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Warning. The following presentation contains information that might contradict what you

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have previously heard or believed to be true about how the human body works and contains

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material that is not suitable for closed-mind and individuals. Enjoy.

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Let's take a look at the chemicals that we will be seeing in metabolism

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and the importance of those chemicals. When we're talking about chemicals, we're talking about the

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elements or the molecules that we need in order to live and we need molecules to live.

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And so chemicals tend to have sometimes a bad connotation to them and we're going to take a

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look at some of those bad connotations today and hopefully clarify any of the misconceptions that

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we might have leading to future discussions about metabolism. So what's metabolism?

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Well, metabolism is not about energy even though it is kind of sometimes about energy.

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It's the chemical reactions that we have in the body. And what do we need in order to have chemical

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reactions? We need chemicals. Chemicals are the things that are used within the reactions of the

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body that allow us to have a normal functioning body. When we talk about these chemicals, we'll

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classify them in terms of how they're going to be involved within the chemical reactions.

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This is where we'll use words like reactants and those are the molecules that are interacting with

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each other within the chemical reactions. Or we'll use the words like product and product is

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looking at what molecules are coming out at the end of the reaction. In some of the metabolic

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reactions, we'll have things known as byproducts and byproducts are really those molecules that form

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during the reaction, but don't necessarily continue within the metabolism that we're looking at.

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Or don't seem to have any use within the metabolic processes and we'll go about being eliminated

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by the body. Now just to confuse everybody even more, sometimes we'll use the same word to describe

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a reactant, a product and a byproduct. And so you may hear or read about things known as substrates

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or metabolites. And when we talk about substrates and metabolites, we're simply talking about reactants,

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products and byproducts. Other terms that we need to be able to be aware of and these include things

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like a metabolite, which is simply those things that are used in the metabolic process, a toxin,

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which is a metabolite that will interfere or may possibly stop metabolism, or a poison.

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And a poison is a metabolite that will stop metabolism. And in the cases of toxins and

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poisons, these are what's referred to as dose, that is how much is there, and duration, how long

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am I being exposed to that metabolite in terms of its overall effect as being toxic or poisonous.

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And so, everything has the chance to be toxic based off of how much is there and how it's going to

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interfere with metabolism. The difference that we see between a toxin and a poison is that poisons

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tend to be lethal, whereas toxins tend not to be as lethal as poisons. Okay, okay, I understand.

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I'm already a little too much here. So, what's a chemical? And this is where we're going to kind

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of go back to our junior high and our high school science classes and for some of you

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interior college classes. And we're looking at the stuff in chemistry that we reference within

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the periodic table of elements and then how those elements are going to interact with each other to

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form all of the bigger chemicals within the body. And so, when we look at these chemicals and we

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look at these molecules, we start with the atoms, which is going to be the building block of the

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molecules. And those atoms will start to interact with each other to form a little bit bigger molecule,

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and molecule simply just multiple atoms put together. And then those molecules will start

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to interact with each other and build even bigger molecules, which we refer to as macro molecules,

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macro simply being bigger. And when we look at this, what we do is we look at, okay, what does

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the body need in order to survive? And this is where we look at atoms and molecules as the

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building blocks of everything that we have within our body. In this, we divide them into three

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distinct categories. And the three distinct categories we have was referred to as major,

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minor, and then trace. Major, minor, and trace is not about importance. It's about how much is there.

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And we usually start with the elements and then build from the elements into the molecules.

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And so our major, minor, and our trace elements is all about how much mass, how much amount is

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there. The majors we're going to need in grams and kilograms per day. The minors we're going to need

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in milligrams to grams per day. And then the trace we're going to need in the very smallest

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amounts that we tend to measure, which are the micrograms per day. So what are the major ones?

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The major ones are going to be oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and then we can toss in phosphorus.

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Phosphorus could also be classified in the minor elements. But the principal minor elements that

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we look at are calcium, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium, and iron.

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And then the trace elements, boron, chromium, copper, fluorine, iodine, zinc, and manganese.

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If we go back and think about the listing of metabolites in terms of metabolite, toxin, poison,

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we tend not to have any type of toxicity issues when we look at our major elements.

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However, as we start getting into the minor and into the trace elements, if we start

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over consuming those elements, we then have to worry about toxic issues that come about. And

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we'll talk about that a little bit more in detail when we look at nutrition issues in subsequent talks.

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So those elements will start to interact with each other. The atoms will start interacting with each

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other, start building bigger things together. And those bigger things are the molecules. And

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molecules are simply just chemicals by another name. And so we have to look at a couple of ways

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in which we talk about things. Anytime we talk about sugars, we're talking about carbohydrates.

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And one of the easy ways to recognize if I'm looking at a sugar or a carbohydrate, if I'm

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like reading any of the nutrition labels, is to look for things that end in OSE, glucose, sucrose.

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Those are the sugars, cellulose. Sometimes we use different words to describe some of those sugars.

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So like cellulose is also referenced as fiber.

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And then we have fats. Fats we reference as lipids.

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In these, we can also call them fatty acids. And the reason why I call them fatty acids is because

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part of the molecule itself has what we call a acid end to it. That's an end that will give away

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hydrogens to cause the pH of the molecule to be less than seven in a water environment.

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And then we have proteins. Proteins are also sometimes referenced as the amino acids.

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Amino acids will build into proteins and we need all of these within our normal diet in order to

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have normal metabolism. There are other molecules that we'll be consuming within our diet here,

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and those are things like nucleic acids.

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Now sometimes the nucleic acids can get some bad recognitions and some bad

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referencing, particularly when you discuss things like genetically modified foods,

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the GMOs that are there where the nucleic acids have been changed, the DNA, the genes of whatever

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food product we're looking at has been changed. But one of the things we have to remember when we

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look at all of these molecules and they come into the body is that all of these molecules are

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going to get broken down into their base units, the smallest parts of the big molecules

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in order for us to use these molecules to build things. And so we'll think about it,

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remember that our cells are great builders. They are great factories, put quotes around that in

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terms of an analogy, that allows us to build things and build things and build things so that we're

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able to survive, we're able to live. Other things that we're going to take in are things like

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vitamins. Vitamins just like with the trace elements have kind of the minor elements kind of have a

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maximum level for them in which if we over consume some of the vitamins, we might have toxic issues

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that can't come about. There are a lot of vitamins that are necessary for us to have the chemical

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reactions that are taking place. However, if we have too much of some of them, we can have issues

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within the functionality of tissues where they start acting like toxins. Other molecules that we're

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going to need are things like ions and we'll get to what ions are here in a second.

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Now sometimes we get worried about chemicals because they kind of sound scary and they kind

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of sound scary because when we talk about molecules in a scientific sense, we usually use the big

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science words. And so just because something might have a scientific name doesn't necessarily mean

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it's something we have to be afraid of. Here's an example I like to use a lot. Dihydrominoxide.

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So di2hydro is for hydrogen, mon or mono 1 oxide oxygen. And so if we look at it in terms of how we'd

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write this in our chemistry class, that would be H2O. But how do we talk about this in everyday life?

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Well, that's just water. So water is not scary. However, dihydro monoxide can sound kind of scary.

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And so once again, we start looking at these words within the chemical nature of metabolism.

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We just remember big scary words aren't necessarily big scary words. They're just how we would explain

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it scientifically. And I understand that sometimes we don't do a great job explaining those big

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scientific words so that they're easily digested like water is a very easily digested word,

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but dihydro monoxide, not so much. Continuing on looking at these various types of molecules,

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one of the ways in which we look at molecules and how molecules will be able to interact with each

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other in terms of metabolic processes is how are the molecules shaped? In this case here,

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we have two distinct ways of looking at molecules. And those two ways of looking at molecules are

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things like whether it is organic or inorganic. Now, organic might have a connotation to it,

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a meaning to it outside of the scientific conversation of metabolism. Like if you go to the

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story, you might see things that are organic or organically raised. Well, what does that mean in

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terms of the material that we're eating versus something that is not labeled as being organic?

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Well, organic in terms of our chemicals is just something that happens to have a carbon in it.

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And all of those molecules that we need to eat in our diet, the carbohydrates,

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the lipids, the proteins, the nucleic acids, those are all organic. And so to say that you are having

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an organic diet, well, every diet is an organic diet because we're eating organic molecules.

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Whereas an inorganic molecule is something that doesn't have carbon in it. And so what are the

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things that might be inorganic that we would have in our diet? Well, water. Water is an inorganic

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molecule. It doesn't have carbon in it. It's simply two hydrogens and one oxygen put together.

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Salt, the table salt, the sea salt, the pink Himalayan salt, the not so much salt because we

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have to watch how much sodium we have in our diet salt. Those are all inorganics.

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Now, the other way that we can look at these organic and inorganic

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relationship is by the shape of the molecule. And those are sometimes referred to as polar and non-polar.

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And what we're really talking about with polar and non-polar is will that molecule or will that

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element or will that atom be able to dissolve in water? If it's able to dissolve in water,

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then it's polar. If it's not able to dissolve in water, then it's non-polar.

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The other way to look at how the elements and how the atoms are going to interact with each other

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is based off of how the atom is set up within the molecule. In this case here, we're going to look

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at specific things known as ions. And in ions, what we have is we have atoms or molecules

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that don't have an equal number of electrons to their protons.

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And we have two distinct classifications here. And the two distinct classifications are referenced

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as cat ion. That is, I have more protons than electrons.

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And these are things that are going to be found in the first two columns

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of our periodic table that we reference to in our chemistry classes.

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Heading out to about the third column in our periodic table and in our transitional elements.

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And we'll see them when we look at references to them as having a little plus

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indicator next to the symbol for the element. The opposite of those are going to be the anions.

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These are usually the last three columns heading into the noble gas column of the periodic table.

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And these are atoms that are going to have more electrons than they're going to have protons.

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And these are things like chloride and fluoride or chlorine and fluorine in the ion

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base of the element.

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And so when we look at the periodic table, we can very easily see whether or not we're going to have

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a cat ion or an anion form from that atom or from that element.

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Based off of where they lay within the periodic table. And that's going to be very important

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because we need salts within our body and the salts are going to give us the ions. And so

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when we look at salt salts are nothing more than a cat ion and an anion stuck together.

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And we need those cat ions and those anions to help us out with where we're going to see water

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within the body. And how are we going to be able to control the making of some metabolites that

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might change the pH of our body? And once again, we'll talk a little bit more about pH of the body

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later on in a different talk. But all of those are very important as it relates to the anions that

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we have and the cat ions that we have within the body. And so that's the general gist of chemicals.

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But if we take a step back and start thinking about, wait, I'm reading all these big scary

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stories in the news about different types of chemicals. Well, there's a couple of things

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that we have to remember about the about these big scary stories is that just because it might have

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an effect in one form doesn't mean it's going to have the same effect in all of its forms.

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So once again, we go back into the periodic table and we have this cluster of elements that are

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usually referenced as being heavy metals. And one of the big scary, the quotes around big scary,

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heavy metal that's out there is mercury. And mercury got kind of this big scary story to it

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because we would see mercury within some of the food products that we're eating. And we used to use

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mercury as a stabilizing agent in some of the vaccines that we would give people. But there

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are different types of mercury. The first type of mercury, the mercury that we would see within

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fish and within some of the living organisms that we might be eating is what's referred to as methyl

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mercury. Methyl mercury is the neurotoxin. It's the toxic form of mercury that will accumulate

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within the stuff that we eat. Whereas as mercury enters one thing, it's going to get eaten by something

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else and that something else will start to compile and add up all the different mercury that's being

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eaten into its tissues. And then we would eat it and we would get that mercury. And that's where we

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start hearing about the mercury poisoning issues that might come about. But that's different than

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the mercury that we would see with that we used to see within the vaccines. And that is what's

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referred to as ethyl mercury. And ethyl mercury does not accumulate within the body. In fact,

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our liver does a very good job getting rid of that form of mercury. And because it's able to get

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be eliminated, it's not the neurotoxin that we think about when we hear about mercury.

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There's also a lot of studies that are out there that have been done in

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a different animal than humans. One happens to be a lot of studies are done with rodents, mice,

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and rats. Other studies are done within cells and within cell cultures. There's a recent study

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that's out there that says that the alternate type of sugar, the sugar substitutes, might have some

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sort of effect on the DNA within cells. Well, that might be true, but it might not be true

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because we haven't looked at it in terms of humans. We've only looked at it in terms of cells

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and looked at it in terms of rodents. And what we have to remember is that humans are more than

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just one cell. What happens in one cell is what happens in one cell. And it may not happen in

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that same cell if we put it in other cells together in what's called a tissue. And those tissues might

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act like a tissue until we put it in with other tissues to make the organs. And then the organs

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might function in one way until we decided to stick organs together to make a system.

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And all of those systems within our body are all going to function slightly different when they

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have to work with each other in order for us to be able to survive. And so just because it's

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happening in one condition doesn't necessarily mean it's going to happen in all of the conditions.

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And more importantly, humans are definitely not mice for rats. And our physiology might be slightly

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different than the rat and or the mice physiology. And so even though we're seeing distinct types

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of metabolism taking place in some organisms, doesn't necessarily mean we're going to see that same

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type of physiology taking place in our body. So let's put this all together. What can we

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remember or what should we take home as it relates to understanding about chemicals and metabolism?

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And once again, this is just a stepping stone to other discussions on this topic.

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So we may use lots of big words when discussing chemicals, but big words shouldn't automatically

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mean scary thing or dangerous thing. Scientists tend to use scientific words. And sometimes those

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scientific words can scare people. And we just have to remember that we're not trying to scare you,

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we're simply trying to communicate in a way that all scientists know exactly what we're talking about.

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Chemicals are necessary for living and everything we eat is made of chemicals. And so you can't have a

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chemical free diet because if you have a chemical free diet, then you're not eating.

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Toxins and poisons are dose and duration dependent effects. Just because the molecule has one effect

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doesn't mean it's going to have the same effect in all conditions. To have a metabolic impact,

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that chemical has to either act like a hormone or it has to alter the type and rate of chemical

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reactions taking place in the cell. When you hear these stories out in the news, you have to be

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willing to ask questions. If a news report says that a chemical is harmful, look into what model

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was used, how was the research done, and compare what was being reported in the scientific studies

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to what can and does happen within the human body.

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And remember, humans are more than just one cell. The way which cells interact with other cells is

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going to be dependent upon how all of the cells and tissues and organs and organisms are put

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together so that the organism is able to survive. And if we're reading about studies done in rodents

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or in other animals, we've got to remember that humans are not rodents, humans are not other

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animals, humans are humans. And just because it's an issue for that rodent or that other animal

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doesn't necessarily mean it's going to be the same thing for humans.

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Well, thanks for listening. I hope you found this to be a little informative,

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raised some questions for you, and stay tuned for more discussions on the topic of metabolism

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in the near future.