1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,360 My guest today is Dr. Richard Fry. 2 00:00:05,520 --> 00:00:11,640 Dr. Fry received an MD and a PhD in physiology and biophysics 3 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:17,840 from Georgetown University and a master's in biomedical sciences 4 00:00:18,160 --> 00:00:21,600 and biostatistics from Drexel University. 5 00:00:23,100 --> 00:00:28,360 Dr. Fry holds board certifications in pediatrics and neurology 6 00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:31,520 with special competence in child neurology. 7 00:00:32,520 --> 00:00:38,520 Dr. Fry is a leader in autism research with over 300 publications 8 00:00:38,520 --> 00:00:45,520 in leading journals, book chapters, and he serves on several editorial boards. 9 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:53,520 He has held numerous academic appointments and most recently of Professor of Neurology 10 00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:58,520 at Phoenix Children's Hospital and Creighton School of Medicine, 11 00:00:58,520 --> 00:01:05,520 Professor of Pediatric Neurology at Mayo Clinic Alex School of Medicine, 12 00:01:05,520 --> 00:01:13,520 and private practices as neurologist and director of research at Razignol Medical Center 13 00:01:13,520 --> 00:01:20,520 and Neurodevelopmental Precision Medicine where he sees international patients 14 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:29,520 and nonprofit appointments as principal investigator at Southwestern Autism Research and Resource Center. 15 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:38,520 And in 2022, he co-founded the Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation where he serves as president. 16 00:01:38,520 --> 00:01:45,520 I am lucky to have Dr. Fry on today to discuss mitochondria. 17 00:01:45,520 --> 00:01:53,520 Dr. Fry is an incredible individual and he will take us through the process, 18 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:57,520 this very complex process of the mitochondria. 19 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:06,520 He will talk about what happens within our biology here, this little tiny organelle, 20 00:02:06,520 --> 00:02:14,520 this so-called powerhouse of the cell when processes such as the glycolysis or the TCA cycle 21 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:24,520 breaks down and gets backed up and what happens with disease and mitochondrial functioning because of this. 22 00:02:24,520 --> 00:02:35,520 Now, it appears to me that the mitochondria in this diagram that he will show is like a vast mass production operation. 23 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:45,520 If you think maybe like Henry Ford or assembly lines, producing cars or just manufacturing cars, 24 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:57,520 there are hundreds or even a thousand components all feeding into this kind of assembly line with precise space and time considerations. 25 00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:09,520 This clocked timing of this mitochondrial, these molecular levels going on here, if the pyruvate for instance from glycolysis gets backed up, 26 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:15,520 what happens then or the TCA cycle that we discussed in the previous episode? 27 00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:20,520 He will take us on this journey and explain the mitochondria. 28 00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:25,520 We also learned that how sensitive the mitochondria are. 29 00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:28,520 Not only to latitude, but altitude. 30 00:03:28,520 --> 00:03:35,520 And this is something that modern humans can kind of create more problems with now, 31 00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:41,520 with our ability to navigate the world a little bit easier. 32 00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:51,520 We will also discuss some environmental risk factors and the implications to or the potential implications to the mitochondria. 33 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:59,520 And we discuss light, thankfully, and I'm very pleased that we got a discussion in about light. 34 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:08,520 Dr. Frye shares some information that I was unaware of about using photobiomodulation for autism and seizures. 35 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:13,520 Now, as a neurologist, he has a high interest with the seizures. 36 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:20,520 So this is wonderful data with extreme promise, something that we should look forward to. 37 00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:32,520 We also talk about how light, as a light to me seems like a hot topic or a logical topic here, 38 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:42,520 because with all of the environmental changes and environmental risk that are now present in, let's say 2024, 39 00:04:42,520 --> 00:04:46,520 autism predates most of these. 40 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:52,520 So autism was here before all of these other environmental factors. 41 00:04:52,520 --> 00:05:01,520 Now, it is not up to me to say which of these factors may cause a risk or more of a risk even. 42 00:05:01,520 --> 00:05:11,520 But with the discussion of light, I'm happy to say that this really interests me. 43 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:20,520 Light predates the autism, meaning the shift from the sunlight to the artificial light. 44 00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:26,520 Now, remember the discussions on the differences with wavelengths of light. 45 00:05:26,520 --> 00:05:38,520 If light, the artificial light predates autism and autism predates these other environmental factors. 46 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:46,520 I think it's something that research can get around and maybe build on something with this. 47 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:53,520 You will find out that we have a little bit of technology issues around minute 18 or so. 48 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:57,520 Now, we were able to shift and continue on. 49 00:05:57,520 --> 00:06:01,520 So hopefully it was not too much of a distraction. 50 00:06:01,520 --> 00:06:07,520 But finishing up my rambling here about the episode that I'm happy to announce, 51 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:14,520 here is my discussion with Dr. Richard Fry. 52 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:21,520 Dr. Fry, let's start with just explaining a little bit about mitochondria. 53 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:28,520 Yeah, so the mitochondria, so they're very interesting parts of your cell. 54 00:06:28,520 --> 00:06:39,520 So there you have many mitochondria in almost every cell of your body, anywhere from hundreds to tens of thousands. 55 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:43,520 And they're most well known for making energy. 56 00:06:43,520 --> 00:06:49,520 So depending on the energy of the cell, you have more or less mitochondria. 57 00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:54,520 So for example, the skin cell will have maybe 100 mitochondria. 58 00:06:54,520 --> 00:07:00,520 Whereas each muscle cell will have tens of thousands of mitochondria. 59 00:07:00,520 --> 00:07:08,520 And the mitochondria are very unique because they're the only other part of the cell that has its own DNA. 60 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:14,520 So most of your DNA you think of as in the chromosomes in the nucleus of your cell. 61 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:19,520 But the mitochondria has its own DNA. 62 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:25,520 And what makes it even more complicated, it has many copies of that DNA. 63 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:34,520 So we find that sometimes there can be problems with a certain percentage of the DNA and not with all the DNA with the mitochondria. 64 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:48,520 So it can cause somewhat milder disease than other times in it, you know, puts into the idea that mitochondria disease varies quite a bit. 65 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:56,520 And that's one of the challenges with mitochondrial disease is because it doesn't always affect the same organs. 66 00:07:56,520 --> 00:08:00,520 It doesn't always have the same symptoms. 67 00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:12,520 You know, in general, it tends to affect the higher functioning of the areas of your body that need high energy. 68 00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:19,520 And those particularly include the nervous system, the immune system, and the GI system. 69 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:27,520 So those are common symptoms that we see in individuals with mitochondrial disease. 70 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:37,520 And there's another, and so one of the things is I'll say that really mitochondrial diseases were first described in the late 80s. 71 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:42,520 So for really medicine, that's really kind of a blink in time. 72 00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:50,520 And so that's why we're just really learning about the mitochondria because it's so complex and all the things that it can do. 73 00:08:50,520 --> 00:08:58,520 Then we have what we, you know, kind of originally, you know, found mitochondrial diseases. 74 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:10,520 We found that they were mostly due to genetic disorders, problems with genetics in the DNA in the mitochondria or DNA on the chromosomes. 75 00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:17,520 It ends up that there's 150 genes on the chromosomes that also control the mitochondria. 76 00:09:17,520 --> 00:09:21,520 But your mitochondria are inherited from your mother. 77 00:09:21,520 --> 00:09:25,520 So they're in the egg. 78 00:09:25,520 --> 00:09:32,520 And so certain genes in the nucleus have to play well with the genes in the mitochondria. 79 00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:40,520 And sometimes when you have a baby, now they have new genes in the nucleus, new chromosomes, like you have the chromosomes now are changed. 80 00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:47,520 And it may not play well with the DNA in the mitochondria, so things may not work all that well. 81 00:09:47,520 --> 00:10:01,520 So one of the things that we talk about a lot is that original mitochondrial diseases are defined by very low functioning mitochondria that have a genetic disorder. 82 00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:11,520 So some type of genetic issue with them is one of the major criteria for genetic, for mitochondrial disease. 83 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:19,520 What we see in many other diseases is that the mitochondria isn't working at the level of mitochondrial disease. 84 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:21,520 That is about 20% of normal. 85 00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:24,520 Maybe it's working at 50% of normal, which isn't great. 86 00:10:24,520 --> 00:10:29,520 We find mitochondria that actually working overtime at 200% of normal. 87 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:37,520 That may not usually don't have genetic components in the mitochondrial pathway that we can find. 88 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:41,520 And we call this secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. 89 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:43,520 And this can happen with other genetic diseases. 90 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:53,520 For example, individuals with muscular dystrophy, their muscles tend to get very inflamed, and that inflammation causes mitochondrial dysfunction. 91 00:10:53,520 --> 00:10:56,520 And so you have that secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. 92 00:10:56,520 --> 00:11:04,520 The mitochondria is in the center of all metabolic pathways in the cell and in your body. 93 00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:09,520 So it is affected by and affects most of metabolism in your body. 94 00:11:09,520 --> 00:11:17,520 So it's really the central player there that makes it so important. 95 00:11:17,520 --> 00:11:18,520 Okay. 96 00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:32,520 So this mitochondria DNA being separate from our other DNA, and it's in the cell nucleus kind of alongside. 97 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:40,520 What is it within our biology that connects these two? 98 00:11:40,520 --> 00:11:52,520 So the mitochondrial DNA has kind of different properties than the chromosomal DNA. 99 00:11:52,520 --> 00:12:00,520 Most of the genes that control the nucleus are actually on the chromosomes, but some of it is in the nucleus. 100 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:04,520 The DNA is in the mitochondria. 101 00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:12,520 And the DNA in the mitochondria actually can change much more rapidly than your genes in your nucleus. 102 00:12:12,520 --> 00:12:18,520 So you have a lot of pair mechanisms to keep your nuclear genes just as they are. 103 00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:25,520 Whereas in the mitochondria, we know that it tends to vary in what we call haplotypes. 104 00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:30,520 And that is how the mitochondria has adapted to different environments. 105 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:33,520 It's very sensitive to the environment. 106 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:42,520 So actually different regions of the world, the mitochondria is adapted based on climate and also altitude. 107 00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:46,520 And so that also means though that it's very sensitive. 108 00:12:46,520 --> 00:12:49,520 It's very sensitive to our environment. 109 00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:54,520 And so we can actually think of it as the environmental sensor. 110 00:12:54,520 --> 00:13:07,520 One of the other things that we worry about is that if your cells are under stress and you have a lot of what we call oxidative stress in your cells, this can damage DNA. 111 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:14,520 And the DNA in the mitochondria is very sensitive to that oxidative stress. 112 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:15,520 Okay. 113 00:13:15,520 --> 00:13:19,520 So the ROS is involved. 114 00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:21,520 This sounds like. 115 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:24,520 Is the mitochondria DNA. 116 00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:37,520 What I know about other DNA sequencing in the cell nucleus, it's a, it's kind of a chroma for it absorbs, it peaks at 260 nanometer light. 117 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:44,520 Is this the same mechanism that the mitochondria DNA uses? 118 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:47,520 I'm sorry, as far as what? 119 00:13:47,520 --> 00:13:58,520 Does it absorb the 260 light or is it also a chroma for whereby it activates only on specific wavelength of light? 120 00:13:58,520 --> 00:14:16,520 No, I don't think the light, I mean, it may activate at certain, you know, wavelengths of light, but for the most part, you know, it is, is activated by other types of systems in the. 121 00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:18,520 In the cell. 122 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:27,520 Now, one of the really interesting things is that the nuclear DNA, as you may know, is regulated by epigenetics. 123 00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:36,520 And that's the, the methylation and, and other signaling that's put onto the DNA to turn it on and off. 124 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:48,520 So one of the really interesting things is that the mitochondria actually regulates that epigenetic landscape as it being the environmental sensor and the nutrient sensor. 125 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:51,520 You know, how much food you have, how many nutrients it have. 126 00:14:51,520 --> 00:15:00,520 It actually sends signals to the nucleus and turns whole sets of genes on and off, depending on what it feels your body state is. 127 00:15:00,520 --> 00:15:01,520 Okay. 128 00:15:01,520 --> 00:15:05,520 So, okay, so there's like a back and forth communication there. 129 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:10,520 Interesting. 130 00:15:10,520 --> 00:15:18,520 So, with the with that mitochondrial DNA. 131 00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:26,520 And it's having significantly less amount of genes creating it. 132 00:15:26,520 --> 00:15:46,520 I know, I know in neurobiology of disease, a paper just released a review and meta analysis, I believe there were, it seems like a lot of different findings that can that informs us of a lot of different things. 133 00:15:46,520 --> 00:15:58,520 Let's start with just understanding the, I have noted here lactate 17% and then pyruvate the fourth. 134 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:03,520 Yeah, yeah. So let me, let me give you a before we go into that. 135 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:17,520 Let me show you a couple of slides here that I think we'll, you know, talk about these biomarkers because, you know, in that paper where we try to do was really kind of set things up so you understood where these are coming from. 136 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:20,520 We talk about these, you know, biomarkers all the time. 137 00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:28,520 And, you know, a lot of times people don't know, oh, why are we actually looking, you know, at these specific biomarkers. 138 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:33,520 So I'll just share my screen here. 139 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:49,520 And so this is a, this is a picture of the mitochondrial pathways. 140 00:16:49,520 --> 00:16:57,520 And this is actually a simplification that can even show you more of a simplification than this. 141 00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:05,520 But you can see that it's very, very, very complex in the, the machinery in the mitochondria. 142 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:13,520 The main part of the mitochondria is, is this thing called a citric acid cycle here. 143 00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:30,520 And glucose, the major source we think of is carbohydrates in the form of glucose going down the glycolysis and making pyruvate. 144 00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:33,520 So we can see pyruvate here. 145 00:17:33,520 --> 00:17:39,520 Pyruvate, the next step is to go into the mitochondria. 146 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:43,520 And the machinery in here is in working what's going to happen. 147 00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:48,520 Pyruvate is going to get backed up. 148 00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:53,520 And pyruvate, if it gets backed up, has to go somewhere. 149 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:59,520 And it's either made into lactate or alanine. 150 00:17:59,520 --> 00:18:11,520 These are three of the biomarkers that we use to just tell us in general that the mitochondria is not working. 151 00:18:11,520 --> 00:18:22,520 Also, let's say pyruvate does come into the mitochondria and goes to acetyl-CoA and then into the citric acid cycle. 152 00:18:22,520 --> 00:18:26,520 We can see there's many little offshoots here and a lot going on. 153 00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:37,520 So if there's something that stops, if there's a problem somewhere in the cycle, then we'll build up these things called citric acid cycle intermediates, 154 00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:41,520 which we can measure in the urine as urine organic acids. 155 00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:46,520 And that can tell us where this cycle may have stopped. 156 00:18:46,520 --> 00:18:50,520 So that's really important. 157 00:18:50,520 --> 00:19:03,520 Once you go around the cycle, you make these things called energy carriers, NADH and FADH2, which go to the electron transport chain. 158 00:19:03,520 --> 00:19:07,520 And that's what a lot of people talk about where we see problems. 159 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:18,520 The electron transport chain are these five enzymes up here, labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which are called complexes, 160 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:30,520 which sit on this inner membrane and take the energy produced from the citric acid cycle in other places and turn it into energy in the form of ATP. 161 00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:35,520 ATP is your energy molecule of the cell. 162 00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:46,520 If there's any type of backup here, sometimes we can see that in intermediates in the citric acid cycle, 163 00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:55,520 but we can also measure the activity of many of these complexes to see which one may not be working. 164 00:19:55,520 --> 00:20:05,520 One of the other really important things is that what I essentially call the wires in the mitochondria from complex 1 to complex 3, 165 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:12,520 and complex 2 to complex 3, is something called CoQ10, which you can think of, a lot of people think of it as a vitamin. 166 00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:16,520 They take what big went all for art health, which is CoQ10. 167 00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:23,520 And CoQ10 is really important because it's an antioxidant, so it will protect the mitochondria. 168 00:20:23,520 --> 00:20:31,520 This inner membrane here is very crucial electron transport chain from oxidative stress, but then it gets used up. 169 00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:39,520 It gets used up. You don't have the wires to connect complex 1 to complex 3 or complex 2 to complex 3. 170 00:20:39,520 --> 00:20:44,520 So that's another really important concept there. 171 00:20:44,520 --> 00:20:49,520 To look at the mitochondria and how it's working, 172 00:20:49,520 --> 00:20:55,520 it's up by acne as an antioxidant. 173 00:20:55,520 --> 00:21:02,520 The other complex that's really important is this complex 4, because it's the one that uses oxygen. 174 00:21:02,520 --> 00:21:10,520 The whole reason we breathe actually is to allow the function of complex 4. 175 00:21:10,520 --> 00:21:17,520 And one of the ways we see how the mitochondria may be working is we use something called Respirometry, 176 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:24,520 where we measure oxygen consumption at complex 4 here. 177 00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:32,520 One of the important aspects is that the mitochondria is also important for fatty acid oxidation. 178 00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:35,520 And that's to break down fats. 179 00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:44,520 So your fats come in very long chains of carbons, and we determine, we characterize them by how many carbons they have. 180 00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:52,520 And what the fatty acid oxidation cycle does is it takes off two carbons at a time and shortens the chain. 181 00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:59,520 And that goes around and around and around until we either have two or three carbons left. 182 00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:02,520 And that goes right into the citric acid cycle. 183 00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:10,520 There's special fats need to be brought into the mitochondria in a special way, and so we need cornutine. 184 00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:14,520 Cornutine is very important for transporting those fats, 185 00:22:14,520 --> 00:22:25,520 but it's also very important because it hangs on to any type of organic acids, maybe any toxic organic acids that may build up, 186 00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:27,520 and eliminates them for the kidney. 187 00:22:27,520 --> 00:22:31,520 So it's very important for that. 188 00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:35,520 The other thing we measure many times is something called creatine kinase, 189 00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:45,520 because the muscles have so many mitochondria that if there's any damage to the mitochondria, the mitochondria isn't working well. 190 00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:51,520 We see that the muscles break down a little bit and release this enzyme called creatine kinase. 191 00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:56,520 So it's kind of another way of measuring what's going on. 192 00:22:56,520 --> 00:23:03,520 Yeah, bodybuilders, people that exercise will supplement with creatine. 193 00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:09,520 And I think just to accelerate those nutrients to build the muscle. 194 00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:12,520 Yeah, so that's in the whole another area. 195 00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:22,520 So the importance of creatine is that it is kind of like the batteries of the cell. 196 00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:27,520 So ATP, that important energy molecule, is kind of fleeting. 197 00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:31,520 It can only around for a short period of time. 198 00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:36,520 So the only way we can store that is by making phosphocreatine. 199 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:42,520 So that's why you take creatine, it builds up your muscles, and it also stores up energy like a battery. 200 00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:50,520 So people can do weightlifting for longer periods of time, because they have more ATP. 201 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:57,520 And my understanding is it also quenches ROS, that creatine supplement. 202 00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:03,520 It may, it may, yeah, that's not the primary thing we use it for, but that's definitely possible. 203 00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:09,520 We usually use other things for quenching ROS that are a little bit better. 204 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:19,520 One of the things that's kind of our concept is to build up the ROS regulatory system of the body. 205 00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:25,520 So that the body is able to handle it rather than giving antioxidants. 206 00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:28,520 Okay. 207 00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:38,520 It's my understanding that complex for cytochrome c-oxidase, I have a couple of questions on this complex in general, if we can. 208 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:40,520 Yeah. 209 00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:43,520 This complex actually makes water. 210 00:24:43,520 --> 00:24:44,520 Is that correct? 211 00:24:44,520 --> 00:24:45,520 It does. 212 00:24:45,520 --> 00:24:46,520 Okay. 213 00:24:46,520 --> 00:25:00,520 And then it kind of breaks down the H2O into separate hydrogen and oxygen and then some electrons. 214 00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:15,520 What seems interesting to me is the production of water at complex four, the less water that it's producing will kind of show up in disease. 215 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:21,520 Or cell health or mitochondrial damage even. 216 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:39,520 So if cytochrome four isn't producing right, in other words, this is where like even hetero plasma will show up and our overall health will begin to decline. 217 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:48,520 This is like at the very upstream of senescence even is, can you confirm or correct any of that? 218 00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:55,520 As far as complex four and senescence of the cell or. 219 00:25:55,520 --> 00:26:04,520 Yeah, just if, as soon as cytochrome c-oxidase is the water production is decreasing. 220 00:26:04,520 --> 00:26:13,520 That's when cell health begins to kind of is become implicated. 221 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:24,520 Well, the, you know, I don't know that the water production itself has any major issue. 222 00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:30,520 It's not thought to here's here's a diagram here where you can see oxygen, right, made into water. 223 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:43,520 The other really important thing is concept of the electron transport chain is you take hydrogen ions, protons, and you pump them across the membrane to create this gradient. 224 00:26:43,520 --> 00:26:49,520 And then gradient comes down to make ATP. 225 00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:59,520 So sometimes what happens, and I think we have that in this picture here, is that we can make. 226 00:26:59,520 --> 00:27:06,520 We can have many types of oxygen radicals. 227 00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:13,520 Okay, and that's something that's really important to be able to deal with in the cell. 228 00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:22,520 So if you have a superoxide, so that's an oxygen with a negative charge here. 229 00:27:22,520 --> 00:27:27,520 We have superoxide dismutase, which is very important. 230 00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:32,520 And that makes hydrogen peroxide. 231 00:27:32,520 --> 00:27:40,520 And you have to get rid of hydrogen peroxide through either catalase or by with glutathione. 232 00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:46,520 You can make then you come back and make water and just regular O2. 233 00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:56,520 So water does build up as you start to quench all these toxic oxygen radicals. 234 00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,520 And so this is really important. 235 00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:07,520 The other important thing for help is we've heard a little bit about the certuents. 236 00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:14,520 It's the SI-RT genes, which all up-regulate these defensive mechanisms. 237 00:28:14,520 --> 00:28:27,520 And we know that NAD+, and there's a lot of supplements out on the market seem to up-regulate these important areas to actually protect the mitochondria. 238 00:28:27,520 --> 00:28:36,520 Yeah, a lot of aging and longevity research is centered around NAD+, rapamycin and certuents. 239 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:46,520 And I suspect it's because of the to keep the cell healthy, the way you explained it. 240 00:28:46,520 --> 00:28:50,520 Now, yeah, so right. So that's what's important about the certuents. 241 00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:56,520 Yeah, and NAD, and NAD also is very important as an intermediate. 242 00:28:56,520 --> 00:29:00,520 That's where we usually think of it as like a vitamin. 243 00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:16,520 But the important part is that it's also, and we see this in biology a lot, it's also a regulator of metabolism because how much of it is in a specific state tells the cell something about metabolism. 244 00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:19,520 And so that's really something that's very important. 245 00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:30,520 Now, mTOR is a really interesting central hub for regulation of growth and of metabolism. 246 00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:41,520 And it has many pathways coming in, and it does many, many things to the cell and it controls the mode of growth of cells. 247 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:51,520 So if it doesn't regulate growth, that's where you can actually get certain types of cancers that grow. 248 00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:55,520 Yeah. 249 00:29:55,520 --> 00:30:09,520 So it's kind of off topic of autism, but the idea that mitochondria is now a hot spot or in large part where melatonin is made. 250 00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:17,520 And melatonin is likely our number one antioxidant, which also goes with that cancer story too, I think. 251 00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:33,520 And I guess the reason why I bring that up is it seems to me that autism is just a downstream phenotype of our new environment. 252 00:30:33,520 --> 00:30:42,520 And you know, we know that the mitochondria DNA are very sensitive to the environment. 253 00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:52,520 And I don't want to, I don't know, I'm going down a complete bad path here for our conversation. 254 00:30:52,520 --> 00:31:01,520 But autism just shows up apparently around the 1930s, maybe a little bit in the 20s. 255 00:31:01,520 --> 00:31:11,520 I don't know. Eugen Bueller and even Piaget and some like experienced with children with very autistic phenotypes. 256 00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:15,520 But something in the environment caused it. 257 00:31:15,520 --> 00:31:20,520 And I've been hitched on that. 258 00:31:20,520 --> 00:31:30,520 I don't know where I want to take that, this rant for the last two minutes, but maybe I should just get back on path here about. 259 00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:34,520 So let me show you another kind of theme that we have. 260 00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:40,520 So, you know, the mitochondria, we talk about something called the terrible trio. 261 00:31:40,520 --> 00:31:47,520 Yeah, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and immune dysfunction. 262 00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:56,520 And when we find these all feedback on each other to create a vicious cycle of disease. 263 00:31:56,520 --> 00:32:03,520 So, you know, sometimes it's not clear where you start, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, dysfunctional mitochondria. 264 00:32:03,520 --> 00:32:08,520 But all of these things tend to feedback on each other and make things worse. 265 00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:21,520 So the mitochondria itself, when it becomes dysfunctional, it can send out dangerous signals called damps, which start inflammation. 266 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:32,520 Also, the really interesting thing is that when you look at regulatory cells in the immune system, they're usually more what we call oxidative. 267 00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:35,520 They use mitochondrial function to function. 268 00:32:35,520 --> 00:32:42,520 Whereas the inflammatory cells, many of them just use glycolysis and don't use the mitochondria. 269 00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:52,520 So when you mitochondria becomes dysfunctional, you really have a deficit in this regulatory aspect of inflammation. 270 00:32:52,520 --> 00:32:58,520 And so that potentiates inflammation many times. 271 00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:09,520 Of course, inflammation and also not being able to regulatory the immune system leads to immune dysfunction in both ways. 272 00:33:09,520 --> 00:33:27,520 Autoimmune disease and also not being able to successfully get rid of infections or having prolonged infections, having sensitivity to infections. 273 00:33:27,520 --> 00:33:37,520 Inflammation and the immune cells actually send out messengers to the mitochondria, which actually turned down its ability to work. 274 00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:40,520 So there's a vicious spike will spiral there. 275 00:33:40,520 --> 00:33:42,520 Both of these cause oxidative stress. 276 00:33:42,520 --> 00:33:53,520 And oxidative stress can cause more mitochondrial dysfunction, can cause, again, mutations, especially on the mitochondrial DNA. 277 00:33:53,520 --> 00:34:04,520 And the important thing here, another way that oxidative stress in the mitochondria interact is the major antioxidant of our body is glutathione. 278 00:34:04,520 --> 00:34:07,520 And glutathione can be made of the mitochondria. 279 00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:10,520 It's made in the cytosol outside of the mitochondria. 280 00:34:10,520 --> 00:34:15,520 But to make it de novo, you have to have ATP. 281 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:25,520 So if you don't have glutathione to combat the oxidative stress in the mitochondria, you're not going to making it making ATP and you're not going to be making glutathione. 282 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:27,520 So there's a vicious cycle here too. 283 00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:40,520 So we think that many diseases, complex diseases are caused by some cascade in these three different areas, which kind of end up in this vicious spiral. 284 00:34:40,520 --> 00:34:47,520 And the idea is how to get the body out of that and support it so it can get back to a normal state. 285 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:56,520 And of course, as our environment changes, not only a lot of people like to talk about toxins and things like that. 286 00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:07,520 But the other thing we're finding is that probably the major influence of your body is really the maternal environment during gestation. 287 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:24,520 And it's so, so, so important to make sure that prenatally the fetus gets the nutrients that it can because we find that there's some predisposition in a because of a lack of certain nutrients. 288 00:35:24,520 --> 00:35:35,520 And to be exposed the least to certain types of pollutants and other types of toxic material. 289 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:42,520 The prenatal. And there's a lot of vitamin B's associated with autism. 290 00:35:42,520 --> 00:35:57,520 The prenatal is it based off of some work at UC San Diego and even the the paper released in neurobiology of disease that you're you're on it. 291 00:35:57,520 --> 00:36:06,520 Are you comfortable with kind of thinking that autism is in the embryo. 292 00:36:06,520 --> 00:36:16,520 I think it may be predisposed in the embryo. You know, yes and no. So, you know, and that makes what makes it so difficult. 293 00:36:16,520 --> 00:36:31,520 It's how certain factors come together, you know, environmental and genetic factors, how they come together to predispose and then usually think of some type of trigger that is can cause this. 294 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:43,520 So, one paper we actually were able to correlate air pollution prenatally with long term mitochondrial function. 295 00:36:43,520 --> 00:36:56,520 So, we show that if you measure, you know, the mitochondria anywhere from six to 12 years old was most of our kids that you can link that function to air pollution exposure. 296 00:36:56,520 --> 00:37:04,520 And, and this the pattern dependent on whether you have regressive type autism or non regressive type autism. 297 00:37:04,520 --> 00:37:21,520 That is whether you develop to a certain point and lost all your skills or you were at just a you had symptoms from early on, or you had a plateau phenotype. 298 00:37:21,520 --> 00:37:28,520 But what's also interesting, we went through and we said, well, the regressive, you know, type phenotype is very interesting. 299 00:37:28,520 --> 00:37:40,520 We've linked the regressive phenotype with a specific type of mitochondrial dysfunction where you actually see overactivity of the mitochondria by about 200%. 300 00:37:40,520 --> 00:37:49,520 But what that does, we found is make the mitochondria very vulnerable to any type of physiological insults. 301 00:37:49,520 --> 00:38:02,520 So, sometimes you know the trigger when a child regresses, you know, whether it be an illness or a seizure or so. 302 00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:11,520 But many times you don't. And so what we looked into is whether, you know, that air pollution, you know, we know that it affected the child prenatally. 303 00:38:11,520 --> 00:38:18,520 If it, it could be the trigger postnatally to regression. And we found out there was some evidence of that, you know. 304 00:38:18,520 --> 00:38:27,520 So, it's all these things that, you know, you may have the luck or the unlucky of getting exposed to them in some type of vulnerable state. 305 00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:32,520 You know, so the really the thing we want to do is reduce that vulnerable state. 306 00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:37,520 So, you reduce that vulnerability to have some trigger not to develop well. 307 00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:43,520 And that starts, yeah, that starts in the embryo. So, we have to be sure to start very early on. 308 00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:59,520 You know, the JAMA paper that looked at when there was sensitive periods for folate supplementation found out that it extended into the preconception timeframe. 309 00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:06,520 So, that also is so important to know that you have to get your body ready for pregnancy. 310 00:39:06,520 --> 00:39:11,520 And it's not just the pregnancy itself. 311 00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:14,520 Yes. 312 00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:31,520 I have an episode on that. And the environment of the birthing mother, the mother has drastically changed from the time that autism wasn't here. 313 00:39:31,520 --> 00:39:46,520 And I just don't understand why we can't mimic that environment before autism to see if there's any change to the rates. 314 00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:52,520 Yeah, it's very complex because we don't know all the factors that go into it. 315 00:39:52,520 --> 00:40:02,520 So, there's a nice paper by the Mount Sinai School of Medicine group where they actually looked at the sigiwis teeth, that is, baby teeth. 316 00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:12,520 They start to develop at the end of the first trimester and they record everything that the baby has been exposed to. 317 00:40:12,520 --> 00:40:28,520 And with that, they found that, yeah, that very in twin studies, they were able to differentiate the twin that developed autism, which the first is the one that didn't, by the manganese and zinc levels. 318 00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:33,520 So, those are really important, you know, nutrient metals. 319 00:40:33,520 --> 00:40:48,520 And then we actually looked at these various types of metals, both nutrient and toxic, in kids with autism, and looked at how it may regulate their mitochondrial function. 320 00:40:48,520 --> 00:41:00,520 And we found that, yes, prenatally zinc and manganese actually modulated long-term mitochondrial function in those that had regressive type autism. 321 00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:09,520 So, those are just probably examples of two nutrients, but there's many other nutrients that are probably really very critical. 322 00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:14,520 Of course, we know that thyroid, iron, folate is very important. 323 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:20,520 Carnitine is something that seems to be reduced during pregnancy, which is usually not recognized. 324 00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:25,520 So, the problem with metabolic systems is they're complex, right? 325 00:41:25,520 --> 00:41:31,520 They're not just one thing or another. All these things kind of play on each other and are correlated. 326 00:41:31,520 --> 00:41:35,520 So, that complexity of it makes it hard to study. 327 00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:37,520 Yeah. 328 00:41:37,520 --> 00:41:47,520 The role of melanin, like neuromelanin now, is very fascinating, whereby it works as a protector of the cell. 329 00:41:47,520 --> 00:41:57,520 And it takes these metals or these toxins, I should say, just to be general, and kind of protects the cell. 330 00:41:57,520 --> 00:42:07,520 I think there's going to be something to come out of that, the role of melanin within the cell. 331 00:42:07,520 --> 00:42:22,520 Yeah, we're knowing, especially melatonin, is, you know, we think of it as a sleep initiator, but it actually has many different roles as far as an antioxidant. 332 00:42:22,520 --> 00:42:27,520 It regulates the immune system and it supports mitochondrial function. 333 00:42:27,520 --> 00:42:43,520 And there's some studies are using high dose melatonin to as a treatment for mitochondrial dysfunction. 334 00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:47,520 Okay. 335 00:42:47,520 --> 00:42:58,520 I have a question about NAD. Is that synthesized through tryptophan or is that a different acid? 336 00:42:58,520 --> 00:43:03,520 It has several different pathways. But tryptophan, yeah, definitely that's one of them. 337 00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:09,520 But there is other ways that it can be produced. 338 00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:19,520 So, you know, definitely many different aspects of that. So again, being complex, yeah. 339 00:43:19,520 --> 00:43:22,520 And the idea is, yeah, how do you get it into your body? 340 00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:29,520 I find actually that the nasal sprays work pretty well rather than the oral form. 341 00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:36,520 And that's a problem with all of these kind of supplements, you know, they're not at the level where they've been tested as medications. 342 00:43:36,520 --> 00:43:47,520 So we don't have those same ideas of how they optimally get into the body for certain individuals. 343 00:43:47,520 --> 00:44:05,520 One of the problems with, you know, at least kiddos with autism and other diseases is that they have issues with GI system. 344 00:44:05,520 --> 00:44:16,520 Yeah, which is kind of hits with the tryptophan and serotonin, I think too, because of the enteric and enterochromathin cells. 345 00:44:16,520 --> 00:44:28,520 Yeah. So you're absolutely right there. Most of our neurotransmitters, we always think we're in their brain, but most of it is in the gut as you point out. 346 00:44:28,520 --> 00:44:54,520 So, you know, it may very well be that, you know, that the gut, these things also regulate the gut, not only these metabolic systems are extremely important in that metabolism. 347 00:44:54,520 --> 00:45:03,520 Yeah. So here's an NAD production. 348 00:45:03,520 --> 00:45:15,520 Can you or can people differentiate the amount of NAD coming from tryptophan versus, yeah, the nicotinetic acid? 349 00:45:15,520 --> 00:45:21,520 Yeah. So you can see that here can come from tryptophan or nitinic acid. Exactly. 350 00:45:21,520 --> 00:45:26,520 And so there's two pathways that converge to make the NAD. 351 00:45:26,520 --> 00:45:34,520 And or you can take some of these other products that come right into this cycle and make NAD downstream. 352 00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:38,520 So there's many ways of getting in there. Yeah. 353 00:45:38,520 --> 00:45:49,520 I was curious because of with everything that we've talked about with the environment and the protein sequencing, DNA sequencing. 354 00:45:49,520 --> 00:46:02,520 Because tryptophan being an aromatic amino acid that absorbs, it peaks at 280 and anywhere from 2 to 280 nanometer light. 355 00:46:02,520 --> 00:46:17,520 And I'm just, I'm kind of everything to me saying that autism developed as a biological adaptation from our shifts in light. 356 00:46:17,520 --> 00:46:28,520 We're less involved in the sunlight, which we evolved under and that we're under this artificial light, which is very isolated. 357 00:46:28,520 --> 00:46:44,520 And I guess a simple way of explaining it is if I go by a baby, if I go by a tree, like from Home Depot, and I plant it in my yard, even if it's optimal environment, optimal soil. 358 00:46:44,520 --> 00:46:53,520 And I cover the tree with or from the sun. It's not going to develop the way that it should. 359 00:46:53,520 --> 00:47:00,520 And so that is kind of like a neuro development of the tree. 360 00:47:00,520 --> 00:47:13,520 Yeah. And in contrast, or in addition, if I take a grown tree and block the sun and it accelerates death. 361 00:47:13,520 --> 00:47:22,520 That I just gave that tree kind of Alzheimer's, which is also new in medical literature. 362 00:47:22,520 --> 00:47:39,520 I don't know if I'm far out, but this biological adaptation to our environment, especially with how sensitive it is and how we evolve for, I don't know how many years as mammals. 363 00:47:39,520 --> 00:47:50,520 Under the sunlight, I think we neglect the fact that the sun and light, especially light as an electromagnetic field. 364 00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:57,520 And as we talk about mitochondria and the electrons and proton balance. 365 00:47:57,520 --> 00:48:06,520 I'm just, I'm just so curious and interested if how much light has a is in play here. 366 00:48:06,520 --> 00:48:11,520 Yeah, I mean, light itself, sunlight, especially is extremely important. 367 00:48:11,520 --> 00:48:23,520 One, you know, actually say to get the cycle, you know, one of these things we know that in autism, we have the, the melatonin sleep cycle is that diurnal cycle is broken down quite a bit. 368 00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:27,520 And some one of the first things we really have to fix. 369 00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:30,520 And your body doesn't repair itself very well. 370 00:48:30,520 --> 00:48:36,520 If you don't have that cycle, if you don't sleep well, that's why we look at sleep. 371 00:48:36,520 --> 00:48:41,520 That's so important because that's when you actually integrate everything you learn during the day into your brain. 372 00:48:41,520 --> 00:48:43,520 If you don't sleep, you don't learn. 373 00:48:43,520 --> 00:48:53,520 Also, we're learning, of course, about the lymphatic system that washes out the brain, almost like a washing machine of all the junk, you know, at nighttime. 374 00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:57,520 So if you don't sleep well, you don't wash out your brain really well. 375 00:48:57,520 --> 00:49:01,520 So sleep is so important and getting into that cycle is so important. 376 00:49:01,520 --> 00:49:07,520 And then you have the effects that we're learning about how light is therapeutic, you know. 377 00:49:07,520 --> 00:49:16,520 And so you wonder about light itself, if it's actually getting into our body and actually physiologically, you know, helping our body function. 378 00:49:16,520 --> 00:49:17,520 Absolutely. 379 00:49:17,520 --> 00:49:21,520 Red light for sure penetrates bones. 380 00:49:21,520 --> 00:49:27,520 So red light is getting in. 381 00:49:27,520 --> 00:49:29,520 Robert O'Becker is really good on that. 382 00:49:29,520 --> 00:49:41,520 And with cytochrome c-oxidase, having four red light chromophores is very telling to me like something is going on here. 383 00:49:41,520 --> 00:49:50,520 And the complex, the mitochondrial complex has VDR receptors. 384 00:49:50,520 --> 00:49:52,520 Yeah, you know, they're absolutely right. 385 00:49:52,520 --> 00:49:57,520 Yeah, that's why vitamin D is so important also, people underestimate it too. 386 00:49:57,520 --> 00:50:02,520 And it's amazing these days how many low vitamin D levels I find. 387 00:50:02,520 --> 00:50:11,520 I always check vitamin D and I would say most of the time it's low, you know, and I live in Phoenix where it's hot to sunlight. 388 00:50:11,520 --> 00:50:19,520 Yeah, people avoid the sun and whenever they go out to the sun, they now cover up the sun quite a bit. 389 00:50:19,520 --> 00:50:37,520 And it's like vitamin D to me connects, you know, our skin is obviously the largest organ and endocrine organ in our body, but it connects our body to the central nervous system. 390 00:50:37,520 --> 00:50:52,520 It's not like it's a bloodstream or whatever, but it's a healthy dance there, vitamin D and the central nervous system. 391 00:50:52,520 --> 00:51:01,520 It's just so bizarre to me that maybe it is this simple, but yet human biology being so complex. 392 00:51:01,520 --> 00:51:10,520 It's why don't we look at the environment before autism got here. 393 00:51:10,520 --> 00:51:16,520 And I think the rates of how many things that's changed, that's the problem, right? 394 00:51:16,520 --> 00:51:17,520 Yeah. 395 00:51:17,520 --> 00:51:20,520 And so we have the really good research. 396 00:51:20,520 --> 00:51:22,520 It's hard to know, right? 397 00:51:22,520 --> 00:51:28,520 Because you can, you know, blame it on almost anything, you know, TV, you know, yeah. 398 00:51:28,520 --> 00:51:29,520 Absolutely. 399 00:51:29,520 --> 00:51:39,520 It's, you know, it's just that certain way to invite even in a lot key kids, you know, it's just, it's amazing how much our society has changed. 400 00:51:39,520 --> 00:51:43,520 So it's so hard to figure out those variables. 401 00:51:43,520 --> 00:51:44,520 Yeah. 402 00:51:44,520 --> 00:51:54,520 If it goes back to the 1930s, though, and this maternal genetic implication. 403 00:51:54,520 --> 00:52:06,520 If it is a source of artificial light being invented in the 1880s, and then the power grid really taking off in 1893, 404 00:52:06,520 --> 00:52:08,520 it hit the autism. 405 00:52:08,520 --> 00:52:14,520 That's about one and a half to two generations later that it slowly came of all. 406 00:52:14,520 --> 00:52:30,520 But then the rates of autism kind of follows this shift of reducing sun and replacing it with LED lights, which is blue light, 440 to 480 nanometer light. 407 00:52:30,520 --> 00:52:43,520 And like with tech light, the rates of autism and quite frankly, the rates of Alzheimer's and metabolic health, obesity, they're, they are, they're all following. 408 00:52:43,520 --> 00:52:52,520 They're all following this, this shift of the light source. 409 00:52:52,520 --> 00:53:03,520 And I don't think it's not autism, but I don't think obesity is a food problem or even a calories in calories out problem. 410 00:53:03,520 --> 00:53:12,520 I think they, people with obesity just lose energy to the environment because they're not getting the electrons is what I'm leaning towards. 411 00:53:12,520 --> 00:53:31,520 And this is off topic and I know I'll wrap that up right now, but obesity is just like the autism where there's a lot of factors, but just that this one factor of the sunlight or artificial light and the implications, 412 00:53:31,520 --> 00:53:38,520 because Melotinopsin wasn't discovered until 1998 and that's a blue light chromophore. 413 00:53:38,520 --> 00:53:53,520 And so everything here is telling me that, well, maybe it is as simple as our energy source, light as an electromagnetic field. 414 00:53:53,520 --> 00:54:04,520 Yeah, no, I think light has a lot to do with it. I always tell my, my patients, you know, my family is to, to wake the kid up and take a walk around the block in the sunlight. 415 00:54:04,520 --> 00:54:10,520 If I'm wanting to get the day started, because really wakes you up and it gets you going. 416 00:54:10,520 --> 00:54:27,520 That circadian cycle is starts as soon as, as soon as you need light as soon as possible, because of the signaling and the implications or benefits to the hormones in our physiology. 417 00:54:27,520 --> 00:54:32,520 And we've, we've kind of neglected that as a modern society. 418 00:54:32,520 --> 00:54:40,520 Yeah, it's complex. That's, that's nothing. It's not simple. Our bodies are not simple. And nature is not simple. 419 00:54:40,520 --> 00:54:41,520 Yeah. 420 00:54:41,520 --> 00:54:45,520 Yeah, we, we, we took ourselves out of nature. 421 00:54:45,520 --> 00:54:53,520 And when we were in nature, though, we didn't have so many of these modern complex diseases. 422 00:54:53,520 --> 00:55:03,520 What is something you're working on now that is your most excited about or something that you can share for us that to look out for? 423 00:55:03,520 --> 00:55:12,520 Well, I mean, what we're doing, you know, we have a bunch of clinical trials. We're still doing our work on leukovorn, which is certain folate that seems to help many kids with autism. 424 00:55:12,520 --> 00:55:14,520 So we're continuing those. 425 00:55:14,520 --> 00:55:24,520 We're doing a project on photobiomodulation for seizures. So there's some good evidence that it seems to work well for autism symptoms. 426 00:55:24,520 --> 00:55:36,520 But we're also seeing, we think theoretically by looking at how it works in the brain and how it changes certain brain waves, that it should actually improve seizure, seizure activity. 427 00:55:36,520 --> 00:55:44,520 You know, and many kids with with autism are very sensitive to anti-epileptic medications where they don't respond. 428 00:55:44,520 --> 00:55:53,520 So it's really nice to have, you know, a another, you know, tool to treat them. 429 00:55:53,520 --> 00:56:04,520 We're also doing a trial on a brand new drug that is not even on the market yet that regulates microculele cells. 430 00:56:04,520 --> 00:56:08,520 So we think that could be a real game changer. 431 00:56:08,520 --> 00:56:22,520 And then for, you know, mitochondria, you know, and other types of metabolic systems, what we're finding is that that they may that they seem to run in families. 432 00:56:22,520 --> 00:56:26,520 And so something that might be affecting the whole family. 433 00:56:26,520 --> 00:56:36,520 And if that that's important in many ways, one, you know, the rest of the family might have disorders that are treatable in similar ways. 434 00:56:36,520 --> 00:56:52,520 But if you can identify those abnormalities early in the mother and father, you may be able to do something about it, you know, in the prenatal period or preconception period that will reduce the risk of having any type of chronic disease. 435 00:56:52,520 --> 00:57:03,520 Yeah, I think that's I think that's the future. I think that's that's I'm set aside and I'm pleased that you shared that with me because I think this is the way. 436 00:57:03,520 --> 00:57:12,520 So yeah, so we have our foundation, the autism discovery and treatment foundation is what we started to do all of this research. 437 00:57:12,520 --> 00:57:24,520 So we're on Facebook, you can, you know, follow, like and share and all do that stuff. We try to put videos out every week on something new, some new information, just a short video to keep people up to date. 438 00:57:24,520 --> 00:57:35,520 Yeah, good. I'll put all your links in the show notes and I think modern medicine misses this bio physics. And I know you have a PhD in bio physics. 439 00:57:35,520 --> 00:57:44,520 I think bio physics and biochemistry must meet together for the cell development or the cell functioning. 440 00:57:44,520 --> 00:57:45,520 Yeah. 441 00:57:45,520 --> 00:57:47,520 That's for sure. 442 00:57:47,520 --> 00:57:52,520 Dr Fry, thank you so much. And I'm sure you have to talk to you. It was amazing. 443 00:57:52,520 --> 00:57:53,520 You're talking to you. 444 00:57:53,520 --> 00:57:54,520 Thanks. 445 00:57:54,520 --> 00:57:58,520 Bye bye. 446 00:57:58,520 --> 00:58:19,520 Before we wrap up today, I just want to kind of mention again that the podcast stands on the cause of autism and how critical light as an electromagnetic field has evolved living organisms on Earth, including humans. 447 00:58:19,520 --> 00:58:34,520 It seems to me that eventually something will come out about this shift in light source, removing ourselves from the sun and supplementing it with artificial light in the various forms of artificial light. 448 00:58:34,520 --> 00:58:58,520 But before you understand that, you need to understand that the sun spectra 280 to 3100 nanometer light, the sun spectra is much different than artificial light in the light that we have now surrounded ourselves in or suffocated ourselves even. 449 00:58:58,520 --> 00:59:06,520 It's much different light and the energy source and the wavelength. 450 00:59:06,520 --> 00:59:13,520 Humans have this capacity because humans have this capacity to think. 451 00:59:13,520 --> 00:59:24,520 Now we are the only creature that will change our environment like this because of the frontal lobes because of our capacity to think. 452 00:59:24,520 --> 00:59:49,520 I don't want to sidetrack on Dr. Fry's information and the amount of work that he is doing to one understand autism and two, even as you've heard him say, the treatment with the photo bio modulation and the the spray of the NAD. 453 00:59:49,520 --> 01:00:04,520 This is very critical in our understanding of autism and allowing autistics to kind of thrive and have a different environment have a different option. 454 01:00:04,520 --> 01:00:19,520 And we're very much appreciative of Dr. Fry's work. I know he's he's very different kind of dynamics I was searching for. 455 01:00:19,520 --> 01:00:29,520 He's it's very impressive how dynamic this individual is, especially for our topic autism. 456 01:00:29,520 --> 01:00:36,520 If you are listening to the episode or listening to the podcast, please feel free to leave a review or rating. 457 01:00:36,520 --> 01:00:41,520 In podcasting reviews, ratings and downloads are huge. 458 01:00:41,520 --> 01:00:44,520 And I very much appreciate your feedback. 459 01:00:44,520 --> 01:00:59,520 You can contact me on X at rps 47586 or email info dot from the spectrum at gmail.com. 460 01:00:59,520 --> 01:01:08,520 And you can click on the hop link to have access to all of the platforms of podcasting and contact information. 461 01:01:08,520 --> 01:01:16,520 Thank you for listening to from the spectrum podcast.