1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,400 This week's show is sponsored by Wellness Corps. 2 00:00:02,400 --> 00:00:06,080 Can you close your eyes and picture your favourite toy from when you were a child? 3 00:00:06,080 --> 00:00:10,640 That ability to visualise a memory is a powerful tool we take for granted. 4 00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:13,600 Some humans can't visualise mental images at all. 5 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:14,640 But what about dogs? 6 00:00:14,640 --> 00:00:17,360 Can they picture their favourite toy from when they were a puppy? 7 00:00:17,360 --> 00:00:19,200 How about other types of memory? 8 00:00:19,200 --> 00:00:21,440 Episodic, like how you remember your day, 9 00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:24,560 playing back taking your dog for a walk, like a video in your own head. 10 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:28,080 Semantics, the facts you know about things, like dogs and mammals. 11 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:29,520 And then there's non-declarative memory. 12 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:32,960 The stuff you don't need to think about, you just do it like riding a bike. 13 00:00:32,960 --> 00:00:34,960 You're not saying dogs know how to ride a bike, are you? 14 00:00:34,960 --> 00:00:36,720 Do they reminisce about their puppyhood? 15 00:00:36,720 --> 00:00:37,920 Or do they live in the moment? 16 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:41,920 Welcome to the Dog Scholar. 17 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:52,000 Do dogs remember in pictures just like we can? 18 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:54,480 Well, I found a study that looked at exactly that. 19 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:57,440 There were 28 dogs in Japan that took part in the study. 20 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:02,320 Scientists played a sound recording of either their owner or a stranger's voice. 21 00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:04,720 And it was followed by a single photo. 22 00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:07,440 And it either matched the voice that they heard or didn't. 23 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:11,120 And they recorded the length of time the dogs looked at each face. 24 00:01:11,120 --> 00:01:14,320 And they found the dogs looked longer at the faces 25 00:01:14,320 --> 00:01:17,440 that mismatched with the voice they just heard. 26 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:22,080 Now, if dogs were remembering the person as a picture when they're hearing the voice, 27 00:01:22,080 --> 00:01:24,720 you'd expect them to look longer at the mismatched image 28 00:01:24,720 --> 00:01:26,720 because it wasn't what they were expected. 29 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:29,200 So this was actually the first demonstration 30 00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:32,640 that non-human animals can remember in pictures. 31 00:01:32,640 --> 00:01:34,880 So they looked longer at the faces that didn't match. 32 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:36,480 That makes sense, wouldn't it? 33 00:01:36,480 --> 00:01:38,080 I mean, from an evolutionary standpoint, 34 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:41,600 you'd want to pay attention to the unknown a little bit more than the known, wouldn't you? 35 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:42,960 Yeah, that would be my thing as well. 36 00:01:42,960 --> 00:01:44,960 You want to make the idea of living in this world, 37 00:01:44,960 --> 00:01:48,240 you want to be able to predict and control outcomes and events, don't you? 38 00:01:48,240 --> 00:01:49,840 So anything that disconfirms that that says, 39 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:51,520 well, hang on, mate, you shouldn't be speaking like that. 40 00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:54,560 If your partner suddenly walked in speaking like Daffy Duck, 41 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:56,560 or something you'd think, well, what are you speaking like that for? 42 00:01:56,560 --> 00:01:59,520 Whereas if they walked in speaking normally, then you'd pay attention to it. 43 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:04,800 And I should imagine that that is equally valuable to your dog. 44 00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:06,720 I mean, people could try it, couldn't they? 45 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:09,680 Try speaking to your dog in some sort of weird voice and see what they do. 46 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:13,840 See if they look at you puzzled, as though there's something wrong with you. 47 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:17,280 I might do that when I get home and just see what the humans around me do. 48 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:19,360 I'll walk in and go, you're all right, lad, what are you doing, lad? 49 00:02:19,360 --> 00:02:19,860 Yeah. 50 00:02:20,480 --> 00:02:24,800 But what I liked about this is it showed that whatever they were recalling to go, 51 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:27,840 oh, that doesn't quite match, it was recalling it in a picture 52 00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:29,840 because they were remembering the face. 53 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:32,640 I think it says something about how dogs experience the world. 54 00:02:32,640 --> 00:02:38,000 Because I'm really guilty sometimes of just, obviously, with a behaviourism background, 55 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,760 it's like reductionist black and white response outcome. 56 00:02:41,760 --> 00:02:46,320 And sometimes I know that I can kind of ignore some of this stuff, 57 00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:49,760 but actually it showed me that there is more to it than I might be given credit for. 58 00:02:49,760 --> 00:02:55,040 I'm a big advocate of what I coin as allowing your dog to see the world, 59 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:57,200 but perceive it as only in the background. 60 00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:01,280 And going off that, if they're more likely to fixate on things that are unfamiliar, 61 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:04,480 obviously, whether they're working it out or from an evolutionary standpoint, 62 00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:06,160 it's like to risk assess. 63 00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:09,520 The amount of reactivity I deal with, like fear activity, 64 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:15,360 and it all stems from us allowing our dogs to fixate and go down that rabbit hole of, 65 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:19,680 oh, and then before you know it, they have to make a choice to better that situation. 66 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:23,600 And I literally always start these behaviour change programmes with 67 00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:26,800 the dog needs to see it, but only perceive it as in the background. 68 00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:32,080 If your dog has a fear of traffic and you start at a distance away, 69 00:03:32,080 --> 00:03:35,360 walking your dog, but keeping them focused on something, 70 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:39,360 traffic passes by and they just accept it a bit better. 71 00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:43,520 It becomes the information that they might be suspicious of or scared of. 72 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:45,440 It becomes much more easier to digest. 73 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:48,480 So that would fall in line with what they found, wouldn't it? 74 00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:52,640 And if they can remember in a picture, that's kind of like the foundation 75 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:56,480 for how you would make a category of something, how you'd recognise something else. 76 00:03:56,480 --> 00:03:59,600 If that were my study, I'd think I'm going to push this one step further. 77 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:02,000 I'm going to show you a picture of your favourite beach 78 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:04,320 where you go for a walk or your favourite park. 79 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:06,640 And instead, I'm going to play road traffic noise, 80 00:04:06,640 --> 00:04:09,360 or I'm going to play a children's playground over the top of it 81 00:04:09,360 --> 00:04:12,640 and see if I get the same level of confusion and mismatch there. 82 00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:13,840 Oh, smells! 83 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:15,840 I wonder if dogs can remember and smells. 84 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:17,200 It is their primary scent, after all. 85 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:19,280 There's all sorts of things that you could throw in there, isn't there, 86 00:04:19,280 --> 00:04:21,200 to be able to see how does this affect it? 87 00:04:21,200 --> 00:04:23,920 Or even put it from the behavioural example I gave, 88 00:04:23,920 --> 00:04:28,720 maybe match a smell that they really like with that picture 89 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:30,080 that they might be a bit suspicious of. 90 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:31,120 Would that snap them out of it? 91 00:04:31,120 --> 00:04:34,400 Or you could do a smell of a particular person, their owner, 92 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:36,800 with an unfamiliar face and see if that would... 93 00:04:36,800 --> 00:04:39,440 There is something there about activating that seeking system, isn't there, 94 00:04:39,440 --> 00:04:41,040 that puts them in that zone of, 95 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:43,360 I'm not really paying attention to this now, my nose is taking over. 96 00:04:43,360 --> 00:04:44,080 I like that. 97 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:48,000 Temple Grandham wrote a brilliant book, which I believe was Thinking in Pictures. 98 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:49,520 I think that was the title of it. 99 00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:50,640 If not, if you Google Temple... 100 00:04:50,640 --> 00:04:51,360 I can't picture it! 101 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:51,680 I want it that you can't... 102 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:52,240 I can't picture it! 103 00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:53,760 I just think it's ironic that you can't remember. 104 00:04:53,760 --> 00:04:54,880 I've got it, I can see it. 105 00:04:56,480 --> 00:04:59,120 I can recall the picture to mine, you see? 106 00:04:59,920 --> 00:05:03,440 It's a sort of browny sort of colouring on the back. 107 00:05:04,400 --> 00:05:06,560 It's a good book, a good book for people to have a read of 108 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:10,640 that goes through that sort of picture thinking as opposed to, 109 00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:13,200 and links in directly to her own, I believe, autism. 110 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,240 You know, and how she perceives things, 111 00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:19,040 which is how she was able to bring the two in together and match the two. 112 00:05:19,040 --> 00:05:21,840 So sort of like, revolutionise the American beef industry. 113 00:05:21,840 --> 00:05:22,560 Nice. 114 00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:27,200 Well, of course, in humans, emotion can trigger you to have a much more vivid memory. 115 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:30,240 And it would be interesting to know if it's the same with dogs. 116 00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:32,400 I would suspect yes from behaviour that I've observed, 117 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:33,360 but I haven't found a study... 118 00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:35,040 I would aim from... 119 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:37,040 Obviously, it's anecdotal through experience, 120 00:05:37,040 --> 00:05:39,440 but I would absolutely say that is relevant. 121 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:42,000 If there's an outcome linked to that picture, 122 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:46,720 i.e. something not nice happens or something betters their situation, 123 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:47,840 something nice happens, 124 00:05:47,840 --> 00:05:50,560 the dog's more likely to remember it as a learning event. 125 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:54,240 Yeah. I mean, why would you have the ability to be able to find things 126 00:05:54,240 --> 00:05:59,040 more pleasant or more unpleasant if there weren't a linked benefit to that? 127 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:03,280 You know, so yeah, I definitely think that the more emotionally arousing something is, 128 00:06:03,280 --> 00:06:07,840 you know, in whatever capacity, the more impact it has on Emory. 129 00:06:07,840 --> 00:06:10,800 I think in terms of like, teaching your dog things 130 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:13,600 and wanting to, you know, engage with your dog. 131 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:16,160 We've mentioned this before, but you know, 132 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:19,920 it all boils down to seeing the world with three things in mind. 133 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:23,360 Avoid discomfort, indulge in pleasure and better your own situation. 134 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:26,560 They're the kind of things that's going to shape your dog's behaviour 135 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:28,720 as you're, you know, wallowing through life. 136 00:06:28,720 --> 00:06:31,840 Yeah. Good job they don't have to worry about things like morality as well. 137 00:06:31,840 --> 00:06:33,600 Yeah. Or tax. 138 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:34,400 Yeah. 139 00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:35,520 Oh, don't get me started. 140 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:36,960 There's some fantastic things coming out here, 141 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:38,640 like, so the people who are listening remember it, aren't you? 142 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:40,160 Yeah. 143 00:06:40,160 --> 00:06:42,800 But listen, we know dogs can remember in pictures, 144 00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:45,920 but can they remember in videos too? 145 00:06:45,920 --> 00:06:50,880 Well, we looked at a study that looked at whether dogs could copy a behaviour after a delay. 146 00:06:50,880 --> 00:06:54,160 So could they recall it in a sequence like a video clip? 147 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:59,040 Eight dogs were taught to copy what a person did using a method called do as I do. 148 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:02,880 But the dogs were made to sit and stay, and then they watched a person do something, 149 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:07,120 like walking around a cone or jumping on a table or pushing a hanging object. 150 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:11,360 And they used objects that the dogs knew, so they were familiar, and novel ones as well. 151 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,760 And they were kept in place while the trainer would run off and hide behind a curtain. 152 00:07:15,760 --> 00:07:17,680 It was a good 14 metres away. 153 00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:20,800 And then they told the dogs to do it without being seen. 154 00:07:21,360 --> 00:07:25,360 So the dogs had to remember and repeat the action after different lengths of time, 155 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:27,440 sometimes up to 10 minutes. 156 00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:31,280 And they found dogs were able to repeat both familiar 157 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:36,000 and brand new actions after a delay, even if they got distracted in between. 158 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:41,600 They could imitate actions even when a new person gave them the do it command. 159 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:46,560 So it looks like they can remember and recall in sequences of events, just like a movie clip. 160 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:50,000 The new behaviours is something to think about, but the familiar ones is no surprise 161 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,760 because repetition instills behaviour in dogs like it does in all of us, doesn't it? 162 00:07:53,760 --> 00:07:57,040 Yeah, and with this with the picture side of things as well, 163 00:07:57,040 --> 00:08:03,040 I recently put up a video on one of my online programmes where I deliberately took a known command, 164 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:04,480 which was a recall command. 165 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:08,000 And instead just shouted completely random words. 166 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:12,720 Never one was knickers and I think the other one was custard or something like that. 167 00:08:12,720 --> 00:08:13,280 Amazing. 168 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:16,320 And on each time, yeah, it was a recall command and a stationary. 169 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:17,920 So the dog had to stop and lay down at distance. 170 00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:20,880 Well, completely out and about, just running around with another dog enjoying themselves. 171 00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:24,560 And that command came out and the dog performed the behaviour. 172 00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:25,040 Yeah. 173 00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:26,080 Immediately performed the behaviour. 174 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:27,280 They all listen to the tone, aren't they? 175 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:28,160 It's the context. 176 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:28,960 It's the picture. 177 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:30,880 I've done something exactly the same as that. 178 00:08:30,880 --> 00:08:38,880 We are hell bent on, as dog owners and as dog trainers, as an industry, in basically 179 00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:42,400 focusing on the command, focusing on the signal. 180 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:43,760 And we miss it. 181 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:46,160 We basically focus on the tree and we miss the woods. 182 00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:51,360 We need to look at the entire picture and that is the information that the dog draws 183 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:52,800 in order to perform the response. 184 00:08:52,800 --> 00:08:57,520 So arguably they might be remembering different things than we think they're remembering, 185 00:08:57,520 --> 00:08:58,880 but they're remembering something nonetheless. 186 00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:02,880 But I wondered when we were looking at this study whether there are things that we can 187 00:09:02,880 --> 00:09:04,720 do to improve a dog's memory. 188 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:08,400 Oh yeah, well, improve our own, I would suppose we can improve dogs. 189 00:09:08,400 --> 00:09:09,840 Have you heard of mind palaces? 190 00:09:10,560 --> 00:09:11,600 Yeah, I've heard of mind palaces. 191 00:09:11,600 --> 00:09:16,480 There's a world's best, what do you call it? 192 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:19,040 He remembers cards and he holds a world record for it. 193 00:09:19,040 --> 00:09:22,000 And there was an interview, he talked about how he does it. 194 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:23,200 I think it was that technique. 195 00:09:23,680 --> 00:09:25,200 I love mind palaces. 196 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:28,000 So I used to use these a lot, particularly for exams. 197 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:32,000 And so if you had to remember a shopping list, you would imagine going into your house, 198 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:35,680 you might put the first item on your shopping list, I don't know, in your kitchen or something, 199 00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:37,680 if that's the first room that you go into. 200 00:09:37,680 --> 00:09:40,720 But you don't just kind of like, I don't know, say it's an apple, leave an apple on the side, 201 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:42,320 because you forget about that. 202 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:48,080 Make something crazy and stupid about that apple so that it really tells a story and 203 00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:49,200 it helps you to remember it. 204 00:09:49,200 --> 00:09:54,400 So the apple might be a giant apple and someone's got pots and pans from your kitchen and it's 205 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:56,800 like smacking this apple with these pots and pans. 206 00:09:56,800 --> 00:09:59,680 And you kind of go in, you remember that and then you're like, oh yeah, apple, 207 00:09:59,680 --> 00:10:00,640 that's what I've got to remember. 208 00:10:00,640 --> 00:10:04,400 I struggled to retain knowledge right the way through school, obviously, 209 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,480 for my age, ADHD, when I diagnosed things. 210 00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:08,240 So I really struggled paying attention. 211 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:10,800 I won't go around the world, but when I come out of the army, 212 00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:12,960 I learned sign language and was doing that for a living. 213 00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:17,440 And what I realized is I kind of stumbled across an ability to retain knowledge because 214 00:10:18,480 --> 00:10:22,400 if I signed it and translated it, it was a picture that was solid. 215 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:23,600 And I never had that before. 216 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:26,160 And so I suppose that's a similar sort of thing, because I'm actually 217 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:28,400 porting pictures to the words. 218 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:29,840 I remembered things much more effectively. 219 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:30,400 And that's true. 220 00:10:30,400 --> 00:10:35,520 And the crazier and more stupid or random or weird or even rude you can make it, 221 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:37,360 the more likely it is to stick. 222 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:38,720 And it's tough for dogs, isn't it? 223 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:40,000 Because you can't go, okay, we're going to... 224 00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:40,800 It's called rude. 225 00:10:40,800 --> 00:10:41,920 You would, you would. 226 00:10:41,920 --> 00:10:45,600 But you can't then kind of say to a dog, hey, this is a technique that you can use. 227 00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:47,120 Let's do a doggy mind palace. 228 00:10:47,120 --> 00:10:48,160 But how could you? 229 00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:51,360 By doing exactly what you've just said, but by doing it, you're doing it 230 00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:56,160 via mental imagery, but what you're doing, I'm suggesting, is attaching greater emotional 231 00:10:56,160 --> 00:11:01,280 significance to the apple by putting it out of context in something that your brain is thinking. 232 00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:02,960 I'm guessing your brain is thinking that's unusual. 233 00:11:02,960 --> 00:11:03,440 Remember that. 234 00:11:03,440 --> 00:11:04,080 That's important. 235 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:08,800 So with my dog, if I take something and I think I'm going to generalize this, 236 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:12,240 but make it a little bit different, a little bit beyond what you would expect. 237 00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:16,960 So my recall command, for example, gets a far greater reward than you were expecting 238 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:18,640 compared to the single thing that you were getting. 239 00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:21,280 So the dog thinks, whoa, hang on, there's emotional significance to this. 240 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:23,040 There's emotional significance attached to that. 241 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:28,240 Got more interaction with her when I came back or when I jumped into the car that I 242 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:31,760 normally don't get into because my emotional response is to keep away from. 243 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:34,240 But when I got into it, bang, something fantastic happened. 244 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:40,480 I think definitely you're sort of like applied mind palace, your mind kennel. 245 00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:42,560 It's like your applied mind kennel. 246 00:11:42,560 --> 00:11:43,600 I'm taking it and putting it there. 247 00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:44,320 Yeah, 100%. 248 00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:44,960 I love it. 249 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:51,200 The interesting thing there is if you sat that exam here, France or in Germany, 250 00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:55,440 the technique will be relevant, but with dogs, a lot of the time, the behavior can dictate 251 00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:57,440 their ability to be able to recall. 252 00:11:57,440 --> 00:12:00,480 That's like how many people will tell you, he comes to me every time there, but if we 253 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:01,440 go there, he doesn't. 254 00:12:01,440 --> 00:12:02,640 You know what I mean? 255 00:12:02,640 --> 00:12:05,920 Changing the environment has a big impact on how your dog remembers things. 256 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:11,360 And a lot of dogs can perform absolutely impeccably in a training ground, but you go to a test 257 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:14,880 environment and it's a different environment and the dog literally could not perform. 258 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:19,200 That's a really good point because there's something about our memory of a particular 259 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:23,360 thing that we're trying to do with our dog or our memory of walking them through a field 260 00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:24,960 is from our perspective. 261 00:12:24,960 --> 00:12:26,400 So it's a bit like a movie. 262 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,760 So if you're going for a walk with your dog and you're remembering it, you're remembering 263 00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:31,360 your movie clip, right? 264 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:36,400 But if the dog is remembering something that it's supposedly learned, it's remembering 265 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:41,440 it from their movie clip's perspective and their camera angle might be completely different. 266 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:46,160 And we talked before about examples when I was doing sendaways with Luther and I couldn't 267 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,360 figure out why suddenly he would stop sending. 268 00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:52,560 And the guy that I was training with said, it's because of your knees, because every 269 00:12:52,560 --> 00:12:55,520 time you send him, you bend your knee and now you're standing up straight. 270 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:57,280 He's not got the same cue. 271 00:12:57,280 --> 00:13:01,840 So my memory of it is that I had taught him to go on a signal that I was giving him. 272 00:13:01,840 --> 00:13:02,640 Yeah. 273 00:13:02,640 --> 00:13:06,240 But his memory, he's attached it to the movement of the knee. 274 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:08,640 So it's a completely different memory for him. 275 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:10,720 I take that one further as well, Aime. 276 00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:15,920 We always assume that our perspective is the same as the dog's. 277 00:13:15,920 --> 00:13:18,000 Training at aim, a mark. 278 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,360 So for anyone who knows a mark, you stand there with your dog, you see something fall, 279 00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:23,520 you say dog's name, the dog knows I can run in and get that. 280 00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:25,040 As in when you're training a retriever. 281 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:25,920 Yeah, yeah, similar. 282 00:13:25,920 --> 00:13:30,160 But I don't have to point and send and know that the dog's captured what's fell. 283 00:13:30,160 --> 00:13:32,800 And I just say, I go flint and he runs in and gets it, that kind of thing. 284 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:38,000 And I was on it, it was a busy drive and I went flint and he went that way. 285 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,360 And I went, what the, called him back, what has gone on? 286 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:46,480 And the penny dropped that, what I see here is not what he's seen here. 287 00:13:46,480 --> 00:13:48,160 He couldn't see past that. 288 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:50,160 That was more in his line of sight. 289 00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:53,760 And that can be a really powerful thing for pet owners to understand 290 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:56,640 that will alleviate a lot of frustration that you can feel 291 00:13:56,640 --> 00:13:57,680 if you think it's not going right. 292 00:13:57,680 --> 00:14:00,800 Sometimes it's good to step outside the box, know this kind of stuff. 293 00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:02,320 You don't have to be an expert in it, 294 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:04,560 but getting it on the right path of thinking, 295 00:14:04,560 --> 00:14:06,960 which is going to make training your dog less stressful. 296 00:14:06,960 --> 00:14:10,000 So if I drew a six in the table, I would say it's a six, 297 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:11,760 but you would swear blind to me that it was an eight, 298 00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:12,560 that's how you see it. 299 00:14:13,360 --> 00:14:15,760 This week's show is sponsored by Wellness Corps. 300 00:14:15,760 --> 00:14:18,080 As an owner, picking what food to give your dog 301 00:14:18,080 --> 00:14:20,000 is one of the biggest decisions you'll make for them. 302 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:21,840 So why should you pick Wellness Corps? 303 00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,520 All recipes are protein rich, made of natural ingredients and grain free, 304 00:14:25,520 --> 00:14:28,880 so there is no filler, just well-balanced tasty meals. 305 00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:32,000 Give your puppy the best start in life with Wellness Corps puppy. 306 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:36,400 Meat, fruits and vegetables, enrich with vitamins, antioxidants and minerals 307 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:38,800 to give your growing puppy everything they need. 308 00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:40,960 Find the perfect core recipe for your dog 309 00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:44,080 and have it delivered to your front door by clicking the link in the description. 310 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:47,360 Do dogs remember the last thing they did? 311 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:49,920 Now, I like this study, this ended up being a nature paper. 312 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:52,800 It's really hard to publish in the journal Nature, 313 00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:55,040 so only the best studies make it into there. 314 00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:58,640 This particular one, they trained 10 dogs to repeat an action 315 00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:02,400 they'd just done in their daily life following a specific command. 316 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:03,680 And those actions could vary. 317 00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:06,320 It might be having a drink of water from their bowl, 318 00:15:06,320 --> 00:15:10,160 it might be lying down somewhere or interacting with an object. 319 00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:14,720 The test was done outside the lab in a normal environment, 320 00:15:14,720 --> 00:15:16,880 so the dogs weren't expecting a test. 321 00:15:16,880 --> 00:15:18,400 It was quite natural. 322 00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,360 And they found that dogs were able to repeat their own actions, 323 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:24,480 whether it was a learned behavior like down 324 00:15:24,480 --> 00:15:27,280 or something more spontaneous like taking a drink of water. 325 00:15:27,280 --> 00:15:31,280 They were able to do this after a delay of 20 seconds, of one minute 326 00:15:31,280 --> 00:15:33,360 and some of them even after an hour, 327 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:36,640 which is an amazing thing to do. So the dogs definitely 328 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:39,280 grasped the concept of repeat my last action, 329 00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:44,560 but they also very likely were relying on memory rather than an association. 330 00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:47,280 So repeat my last action as in repeat the dog's last action? 331 00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:47,760 Yeah. 332 00:15:47,760 --> 00:15:48,160 Okay. 333 00:15:48,160 --> 00:15:50,880 That's always problematic because the dog will normally go to where 334 00:15:50,880 --> 00:15:53,200 the last find was, wouldn't it? 335 00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:56,080 If you're teaching search dogs, you find, say you're using cones 336 00:15:56,080 --> 00:15:57,440 and you find it in that cone. 337 00:15:57,440 --> 00:16:01,120 Or gundogs, you send them over there and that's where they got that. 338 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:04,560 It's a concerted effort to teach them like, I know you've been there, 339 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:06,320 but we're going there now. 340 00:16:06,320 --> 00:16:09,840 And you have to, how many times when you're teaching your dogs to send away, 341 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:11,440 Jay, if you're putting different things out, 342 00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:13,440 they want to go to the last place they found things. 343 00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:17,440 So we have to make an effort to teach them, trust me. 344 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:21,600 Yeah. And that's a really good example of that type of memory in practice, 345 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,640 isn't it? They're remembering where the last thing was that they went to 346 00:16:24,640 --> 00:16:25,600 and they're going back there. 347 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:29,040 So for me again, that is evidence of dogs remembering things 348 00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:31,440 in a very similar way to we do. 349 00:16:31,440 --> 00:16:33,680 They remember sequences of events. 350 00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:36,880 They're remembering like a movie clip of something that happened in their brains, 351 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:39,920 not just a very kind of static link between something. 352 00:16:39,920 --> 00:16:41,360 But there's a feel good factor as well, isn't it? 353 00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:44,480 Because whatever they remember and there's an emotion attached to it, 354 00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:45,840 they're getting something from it. 355 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:49,440 I sort of think if I, like this morning, we came from the hotel to the studio, 356 00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:50,480 right? 357 00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:51,680 Via the wrong train. 358 00:16:51,680 --> 00:16:53,120 Via the wrong train, right. 359 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:55,440 Emotionally significant, we remember that. 360 00:16:55,440 --> 00:17:03,040 But I could, personally in my mind, I can visualize that whole journey. 361 00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:07,280 Why should it be that I can and a dog can't? 362 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:11,680 Why is that even sort of something where we think, oh, no, you can't do that? 363 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:12,800 Why not? Why not? 364 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:15,440 I didn't get a reward on every step of the journey, 365 00:17:15,440 --> 00:17:17,040 yet I can remember every step of the journey. 366 00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:19,040 I think our company was your own reward. 367 00:17:19,040 --> 00:17:19,760 That's what it was. 368 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:20,240 Probably. 369 00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:21,600 We had a conversation. 370 00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:24,000 Either that or it was intensively aversive. 371 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:25,600 As I couldn't escape. 372 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:27,600 I was trapped. 373 00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:29,600 It was emotionally significant. 374 00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:33,600 Maybe it's about ability. 375 00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:36,080 We were touching this last night and I asked you, didn't I? 376 00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:38,080 I was going down a bit of a rabbit hole and I said, 377 00:17:38,080 --> 00:17:41,040 just because these areas in the brain light up, 378 00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:43,680 that doesn't mean that they work like ours. 379 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:45,920 What if they work at a much lower level? 380 00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:49,600 So it might just be that if, let's say, we're going on the same journey, 381 00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:51,680 the same parts of the brain are lighting up, 382 00:17:51,680 --> 00:17:55,360 ours is taking in much more information than theirs. 383 00:17:55,360 --> 00:17:56,160 It might just be that. 384 00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:56,960 Or vice versa. 385 00:17:56,960 --> 00:17:58,960 Or vice versa. 386 00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:01,280 Think about a mobile phone, a bit like an output. 387 00:18:01,280 --> 00:18:04,800 So we're seeing the outputs of these things, 388 00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:07,520 but a mobile phone that you might have had five years ago 389 00:18:07,520 --> 00:18:10,240 might not perform as well as a mobile phone that you'd have today. 390 00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:12,240 And it could be the same with dogs' memories. 391 00:18:12,240 --> 00:18:13,440 Go on one further. 392 00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:14,640 It differs between people. 393 00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:16,160 So of course it's going to with dogs. 394 00:18:16,160 --> 00:18:19,600 Sabrina will memorise far more information. 395 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:23,280 Than I have given your title and your achievements. 396 00:18:23,280 --> 00:18:27,200 And even if it's a, let's say, a gift from God for having intelligence, 397 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:30,240 it's still a practised behaviour. 398 00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:31,840 You're doing it more effectively. 399 00:18:31,840 --> 00:18:34,560 I suppose going back to the example that I gave about the journey, 400 00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:37,760 it could be argued that you know to remember a journey 401 00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:39,600 because you're in an unfamiliar place 402 00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:42,000 and it pays you an evolutionary advantage 403 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,960 to be able to retrace your steps back to a point of known safety, 404 00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:46,720 either the hotel room if you needed to. 405 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:47,520 Good point. 406 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:50,080 But then the dog as an acute sense of smell. 407 00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:52,160 So, you know, maybe that makes up for it. 408 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:53,680 Smell its way back to safety. 409 00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:54,240 Yeah, yeah. 410 00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:54,720 Yeah, could do. 411 00:18:54,720 --> 00:18:55,280 I like this. 412 00:18:55,280 --> 00:18:56,080 Use a snap. 413 00:18:56,080 --> 00:18:57,120 A snap, yeah? 414 00:18:57,120 --> 00:18:58,080 I like this. 415 00:18:58,080 --> 00:19:00,400 Can you snap us to the listener questions, Jamie? 416 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:03,520 Question one is from Gabby from Jolly's Bottom in Cornwall. 417 00:19:03,520 --> 00:19:06,320 OK, like basically, if you took your dog out on a walk 418 00:19:06,320 --> 00:19:07,840 and you came across one of your dog siblings 419 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:10,160 that it hadn't seen for years, theoretically, 420 00:19:10,160 --> 00:19:11,520 could it remember them? 421 00:19:11,520 --> 00:19:14,480 And if it could, would they remember their smell 422 00:19:14,480 --> 00:19:15,840 or their smell of their dog? 423 00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:18,320 Would they remember their smell or their face? 424 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:20,000 Ooh. 425 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:21,360 Theoretically, I'd say, yeah. 426 00:19:21,360 --> 00:19:24,240 But if you're talking years, I'd say no. 427 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,280 I think there's a familiarity thing with this. 428 00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:30,760 I think technically with smell, if they still smelt the same, 429 00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:32,200 very possibly. 430 00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:35,120 Their face, personally, I'd say less likely 431 00:19:35,120 --> 00:19:37,560 because the face would have changed so much. 432 00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:42,040 Even if they do have a memory, a recollection back to that point, 433 00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:44,360 it's very unlikely that the face would be the same. 434 00:19:44,360 --> 00:19:47,880 So if you had a twin, for example, 435 00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:51,360 that you hadn't seen since you were both one, 436 00:19:51,360 --> 00:19:54,280 would you still recognise them in the street when they're 30? 437 00:19:54,280 --> 00:19:55,640 If they were non-identical. 438 00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:57,080 Well, yeah, I could point. 439 00:19:57,080 --> 00:20:00,240 I'd be like, oh my god, that looks like me! 440 00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:01,240 It's me, Dirk Luganger! 441 00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:02,240 How the fuck? 442 00:20:02,240 --> 00:20:06,520 I mean, it's impossible to answer, Gabby. 443 00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:09,040 It's impossible to answer, isn't it? 444 00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:10,240 Nothing is impossible. 445 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,720 It is impossible to say whether a dog can remember somebody 446 00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:15,000 because you could... 447 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:17,960 I'll say what, there's a thing that I saw 448 00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:20,920 where somebody walked a dog when it was a puppy, 449 00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:23,600 then the dog goes ahead and is put into a working life, 450 00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:24,680 and then a little bit later on, 451 00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:26,200 the dog comes back to see the people who walked the dog 452 00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:27,040 when it was a puppy, 453 00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:28,520 and the dog's jumping up at the people. 454 00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:29,840 And the dog is pleased to see the people 455 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:31,760 because the dog remembers the people. 456 00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:36,120 The reductionist sponge sponge in me says, 457 00:20:36,120 --> 00:20:38,240 bring in 20 other couples 458 00:20:38,240 --> 00:20:40,280 and see when you bring the dog in in the same way, 459 00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:42,360 does the dog go and jump up at the other people and see them? 460 00:20:42,360 --> 00:20:43,840 If they're fussing the dog in the same way 461 00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:44,680 that first people do. 462 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:47,320 So you can't really say for certain, can you? 463 00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:51,200 But my instinct is to say, why wouldn't it? 464 00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:52,040 Why couldn't it? 465 00:20:52,040 --> 00:20:52,880 Do you know what I mean? 466 00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:55,520 If it's sort of like, if you smell the same, 467 00:20:55,520 --> 00:20:58,520 you look roughly the same, you probably are the same. 468 00:20:58,520 --> 00:20:59,960 You know what I mean? 469 00:20:59,960 --> 00:21:00,800 So yeah, go ahead. 470 00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:01,640 The way that's weirded though, 471 00:21:01,640 --> 00:21:04,000 it kind of says to me that you're just walking about 472 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,120 and you spot someone, you go, oh, there's Jamie. 473 00:21:06,120 --> 00:21:09,160 And my answers to that would be, well, 474 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:12,560 if you look at Flint, my Labradors litter, 475 00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:14,000 they all look the same. 476 00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:14,840 You know what I mean? 477 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:17,640 So in that case, does Flint just see any black Labrador 478 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:18,800 and go, whoa, brother! 479 00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:20,120 You know what I mean? 480 00:21:20,120 --> 00:21:21,440 Oh, there's me brother! 481 00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:23,760 But do they smell the same? 482 00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:26,520 Yeah, but you're saying, the way it's weirded, 483 00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:28,520 I kind of get this vision that you're walking around 484 00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:29,520 and they've spotted each other. 485 00:21:29,520 --> 00:21:31,840 But you can recognize someone's smell. 486 00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:33,680 They would definitely be able to identify by smell. 487 00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:35,360 I don't know how many years that would last for, 488 00:21:35,360 --> 00:21:37,360 but dogs have a specific odor. 489 00:21:37,360 --> 00:21:38,400 It's like a fingerprint, isn't it? 490 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:39,440 Yeah, when they smell each other, 491 00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:40,880 that's why they piss on things. 492 00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:43,080 Yeah, are they able to remember things 493 00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:44,520 from when they were young as well? 494 00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:46,080 Because we can't remember stuff 495 00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:48,840 from when we were babies necessarily. 496 00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:52,360 So does their memory change over time in the same way? 497 00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:53,640 Oh my gosh, I've got so many questions. 498 00:21:53,640 --> 00:21:54,880 I want to go and do an experiment. 499 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:56,640 I think every single study we look into, 500 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:59,640 there's scope to take it a lot further 501 00:21:59,640 --> 00:22:01,120 and get more information. 502 00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:01,960 I think there really is. 503 00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:04,120 Question two is Gina in Hartfordshire. 504 00:22:04,120 --> 00:22:07,040 My senior dog seems to be getting a bit dazed now he's older. 505 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:09,080 It's like he can't remember people anymore. 506 00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:11,160 He reacted aggressively to my aunt the other day, 507 00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:12,360 who he's known for years. 508 00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:13,840 It was like she was a stranger. 509 00:22:13,840 --> 00:22:17,520 Is it possible for dogs to lose their memory as they age? 510 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,680 Well, yeah, dogs can get senile. 511 00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:22,000 What I would say is your first cause of action 512 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:23,400 is to take your dog to the vet 513 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,200 because there's conditions that can cause 514 00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:27,360 random bursts of aggression. 515 00:22:27,360 --> 00:22:29,000 Ear infections are a massive one. 516 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:30,680 I've had quite a few clients, 517 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:31,680 well, they haven't even been clients, 518 00:22:31,680 --> 00:22:33,160 they've phoned me to book in. 519 00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:35,120 And I've gone, has this only just happened? 520 00:22:35,120 --> 00:22:36,640 Yeah, take your dog to the vet first. 521 00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:37,720 Ask them to check their ears. 522 00:22:37,720 --> 00:22:38,560 And they messaged me back and gone, 523 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:39,680 oh my God, they had an ear infection. 524 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:41,160 Never had it again. 525 00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:42,480 On the other side of things, 526 00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:44,960 dogs like us can get a bit senile as they get older. 527 00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:46,560 And what I would say is, 528 00:22:46,560 --> 00:22:48,360 obviously consult your vet still, 529 00:22:48,360 --> 00:22:51,680 but just respect that and understand that, 530 00:22:51,680 --> 00:22:53,880 okay, they're changing as they get older. 531 00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:56,080 Maybe we have to put a bit of a different routine 532 00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:58,160 when guests come round now to make sure everyone's safe 533 00:22:58,160 --> 00:22:59,920 and your dog's not startled 534 00:22:59,920 --> 00:23:02,000 and feeling like it needs to defend itself. 535 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:03,040 That's a really good one 536 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:05,840 because the vets can do a dementia assessment evaluation 537 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:06,720 for you on your dog. 538 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:08,480 And there are a couple of things that they'll look out for. 539 00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:09,920 One can be disorientation. 540 00:23:09,920 --> 00:23:11,640 So the dog might often seem lost 541 00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:14,280 and that can be an indication that dementia has set in. 542 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:15,880 They'll look at whether their interactions 543 00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:16,880 with people have changed. 544 00:23:16,880 --> 00:23:18,600 So just the way that Gina explains here 545 00:23:18,600 --> 00:23:20,920 with the dog reacting differently to somebody, 546 00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:22,120 they'll look at whether their sleep 547 00:23:22,120 --> 00:23:23,760 and their wake cycles are different as well. 548 00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:25,720 They sleeping at different times a day, 549 00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:27,920 are they awake at times they'd usually be asleep. 550 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:30,240 They might saw the house more as well. 551 00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:33,760 And they might have differences in their anxiety as well. 552 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:35,600 They might be more anxious or less anxious 553 00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:38,000 they can become a lot more sensitive to sound as well. 554 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:39,040 Yeah. 555 00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,360 Danny, can you remember your final thought? 556 00:23:41,360 --> 00:23:43,040 Well, funny enough, I had a great final thought 557 00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:45,000 but it seems my memory has let me down. 558 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,760 Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha. 559 00:23:47,760 --> 00:24:06,760 See you next week.