1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:08,720
Welcome to From the Spectrum Podcast. This is a podcast about autism. It is my

2
00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:16,560
goal to explain what is autism. I plan to use a mixture of scientific literature,

3
00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:23,920
personal experience, and opinion. With opinion, I will explain why, after the way

4
00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:32,520
I do, and give examples. I will provide links to various references for each episode. For each

5
00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:41,320
episode, we will discuss various aspects of autism. For today's episode, we will cover

6
00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:51,480
Hans Asperger's Autistic Psychopathy in Childhood. Asperger really highlighted autistic

7
00:00:51,480 --> 00:01:01,080
intelligence and Asperger's little professors. Immediately, Asperger defines

8
00:01:01,080 --> 00:01:08,680
autistic as a disturbance of limited interaction, little influence from the

9
00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:17,840
environment, and he captures Eugen Bueller's description from the 1911 book.

10
00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:26,720
Autistic Psychopathy today will translate into Autism Personality Disorder. Remember

11
00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:33,480
covering very similar conditions with Schizotypy Personality Disorder. This

12
00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:41,160
personality disorder, Schizotypy, provides more detailed traits or phenotypes than

13
00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:50,040
the language used in modern criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Immediately,

14
00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:57,960
Asperger warns physical appearance, expressive functions, and whole behavior

15
00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:06,040
resulting in severe characteristics, implicating social integration. He

16
00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:13,840
highlights a spectrum here. From profound to some children can compensate based

17
00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:21,040
on a higher level of original thought and experience, leading to exceptional

18
00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:30,040
achievements later in life. Exact words, exceptional achievements later in life.

19
00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:39,960
We already know what prevents or delays or implicates that. That is, society lacking

20
00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:47,080
critical thinking and a capacity to understand and guide our specific

21
00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:56,840
phenotypes into our abilities, superpowers or not. And Asperger highlights

22
00:02:56,840 --> 00:03:06,600
this. We can find our social role. The delta is how much will you interfere

23
00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:14,000
because we are different than you and different from the social norms. Remember

24
00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:21,880
Autist and remember me saying maybe too many times the biology that gives us

25
00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:30,120
Autism allows us to be comfortable within ourselves. Jack Cruz considers it an

26
00:03:30,120 --> 00:03:37,680
atavastic condition. His work in quantum physics describes Autism better than

27
00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:46,640
anyone else's you will know. Like Canner, Asperger discriminates differences from

28
00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:56,080
the schizophrenic condition first coined by Eugen Bueller and it's accurate. These

29
00:03:56,080 --> 00:04:04,200
are different conditions from severe schizophrenic conditions. Bueller's book

30
00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:13,480
from 1911 was covered in understanding the rates of Autism episode. Okay,

31
00:04:13,480 --> 00:04:22,200
Asperger's 1944 paper. But first, it is remarkable the time frame similar to

32
00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:28,680
Canner. Asperger and Canner being from the same country yet studied Autism

33
00:04:28,680 --> 00:04:35,760
across the world from each other. I cannot understand how the timing of this

34
00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:45,040
does not jump out to more people. Might it be recency bias? Viewing from a very

35
00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:52,320
narrow lens and people complicating Autism and the rates of Autism. The rates

36
00:04:52,320 --> 00:05:01,320
like most or all chronic conditions we are seeing follow the shift to

37
00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:10,520
artificial light during the day and night and away from sunlight and the types of

38
00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:18,960
artificial light. There are differences between incandescent, CFL, and LED and

39
00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:26,680
tech light. Please know just because you don't know something is true does not

40
00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:37,240
mean it is not true. Okay, 1944. Asperger has roughly 200 children he has

41
00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:45,080
experienced. The paper highlights four detailed case studies. The first born in

42
00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:56,080
1933. Fritz V. Severe social integration is immediately highlighted.

43
00:05:56,080 --> 00:06:04,680
Fritz began going to the clinic in Vienna in 1939 and referred by his school for

44
00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:14,120
being quote uneducatable by the end of his first day in school. Fritz was the

45
00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:21,080
first child of his parents and had a brother when Fritz was two years old. The

46
00:06:21,080 --> 00:06:29,160
brother had similar difficulties but not as much. Fritz's birth was normal. He had

47
00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:36,280
motor delays, motor movement delays. He spoke at 10 months, walked at 14 months,

48
00:06:36,280 --> 00:06:45,000
he was clumsy and had trouble learning daily functioning skills. His speech and

49
00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:53,280
expression and sentence were superior and learned quickly to talk like an adult.

50
00:06:53,280 --> 00:07:00,400
Fritz never did what he was told to do. He did what he wanted to do or the

51
00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:08,920
opposite of what he was told to do. Heartstop. Today, there would be autism

52
00:07:08,920 --> 00:07:17,440
with comorbid, probably ADHD and ODD, a couple of prescriptions, stimulants,

53
00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:22,800
antipsychotics, the whole centralized medical paradigm of diagnosis and

54
00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:32,000
medications. Modern medicine is sickening with this. Modern medicine and psychology

55
00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:44,200
will throw three, four, five diagnoses at one person. Newsflash is just autism. See

56
00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:52,240
autism and the ADHD episode for more details. These two do not exist within

57
00:07:52,240 --> 00:08:01,400
the same person. In addition, Fritz was restless and fidgety. He was

58
00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:09,280
destructive. Fritz was never interested in play or with other children. Other kids

59
00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:17,280
would, quote, round him up exact words, remember sensory processing. Fritz had

60
00:08:17,280 --> 00:08:24,200
tendency of breaking things and being aggressive. One thing to note as a

61
00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:30,360
difference to canner kids and Aspergers, Aspergers typically had more aggression

62
00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:38,960
than canners did. Fritz, like most or like all even, had no real love for other

63
00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:46,800
people. At least shown. Remember the three episodes on relationships. One with

64
00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:53,440
Jonathan Mitchell. One with the clinician Dr. Teresa Regan and the solo

65
00:08:53,440 --> 00:09:00,600
autism and relationship episode. I think valuable information on this topic comes

66
00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:08,200
from these three episodes. Occasionally Fritz showed bouts of affection.

67
00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:15,760
Asperger described this as a fit, a remarkable feature of Fritz's phenotype.

68
00:09:15,760 --> 00:09:23,920
He would talk to strangers. Fritz had a so-called strange phenomenon of

69
00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:33,280
stereotypy movements and habits. Some family history of Fritz includes creative

70
00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:41,160
members and poetry and intellectuals. Fritz's grandfather had similar childhood

71
00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:48,320
disobedience. This is interesting to me. So-called behaviors as a child has many

72
00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:57,600
factors though. Fritz's mother had a inner world similar to him, preoccupied

73
00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:06,440
with her own thoughts. Fritz's father was 55 at the time of his birth. Both mom and

74
00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:15,280
dad were socially withdrawn. His posture, voice and speech were abnormal.

75
00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:24,200
Eye gaze was noticed and abnormal. It was lacking. He gave short glances only.

76
00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:32,760
Similar to Canner description, Asperger said it was like he wasn't there. He had

77
00:10:32,760 --> 00:10:40,720
bouts of echolalia and often did not respond to verbal commands. He ate

78
00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:48,880
strange and inappropriate things and objects. Paper, wood, whole pencils and

79
00:10:48,880 --> 00:10:57,360
lead disclaimer. I ate cigarette butts as a child. A lot of them. Even after I

80
00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:04,920
should have. So-called known better. Maybe related to his strange eating objects,

81
00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:14,320
but Fritz had GI problems. This is huge. Same as the Canner kids and same as

82
00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:25,920
research suggests today. Autism and GI is very impressive the data here. Despite

83
00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:32,040
being socially withdrawn, he could recall and had excellent apprehension of

84
00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:41,880
others and of situations. This is common. The perception is we are withdrawn, but

85
00:11:41,880 --> 00:11:47,720
we are very much aware of the surroundings and our learning in constant

86
00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:54,960
and in real time. Remember the example of the B movie. Remember how much we are

87
00:11:54,960 --> 00:12:03,280
processing and at the rates of this processing. Fritz had a strong interest

88
00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:13,600
and talent with numbers and calculations. Perhaps a savant. He was self-taught with

89
00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:21,680
fractions, negative numbers, percents and so forth. A highlight of Asperger's paper

90
00:12:21,680 --> 00:12:29,120
and mentioned here many many times. A crucial message of the entire podcast.

91
00:12:29,120 --> 00:12:38,120
At the end of page 45 from the paper Asperger's paper, Asperger says, well, we

92
00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:45,040
see something that we have come across in almost all autistics. A special interest

93
00:12:45,040 --> 00:12:52,040
which enables them to achieve extraordinary levels of performance in a

94
00:12:52,040 --> 00:13:02,080
certain area. This is the autistic phenotype. Limited special interest,

95
00:13:02,080 --> 00:13:12,040
fixations and perfecting that. This is incomplete contrast of today's educational

96
00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:21,040
system and social norms. The next child is Harold L. Eight and a half years old.

97
00:13:21,040 --> 00:13:31,040
School was unmanageable. He failed in all subjects. He was stubborn and independent

98
00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:39,440
from an early age. Socially withdrawn, he was considered odd and was subject to

99
00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:48,360
ridicule. Like Fritz, if a question did not interest him, he would shut off. He had

100
00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:56,840
rigid facial expressions, clumsy, struggled with daily life, including getting

101
00:13:56,840 --> 00:14:03,600
washed. Asperger highlights a delta here, a difference of teacher and adult

102
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:13,080
expectation, an autistic capability or function. I guess I could say desire here

103
00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:20,760
too. Meaning how much a teacher or adult expects us to do something and how much

104
00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:29,280
they are non-negotiable of that task in comparison of how much we are non-negotiable.

105
00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:36,240
How much of a difference is clashing here between the other adult or the family

106
00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:45,040
member, staff member, educator and us? How much difference is going on here? This

107
00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:52,880
is delicate. I'm not saying we get a pass from the rules, but are we even really

108
00:14:52,880 --> 00:15:00,080
talking about the rules? Are we talking about social norms, these so-called human

109
00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:08,200
creations and so forth? Human creation and these abstract ideas of that one

110
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:16,280
human or a set or a collection of humans create a norm and a task that they see

111
00:15:16,280 --> 00:15:25,240
fit for others to follow, to shape, to develop, to enforce those norms onto

112
00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:33,880
others, then evaluate the other or the others on those created set of standards

113
00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:43,760
and calculate the results. Everything we do can be turned into a number. That's

114
00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:50,840
what we do in neuroscience and psychology and medicine, statistics and so forth.

115
00:15:50,840 --> 00:15:59,280
This is why I say can you fit in or not? Are you like the so-called normal people

116
00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:07,440
or not? Don't try to change an autistic because they are different than you.

117
00:16:07,440 --> 00:16:13,920
Check your reflexive conflict happening within your nervous system and be aware

118
00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:22,080
of your own underlying beliefs and how much that is motivating and moving you.

119
00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:31,080
Parents, family, friends, educators, medicine likely have a driving force to

120
00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:39,560
guide them towards a helping role, to help the struggling person, the person

121
00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:47,120
that they consider in need or that verbalize need and help. They want to help

122
00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:56,520
the struggling autistic. Remember our phenotype, thinking style, abilities, in

123
00:16:56,520 --> 00:17:06,720
some cases our superpowers. All of these have a stark contrast, a delta to the

124
00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:17,480
norm. On that, Harrow and Asperger noted, autistic children needed extensive

125
00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:27,440
deliberate teaching. Asperger also mentioned, the use of a timetable. Remember

126
00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:37,960
restricted repetitive behaviors. These are our obsessions, intelligence or not.

127
00:17:37,960 --> 00:17:46,000
The next case study is earnest, age seven and a half, normal birth and

128
00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:55,120
development. Besides slight delayed speech. Then earnest vocabulary and language

129
00:17:55,120 --> 00:18:03,160
was considered like an adult. He was socially withdrawn. The environment

130
00:18:03,160 --> 00:18:11,320
surroundings was not there. Consider a troubled maker. He self-taught himself

131
00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:18,880
how to count and the letters of the alphabet before school. In school he

132
00:18:18,880 --> 00:18:28,640
failed. Asperger says, failed miserably. He argued with the teacher on how to hold

133
00:18:28,640 --> 00:18:37,080
the pen. Heart stop, we just covered this. The delta with the social norms. That

134
00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:42,440
teacher seeing earnest hold a pen differently had conflict within herself

135
00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:51,400
or within himself. Also to note, however, his penmanship was bad, which is likely

136
00:18:51,400 --> 00:19:01,600
every autistic person ever. Ereanness was very precise and routine like. However, in

137
00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:09,480
some matters he was messy. It is an interesting autistic paradox here. He was

138
00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:15,280
face-o libel. Remember my suspicion with copper and melanin.

139
00:19:15,280 --> 00:19:25,080
earnest would turn red, bright, blotchy red, when embarrassed or excited. This role

140
00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:33,560
of copper, synthesizing tyrosine and to make melanin seems suspicious to me.

141
00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:43,560
Seems like a region of interest. He had bad eye gaze, stereotypies, clumsy,

142
00:19:43,560 --> 00:19:53,400
aggressive towards others. No friends. No friends of peers or staff. He was teased

143
00:19:53,400 --> 00:20:00,960
at school. Horrible with spelling. Slow reading. Remember the speech and language

144
00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:08,280
dynamic with reading and sensory processing. We silently speak to ourselves.

145
00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:14,480
During reading, we utilize the same muscles used in speech and we speak

146
00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:20,800
silently to ourselves, to teach ourselves. He confused letters and typically

147
00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:27,920
blended letters together. Asperger believed earnest, despite severe academic

148
00:20:27,920 --> 00:20:35,360
performance, was able to advance to higher grade because he could talk in great

149
00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:43,720
detail about topics. During these conversations, earnest was bright. During

150
00:20:43,720 --> 00:20:51,480
school requirements and curriculum, he had major struggles. Later, it was

151
00:20:51,480 --> 00:21:00,160
considered earnest, was dyslexic. His best chance, it was determined to be in a

152
00:21:00,160 --> 00:21:07,840
small group or one-on-one instead of the normal classroom. No doubts. This is the

153
00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:16,680
way this is best suited for most autistic phenotypes. The next child was

154
00:21:16,680 --> 00:21:27,200
Helmuth L. At birth, mother was 41 and Helmuth was the fourth child. He had severe

155
00:21:27,200 --> 00:21:35,800
asphyxia at birth. Soon after, convulsions twice. Now, with everything we've

156
00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:42,440
covered about oxygen and cytochrome c-oxidase and the mitochondria, we

157
00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:50,120
know we breathe. We breathe so oxygen can enter the body and cytochrome c-oxidase

158
00:21:50,120 --> 00:21:57,760
can function and make water. This is very interesting, especially with the roles

159
00:21:57,760 --> 00:22:09,520
of how light and water are entangled. Not all water is created equal. Our

160
00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:14,920
mitochondria are very sensitive to the environment. Let's think about the

161
00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:22,720
environment changing. Back then, in 1930s, it was first changed. This is all going

162
00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:30,040
along with the light as a cause of autism. Helmuth had delayed development,

163
00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:38,880
including size, speech and language. As a child, he learned how to talk like an

164
00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:47,480
adult. Helmuth was obese, which was rare back then. Despite a strict medical

165
00:22:47,480 --> 00:22:55,760
diet, whatever that meant back then, he was still obese. He did not have a big

166
00:22:55,760 --> 00:22:59,920
appetite. Now, remember everything now with this artificial light and how

167
00:22:59,920 --> 00:23:06,760
humans evolved under that sunlight, which is massively different than the

168
00:23:06,760 --> 00:23:14,160
artificial light. Helmuth here might be the best case study for this. In addition,

169
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:22,680
he had excessive saliva. Asperger began seeing him at age 11. He had abnormal

170
00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:33,920
eye gaze, clumsy, a weak body. Handshake felt like rubber. There was no bone. He had

171
00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:40,520
sexual tendencies and urges later as a teen that were quite abnormal. Quite

172
00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:48,360
frankly, with what we know now, Helmuth's hypothalamus was large. It must have been

173
00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:57,080
large, a complete loss of thermodynamics running through the hypothalamus. The

174
00:23:57,080 --> 00:24:03,840
paper gives other details about exogenous hormones. He was on many different

175
00:24:03,840 --> 00:24:12,280
types of hormones. He had advanced vocabulary. He spoke poetically and had

176
00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:21,680
interest in poetry. He did not care. He didn't fit in. Remember, the biology that

177
00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:28,880
gives us autism allows us to be comfortable within ourselves. Academically

178
00:24:28,880 --> 00:24:40,240
stated, uneven. He had advances and deficiencies, intense rituals, and he was

179
00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:49,600
obsessed with cleanliness. Those are the four case studies. Asperger quotes on

180
00:24:49,600 --> 00:25:00,160
page 68. Once one has properly recognized an autistic individual, one can spot such

181
00:25:00,160 --> 00:25:09,160
children instantly. Now a brief summary of the 200 cases. Some common features. At

182
00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:18,640
age two, the phenotypes were seen and lasted through the lifespan. Children

183
00:25:18,640 --> 00:25:26,440
had learning and conduct problems. Adolescents had job and performance

184
00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:39,040
problems. Adults had social and marital problems. I fit all of those. All had eye

185
00:25:39,040 --> 00:25:46,280
gaze problems. Asperger mentions, at age three months, you can begin to see this.

186
00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:55,760
And now, modern day, we have a biomarker for eye movement and eye tracking. This is

187
00:25:55,760 --> 00:26:04,360
such an advancement by Asperger. Asperger suggests, autistics perceive with a

188
00:26:04,360 --> 00:26:12,120
peripheral vision. And this also explains why we know and can give detail about

189
00:26:12,120 --> 00:26:20,360
the surroundings and look like we are not paying attention. Asperger mentions,

190
00:26:20,360 --> 00:26:29,720
autistics can drift out of interaction. Once we are done, we are done. Remember

191
00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:36,320
me saying, I will just leave. Family gatherings and such and making a joke

192
00:26:36,320 --> 00:26:45,400
like, the gathering will gather without me. Tone within speech is in question

193
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:51,880
with autistics. This is a component of speech and language. It is a method of

194
00:26:51,880 --> 00:27:01,720
conveyance. Asperger highlights, autistic intelligence. A highlight Asperger

195
00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:08,760
mentions is the original ideas autistic children possess. This explains the

196
00:27:08,760 --> 00:27:15,440
advanced language scene for certain topics and interests of those autistic

197
00:27:15,440 --> 00:27:22,000
children, meaning it was present at times and other times it was massively

198
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:29,680
deficient. This is Asperger's little professors. This is my favorite part of

199
00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:37,760
all of autism. This is the result of that B3 symptom that we discuss so often.

200
00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:44,480
This is the creative and intellectual and thinking and pitchers attempted to be

201
00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:54,200
transformed into abstract language and conveyed to the receiver. Maybe Asperger's

202
00:27:54,200 --> 00:28:00,920
and lower level level one autism is simply a human creation based on those

203
00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:07,280
set of ideas expressed and developed by a collection of others attempting to

204
00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:14,560
show or express a delta from social norms. Humans love to do this. We love to

205
00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:24,160
subordinate and identify, subject, define differences. Maybe Asperger's and level

206
00:28:24,160 --> 00:28:32,240
one are simply just acceptable and fine normal phenotypes with slight differences

207
00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:41,720
that are not abnormal or a disorder. And if not in a modern created world, if you

208
00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:49,440
take this phenotype across the lifespan, across evolution, will simply fit in. But

209
00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:57,640
maybe modern humans do this way too much. Maybe Michelangelo or maybe it was

210
00:28:57,640 --> 00:29:05,760
Einstein and Da Vinci, Henry David Thoreau or Sir Isaac Newton. Maybe these

211
00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:12,680
people had this autistic phenotype. This is not me saying they were autistic and

212
00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:19,120
trying to claim them and group them in. I'm not into this group in group out.

213
00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:25,200
Or this type of movement. I'm simply saying that just phenotype that we're

214
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:31,880
describing here today is perfectly acceptable. It is a path for those

215
00:29:31,880 --> 00:29:41,480
superpowers that once again we're just defining. If you are listening to the

216
00:29:41,480 --> 00:29:46,120
episode or listening to the podcast, please feel free to leave a review or

217
00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:53,920
rating. In podcasting reviews, ratings and downloads are huge and I very much

218
00:29:53,920 --> 00:30:01,840
appreciate your feedback. You can contact me on X and we can discuss autism at

219
00:30:01,840 --> 00:30:11,920
rps-47586. You can click on the hop link for access to all of the shows,

220
00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:25,240
different platforms and contact information. You can email me info.fromthespectrumatgmail.com.

221
00:30:25,240 --> 00:30:42,800
Thank you for listening to From the Spectrum podcast.

