260 This is late prenatal to postnatal even. The 00:34:24.260 --> 00:34:27.039 microtubules here will transport materials like 00:34:27.039 --> 00:34:29.860 the vesicles and the mitochondria. We've talked 00:34:29.860 --> 00:34:33.579 about the mitochondria in quite detail. The eukaryotic 00:34:33.579 --> 00:34:37.440 cells need these. There are many, many mitochondria 00:34:37.440 --> 00:34:40.699 in one cell nucleus. Thousands, I believe maybe 00:34:40.699 --> 00:34:45.679 even 5 ,000. And the microtubules are also responsible 00:34:45.679 --> 00:34:48.420 for the axons and the dendrites to form these 00:34:48.420 --> 00:34:53.480 synapses. This begins late in pregnancy and ramps 00:34:53.480 --> 00:34:57.619 up after the birth. Remember that accelerated 00:34:57.619 --> 00:35:01.039 growth after birth. Humans are different than 00:35:01.039 --> 00:35:05.480 other primates whereby we are vastly underdeveloped. 00:35:05.500 --> 00:35:08.340 Remember the Lepton -Milano -Corton pathway episode 00:35:08.340 --> 00:35:12.340 and how the biophotons helps accelerate this 00:35:12.340 --> 00:35:16.300 process and Lepton being like an on -off switch 00:35:16.300 --> 00:35:20.460 here. And remember the episode with Dr. Eric 00:35:20.460 --> 00:35:27.000 Weiss, how his embryonic stem cell is rescuing 00:35:27.000 --> 00:35:30.599 this. This is what I think. These nutrients and 00:35:30.599 --> 00:35:32.920 this development here that we're talking about 00:35:32.920 --> 00:35:36.500 is abnormal in the autistic phenotype, but he 00:35:36.500 --> 00:35:41.320 can use the umbilical cord stem cells to rescue 00:35:41.320 --> 00:35:43.420 this. I think this is what's actually happening. 00:35:46.280 --> 00:35:51.280 So the mother that receives or that gives this 00:35:51.280 --> 00:35:56.340 umbilical cord for this process, that mother 00:35:56.340 --> 00:36:00.679 during pregnancy did not have as many or any 00:36:00.679 --> 00:36:03.619 of these insults that will implicate these processes 00:36:03.619 --> 00:36:06.699 that we're talking about. And remember, Dr. Eric 00:36:06.699 --> 00:36:09.539 Weiss also saying that sometimes that doesn't 00:36:09.539 --> 00:36:13.639 work. Maybe, just maybe, the mother that donated 00:36:13.639 --> 00:36:17.059 that umbilical cord She did have some insults 00:36:17.059 --> 00:36:20.079 that will just not align with the autistic phenotype 00:36:20.079 --> 00:36:23.980 receiving this transfusion. I say that to say 00:36:23.980 --> 00:36:26.840 this because Dr. Eric Weiss talked about this. 00:36:27.019 --> 00:36:29.320 Because of the inflammation, and remember the 00:36:29.320 --> 00:36:31.840 episode with Dr. Richard Fry with the immune 00:36:31.840 --> 00:36:35.519 dysfunction, the mitochondrial dysfunction, and 00:36:35.519 --> 00:36:39.019 the inflammation, the terrible trios, he called 00:36:39.019 --> 00:36:42.860 it. Inflammation here for the maternal immune 00:36:42.860 --> 00:36:47.260 activation. And these cytokines. Cytokines are 00:36:47.260 --> 00:36:49.679 very fascinating and there are very many of them. 00:36:49.679 --> 00:36:52.219 We just keep adding a number to them. Dr. Eric 00:36:52.219 --> 00:36:55.400 Weiss highlights this in quite detail. But something 00:36:55.400 --> 00:36:58.579 like IL -6, which is heavily involved in autism 00:36:58.579 --> 00:37:02.340 research, this can stimulate the neural stem 00:37:02.340 --> 00:37:06.280 cell division in the fetus. This is a very interesting 00:37:06.280 --> 00:37:09.159 topic and a very common topic when we're talking 00:37:09.159 --> 00:37:11.980 about autism, pathophysiology, and so forth. 00:37:12.400 --> 00:37:18.269 IL -6. If you are listening to the podcast, listening 00:37:18.269 --> 00:37:21.150 to the episode, please feel free to leave a review 00:37:21.150 --> 00:37:25.590 or rating. In podcasting, reviews, ratings, and 00:37:25.590 --> 00:37:28.329 downloads are huge, and I very much appreciate 00:37:28.329 --> 00:37:32.389 your feedback. You can contact me on X at RPS 00:37:32.389 --> 00:37:37.329 47586 where we can have conversations about autism. 00:37:38.449 --> 00:37:40.969 You can check out the hop link for links to all 00:37:40.969 --> 00:37:44.239 of the podcasts across different platforms. you 00:37:44.239 --> 00:37:46.539 can check out the YouTube channel for full length 00:37:46.539 --> 00:37:52.599 videos and shorts and clips. You can email me 00:37:52.599 --> 00:38:00.099 info .fromthespectrumatgmail .com. And thank 00:38:00.099 --> 00:38:03.280 you for listening to From the Spectrum Podcast.