1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:17,000 Welcome to Cultural Connections Lab. I'm your host Dr. Kelly Forbes. We are here to talk with educational professionals around the world to impact and influence the education system as we focus on cultural connections and the education of multilingual, diverse students. 2 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:36,000 We're excited to have you join us today. We sincerely hope that you enjoy the show. 3 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:48,000 Are you ready to take your school district to new heights? Introducing EDGE Skills, the leading software as a service platform for Title III and multilingual support in education. 4 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:57,000 At EDGE Skills, we understand the importance of equitable education and empowering multilingual learners to thrive in today's classrooms. 5 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:09,000 Our cutting-edge technology provides school districts across the nation with the tools they need to enhance language acquisition, foster inclusivity, and improve academic outcomes. 6 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:23,000 With seamless implementation and comprehensive support, EDGE Skills ensures a smooth transition for your district, empowering educators to provide targeted instruction and personalized support. 7 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:41,000 So why wait? Unlock the potential of your school district today with EDGE Skills. Visit our website at edgesskillsllc.com or call us now at 405-879-9898 to schedule a demo. 8 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:55,000 EDGE Skills, transforming education, one student at a time. 9 00:01:55,000 --> 00:02:03,000 Welcome to another podcast episode with myself, your host, Dr. Kelly Forbes. I am so excited to have everyone with us today. 10 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:19,000 Listeners, thank you for tuning in. We have an incredibly special guest today. We have Dr. Steven Krashen. Dr. Steven Krashen completed his PhD in Linguistics at UCLA in 1972 and is currently an Emeritus Professor of Education at the University of Southern California. 11 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:29,000 Dr. Krashen is the author of more than 525 articles and books in the fields of bilingual education, neuro-linguistics, second language acquisition, and literacy. 12 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:39,000 He has received numerous awards, including the Mildenberger Award in 1982, given for his book, Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. 13 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:49,000 A Pinsler Award, sorry, forgive me, a Pinsler Award given by the American Council of Foreign Language Teachers for the best published article in 1985. 14 00:02:49,000 --> 00:03:05,000 The Dorothy C. McKenzie Award for distinguished contribution to the field of children's literature, a Doctorate of Humane Letters awarded by Lewis and Clark College in Portland, and the Kenneth S. Goodman in Defense of Good Teaching Award by the College of Education, University of Arizona. 15 00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:14,000 There is so much to say about our amazing colleague in the field of education, specifically for second language acquisition and second language learning. 16 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:20,000 There does not need to be a huge introduction. You know him well or you can look him up and see his information. 17 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:32,000 But an esteemed colleague and mentor for me, even though we just recently have reconnected again, but Dr. Stephen Krashen, thank you for being with us today, truly. 18 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,000 You left out the most important part. 19 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:37,000 There's so many important parts. 20 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:47,000 I'm sorry, I'm sorry. He betrayed me. 1972, I was the inclined bench press champion of Venice Beach, California. 21 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:49,000 No kidding. 22 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:55,000 I hung out in Venice Beach for 10 years and I met Arnold. 23 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:59,000 And let me give you, I'll tell you the real story on Arnold. Tell everybody you know. 24 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:08,000 Arnold's a nice guy. Oh gosh. He would show up. He'd come over, watch you do bench press, he's tied like this, you know, and he was always right. My God. 25 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:17,000 Arnold was the governor, a world champion bodybuilder, and a terrific actor. Pretty good. 26 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:34,000 Well, Dr. Krashen, I know that there is there's so much of a world of knowledge for you to share with us. I know that we have one big question that we want to ask and get to right before I ask that question. 27 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:44,000 Is there anything that you want to share just to set up this listening space with our listeners? I know you're a man of many words. 28 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:47,000 That's true, in fact. 29 00:04:47,000 --> 00:05:03,000 But I really feel I'm on a mission with this stuff. The research on reading is going to make life so much easier in school, out of school, it's going to save time, save money, it's going to make everything better. 30 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:07,000 So I'm very excited to talk about it all the time. 31 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:28,000 Well, I'm very excited as well. I fortunately I've had the honor and the privilege of having wonderful professors around me, and they have shared your work. My first master's degree was in the field of bilingual education, TESOL programs at the University of Central Oklahoma in Edmond, Oklahoma. 32 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:44,000 And I know that we have mutual friends there. You have been very gracious and have participated in keynote speeches for the Oklahoma Association for Bilingual Education. I had the privilege of even introducing you one time, and I remember I made the reference. 33 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:52,000 I said, Garth Brooks, Mr. Country Music, you know them well. It's like Dr. Krashen is the language acquisition. They go together. 34 00:05:52,000 --> 00:06:01,000 There's no missing it. But this big question that we have, and I love this question, and I'm so passionate about this topic, as I know you are, so I can't wait to just be quiet and listen to you. 35 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:16,000 But what is the most important thing we can do to promote competence in English? And I'm so excited for our listeners to hear. We've had a few discussions about this, and so I pose that question to you. Let's discuss this a little bit. 36 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:35,000 Very simple. I'm so glad you asked, okay? I'm going to ask this one. Okay. The most important, easiest thing we can do that's going to make life so much easier, better, make sure you've got a good library, and kids have a lot of time to do self-selected pleasure reading. 37 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:50,000 Let me tell you about when I was in secondary school and high school, this was in the Midwest, all English in those days, I took language arts, and in language arts, we had assigned reading. We did the classics of British literature and American literature. 38 00:06:50,000 --> 00:07:01,000 We had to take tests on them, write essays. I did all that. I passed the test. I did okay. Today, I don't remember a single book that was assigned at all, ever. 39 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:19,000 I do remember, I think, nearly all the books I selected myself. Well, beginning was comic books, of course, and it still is. Not only have I met Arnold Schwarzenegger, but I've met Stanley, one of the inventors of Spider-Man and former president of Marvel Comics, et cetera. 40 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:31,000 It was amazing. Gosh, I could talk for an hour about Stanley. I went to one of the, okay, I'll talk for a minute about it. Stanley gave a talk at a local school, so of course, I showed up, and it was time for questions from the audience. 41 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:42,000 Of course, I raised my hand. And you know, Peter Parker, Spider-Man's real persona is a great scientist. He invented the web shooters and goes swinging around and all this stuff. 42 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:54,000 And I said, when is Peter Parker going to graduate school? Would that be a great message? And do engineering and technology and all this? He said, hang around. I want to talk to you later. 43 00:07:54,000 --> 00:08:03,000 I had lunch with Stanley, thanks to that conversation. Can you imagine that? It was absolutely wonderful. Okay? 44 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:25,000 That is indipidus. And even better, two weeks later, the Chicago Sun-Times, I think, had a Sunday special. Spider-Man was a regular in their Sunday comic strip, and they had a big spread, a whole page where Peter Parker went to the local college and talked to a faculty member about going to grad school. 45 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:42,000 And the faculty member looked just like me. So, moment of fame. Your benefits, let me tell you. Okay, that's all my name dropping that I can do. The important thing is self-selected reading. 46 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:58,000 I'll tell you what I read on my own. First, comic books, of course. When I was third grade, I was in the low reading group. My father brought home comic books. He said, Stephen, get all you want. I'll pay for them. 47 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:10,000 Within the end of the year, I was up to the highest group. Okay, comics books. Absolutely, absolutely did it. No question. So what else did I read? I read baseball stories. 48 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:23,000 They were amazing. The author was John R. Tunis. He invented this mythical Brooklyn Dodgers team and went through the players, their personality. I have written a couple of papers that I've published about the literature messages of these books. 49 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:39,000 I'll tell you about one just so the audience can get an idea of how exciting these books are. In one of these, the team shortstop, who's young, he's like 27, 28 years old, is appointed the player manager of the team. 50 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:48,000 Which is very unusual. He was modeled after Lou Goudreau, became one of the first player managers. And you see, I know my stuff on baseball history. 51 00:09:48,000 --> 00:10:02,000 Anyway, he had to give a sermon to the players to gain their respect. And he said, here's what I'd like you guys to think about. When you hit a ground ball to the shortstop, you're in the major leagues. 52 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:10,000 99 times out of 100, the fielding is going to be fine. This throw is going to beat you to first grace, first base, you're going to be out. 53 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:17,000 So a lot of times what people do is they take their time sauntering over to first base because they knew they're not going to make it. 54 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:30,000 My advice to you, not on my team, run like hell. You never know. The shortstop may drop the ball, the first baseman may drop the ball, it may be a wild throw. 55 00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:37,000 In other words, this has stayed with me ever since. Be impeccable in everything you do. Do it right. 56 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:42,000 So when I wash the dishes, I make sure I dry them carefully, put them in the right place, etc. 57 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:50,000 The comic books are full of good advice like that. So comic books were a big part. I read comic books and I read science fiction. 58 00:10:50,000 --> 00:11:00,000 Three things, science fiction, etc. And science fiction, the research on science fiction is Isaac Asimov, Robert Heinlein in those days. 59 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:10,000 People who read science fiction studies show no more about science. You learn a great deal about all kinds of areas. 60 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:28,000 So those three were not assigned. I chose them myself and they were just right for me. So my big message is self-selected reading that you decide you want to read, not assigned reading, which nobody cares about. 61 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:34,000 Nobody wants to do. Well, that's my speech for tonight. Thanks for inviting. Oh, we got more? Good. 62 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:45,000 I love it so much and I wholeheartedly agree with what you're saying. I remember my time as a principal and the students would say they would call me Senor Quelito. 63 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:54,000 They said, Senor Quelito, school is so boring. It's like when I first got there, I said, I know, but we can change it. We can get better. 64 00:11:54,000 --> 00:12:08,000 And it was the simple things just like that. And you and I have spoken to this about this a little bit that one of the biggest reasons why this is so difficult apart from various other topics currently happening in today's society. 65 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:19,000 But the fact that it's free, no one's making money off of this. But this is what we see in the research that works. That's why they're not doing it. 66 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:27,000 Nobody makes money. That's it. Most of the things that happen in education that move is where the rich get richer. 67 00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:36,000 So the follow up question to this, I'll jump ahead and then jump back if I remember. Yeah. How do we encourage reading? How do we get kids to read more? 68 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:44,000 Well, there are a couple of good studies in addition to having a very good library, a qualified librarian, books kids like, and free time to read. 69 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:52,000 There are a couple of things that turned up in the library journal that I really like. Both articles are about one page long. 70 00:12:52,000 --> 00:13:05,000 One teacher said, if students are browsing in the library and they come to a book they like, make a mark in it so everybody will know those are the books that get taken out. 71 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:14,000 The other one, Spider-Man and the Library, very similar. What they did is they took the big table in the middle and they put spread out comic books. 72 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:25,000 Library traffic went up. The amount of comic books taken out went up. The amount of non-comic books went up. No one has duplicated these studies. 73 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:35,000 No one's making money on them and that's what drives education. I want to say a couple more things about reading. People who read more for pleasure know more. 74 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:38,000 They know more about everything and this is a great study. 75 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:44,000 Stanovic and Cunningham, 1993, which I think is one of the best papers ever published in our field. 76 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:48,000 They went to high school students and gave them questionnaires on what they like to do read. 77 00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:56,000 And they also gave them, you know, what did you like for pleasure reading? Which magazines, which books, etc. 78 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:05,000 And they also gave them knowledge questions about a wide variety of fields, you know, about chemistry, technology, history. 79 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:15,000 People who did more popular everyday reading did better on those tests. Not the people with better grades. 80 00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:23,000 Isn't that fantastic? I love that. So reading for pleasure gives you an incredible amount of knowledge. 81 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:30,000 In addition to the research, let me quote a couple of people you've probably never heard of. Noam Chomsky. 82 00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:36,000 Noam Chomsky said, you know, what is going to get people into this is reading fiction, lots of books they like, etc. 83 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:41,000 And another unknown person, Barack Obama, said the same thing. 84 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:49,000 And I can get along with people, all kinds of different people is from reading novels. Isn't that amazing? 85 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:53,000 And fiction specifically, right? Because that's where we get to learn more empathy. 86 00:14:53,000 --> 00:15:03,000 Fiction, you become the character. That's exactly it. You become the character. You go through the same decision making, etc. 87 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:07,000 It gives you deeper insight into reading. It's going to make life much, much easier. 88 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:13,000 Nobody makes money on it, but okay, this is what we've got to work with. That's what the research says. 89 00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:22,000 Well, and then not only that, apart from learning, you know, character components such as being empathetic, etc. 90 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:27,000 But there's also the building on your cognitive academic language proficiency. 91 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:32,000 Right. That is the most obvious. And so of course I forgot it and I should have said it first. 92 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:39,000 People who read more are better in every aspect of literacy. They spell better. 93 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:45,000 Donald Trump was once criticized in big newspaper because of his spelling. 94 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:50,000 He made spelling mistakes and people said, oh, you're worried. We didn't get a master speller. 95 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:58,000 We got a master's politician and all that stuff. Spelling is correlated with reading ability because people read a lot, spell better. 96 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:06,000 And we know that Donald Trump doesn't read anything. He's the least important person in our society probably. 97 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:10,000 Okay. So it's reading that counts. It gives you all this stuff. 98 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:15,000 I wrote a whole book on this, which I'm going to tell you not to buy, even though I'm very proud of it. 99 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:24,000 The power of reading 2004. And it's got all the research in there, gobs and gobs of research, but it's too expensive. 100 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:28,000 I checked the prices this morning. I always do this before my latest talk. 101 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:34,000 And the power of reading, again, I really think I did a good job on it, can run you $25, $30. 102 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:43,000 I suggested people order used copies. Okay. It's the same text. You'd be able to handle it, put it on a shelf, underline it, et cetera. 103 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:47,000 And I want to do my favorite study on this, which is very recent, only a couple of years old. 104 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:51,000 It's called Sophie's Choice. Okay. From the novel, the same name. 105 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:58,000 A girl named Sophie came to the United States from a Chinese speaking country, China, in about the fifth and sixth grade. 106 00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:06,000 In the school she attended, they gave them a test every year on English in general, English grammar vocabulary. 107 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:14,000 And they gave them the same test at the end of the year to see how much they improved thanks to their ESL classes. 108 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:20,000 Well, Sophia took the test every year and she got worse during the year. 109 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,000 She did worse on the test in the spring than she did in the fall. 110 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:29,000 Then she go home during the summer. She come back. She take the test again. 111 00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:34,000 She was better than she was in the fall. She was just absolutely fine. 112 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:38,000 What did she do over the summer? You know exactly. 113 00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:41,000 Now this was in Chicago, which is pretty hot in the summer. 114 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:45,000 She went to the local air conditioned public library. 115 00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:51,000 She went to the section of books for young kids, especially Nancy Drew. 116 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:53,000 I've read Nancy Drew. I think it's pretty good. 117 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,000 Sweet Valley High I think is also good. 118 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:59,000 She didn't read to get better in English. She read them because she liked them. 119 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:06,000 She averaged 50 books over the summer. No wonder she did better on the English test. 120 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:12,000 This is a wonderful direct comparison. I should give some credit to the co-authors. 121 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,000 The second author of the study was Fei Shen, who is one of my students. 122 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:18,000 He's still doing very good work. I'm happy to say. 123 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:26,000 So the research right away comes in and says it's the amount of pleasure reading you do, not the amount of study. 124 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:30,000 And this is what language arts should be. And everyone's going to be better. 125 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:33,000 And we will be right back. 126 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:38,000 Are you ready to take your K through 12 multilingual programs to new heights? 127 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:42,000 Look no further than the experts at Kelly B's Consulting. 128 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:49,000 We're not just consultants. We're partners in education with a passion for empowering students and enriching your classrooms. 129 00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:57,000 At Kelly B's Consulting, we understand the unique cultural and linguistic needs of your diverse student population. 130 00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:05,000 Our team of experienced educators will work alongside you, tailoring strategies that transform your multilingual programs. 131 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:15,000 If you don't miss out on this opportunity, visit www.kellybisconsultingllc.com today to learn more and schedule your consultation. 132 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:23,000 Kelly B's Consulting, shaping the future of K through 12 multilingual education across the nation. 133 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:32,000 Your success is our commitment. Contact us now and let's start building a brighter tomorrow together. 134 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:40,000 And now back to the show. Here's something else. I'll add this because this has been on my mind the last few months and you're too polite to interrupt me anyway. 135 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:45,000 So here I go. Read what you want to read. 136 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:50,000 You get books that are part of your special interest. 137 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:56,000 Rumi, the Persian philosopher, everyone has a special interest and a special talent. 138 00:19:56,000 --> 00:20:02,000 And you're happy when you get to do things that are on your path. 139 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:06,000 Selected reading tells you what your path is and you can go after it. 140 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:13,000 I want to take a moment here and tell you about my path. And when I discovered it, I had no idea of what I wanted to be when I grew up. 141 00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:17,000 I said I kept dropping out of school and all. I didn't know what I want to do. 142 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:24,000 And mom suggested that I go on a bicycle trip with a bunch of teenagers in Europe. 143 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:30,000 Mom always had really good ideas, in my opinion. So I signed up for it as a youth hostel trip. 144 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:35,000 We bicycled through England and down the Rhine Valley and all that. We wound up in Switzerland. 145 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:41,000 I was not a reader then. I wasn't any good in foreign languages. I did terrible in high school French. 146 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:46,000 I passed only because the teacher was kind and didn't want to ruin my grade point average, et cetera. 147 00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:53,000 I heard Yiddish, but it was grandpa talking to mom and I never paid attention. And none of us ever got me. 148 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:58,000 I went to Hebrew school, but I only learned the alphabet. So that was it. Then it happened. 149 00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:05,000 I was at a youth hostel in Germany, sitting around watching all the kids, really interesting gang. 150 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:13,000 And there was a young guy sitting near us. He spoke German to the people at my table, leaned over, spoke French, 151 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:19,000 really impressive to other people, and spoke English to me and my friends and did a good job. 152 00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:25,000 Then it hit me right then on that spot. That's what I want to do. That was it. 153 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:36,000 The next day, I was on a train to Paris and I enrolled in a French school. And since then, it's been languages, languages, languages. 154 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:44,000 My most recent – oh, I went to Vienna in order to do music. That was going to be my profession. 155 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:51,000 And I had a big problem with the teacher and I stopped taking lessons with her. But my parents let me stay in Vienna. 156 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:57,000 I went to the university. I took German classes. I got a bunch of friends who had other friends who spoke German. 157 00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:07,000 At the end of the year, my German was really good. I got better in French because I read French science fiction, which is absolutely incredible. 158 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:15,000 I've done a little bit of I'm Herrick from Ethiopia, all the Hebrew, et cetera, from being on the kibbutz. Oh, the kibbutz, what an exciting thing. 159 00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:22,000 My wife and I were on the kibbutz and we learned a fair amount of Hebrew. We went to visit my relatives in Tel Aviv. 160 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:31,000 I spoke Yiddish to the older relatives. That was fine because it's very just like German. The relatives my age, English only. 161 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:39,000 They all spoke English as well as we do. That was it because that was the trend in Israel. I went into a store to buy something. 162 00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:46,000 They would answer me in English when they heard my accent, et cetera. My most recent adventure is Spanish, of course. 163 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:55,000 And this started two years ago. I walked into the supermarket and they had a new policy of staying open late, which is good for older people, shopping, et cetera. 164 00:22:55,000 --> 00:23:04,000 And the guy who served me ran up the bill was Ramon. I saw his name and I knew a little bit of Spanish, not much. 165 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:12,000 So, of course, I spoke to him in Spanish and he answered me in English. He said, the boss says we have to speak English to everybody. 166 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:21,000 And I said, Ramon, me meta esta hablar español como estates. I want to speak Spanish the way you do. I said, hablamos español. 167 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:30,000 Fine. We spoke Spanish. I got better over that year. No question. Not from talking to him though, because we only talk for about a minute at a time. 168 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:38,000 He's bringing up the groceries. I went to the library and I got tons of basic, easy readers in Spanish. 169 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:44,000 They're called graded readers. And here's the good news, sports fans. The graded readers have become literature. 170 00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:51,000 The stories are more and more interesting. I've been reading graded readers in Chinese and graded readers in Spanish. 171 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:57,000 And the stories are OK. They're pretty good, in fact. In fact, I co-authored a couple with one of my teachers. 172 00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:03,000 So my Spanish has gotten much, much better. In fact, I'm now the hero of the grocery store. 173 00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:09,000 People come up to me, speak, I hear you speak 10 languages. No, not quite. You know, that kind of thing. 174 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:14,000 But it's the reading that's done it. And I'm reading a little bit in Spanish every single day. 175 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:19,000 And it's still I'm now to the point where I can read authentic Spanish. And it's not from study. 176 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:27,000 Ramon doesn't correct my mistakes. It's not from grammar. It's from reading interesting fiction that's so interesting. 177 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:32,000 I forget what language it's in. It's so compelling. It's compelling. 178 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:40,000 You've got to experiment on yourself if you're a researcher all the time. Oh, I got to tell you about my favorite story of this that happened. 179 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:47,000 One of my heroes is a woman named Lomkato, who is a polylaboratory, 20 languages. I met her in Budapest. 180 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:56,000 And she made the point, she said, if you know a little bit of a language, that's good. Don't put it down. It's fine. Take advantage. Use it. 181 00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:05,000 I was in New York and I had to get back to LA. And I got on the escalator to go down to the stop, the subway stop. 182 00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:11,000 There was a woman at the bottom of the stairs. Obviously, she had with her a guidebook written in Chinese. 183 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:18,000 And I realized then she's probably spoke no English. Okay. So of course, I went up to her and I spoke to her in my primitive Chinese. 184 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:24,000 I'll give it to you exactly. I said, can I help you? I help you. Oh, yes, yes. 185 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:29,000 I said she had bags. So one of the words I knew was airport. I said, Feiji Zhang. Yeah. 186 00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:38,000 I had my cell phone with me. And in the cell phone are pictures of my family. We got on the subway together. 187 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:46,000 I said, Ni, Zhou, Gei, Wo, you come with me, Feiji Zhang. And she sat with me. I showed her all the pictures of my grandchildren. 188 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:56,000 Told them the told her stories. We had this great conversation. I got her to the information place. I found her a Chinese speaker who got her to her airplane. 189 00:25:56,000 --> 00:26:03,000 That felt so good. You know, languages. I had this experience. There's nothing like it. 190 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:11,000 Being able to help someone. And Womkata was right. It was because of her. A little bit can make a huge difference. 191 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:17,000 So that's how it became an obsession with me. And it continues all the time. And it'll never stop. 192 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:29,000 I think whenever I speak to other people about being bilingual or multilingual and we have conversations about the benefits, the number one thing that always comes up is being able to help somebody else. 193 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:42,000 The other person identifies as that being the biggest benefit. I think that's so wonderful to see that kindness and that integrity in other people. 194 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:46,000 Tell us a story. How you help somebody. 195 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:57,000 Well, so myself, there's a whole lot of different ways. I've been so fortunate to travel around. My grandparents, I mentioned them to you before. 196 00:26:57,000 --> 00:27:06,000 My very best friends always encouraged me to travel a whole lot. But it's been in small spaces like the tag agency, for example. 197 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:15,000 There might be someone who is having some difficulty. And so I always kind of step back. I'm not here to jump in anyone's way. 198 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:23,000 I want to be respectful. So for all of our listeners, the same thing. Whenever we can be helpful, kind of assess the situation. 199 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:31,000 But it was obvious that this gentleman was having some difficulty. So I just asked him, is it OK if I help you? 200 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:38,000 And he looked at that face that just changes automatically. Oh, my goodness. Thank you so much. 201 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:51,000 So I helped him through the process. And you can't help but feel good afterwards and think, wow, what an awesome superpower to be able to help someone in this small way. 202 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:59,000 All the way to having been an interpreter for a woman who was falsely accused of a crime and interpreting in their jail cell. 203 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:09,000 And so then you're considering the exactness of translation interpretation versus trans adaptive. 204 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:16,000 Does it have the same meaning? Because this is about someone's legal and legal future and personal future. 205 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:38,000 So there are less in the field of education. My biggest passion in bilingual, multilingual education and helping families and students and really considering the role of advocacy and allyship and what we do and the role that cultural proficiency plays in creating an atmosphere where all of us have opportunities to succeed in ways where we learn from each other. 206 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:43,000 But we're really an interconnected, multicultural society. 207 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:46,000 You have found your path. 208 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:51,000 You know, supposed to be doing in this lifetime. 209 00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:55,000 That's it. You're supposed to be languages and help people that way. 210 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,000 That's my path to. 211 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:16,000 Well, I that's so kind. I appreciate that. I appreciate that. I have read. I mean, it's so funny on this podcast. I get to meet so many amazing people and I feel like every time it's another master class. And I just think, how do I get to be so fortunate to sit in one on one and all these master classes? 212 00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:30,000 I'm always acknowledging that my students, my very first, what I consider my first real class when I felt like I was the teacher and there were seven countries and eight languages represented in my in my classroom, all newcomer students, sixth to eighth grade. 213 00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:43,000 And they were the best professors I ever had my entire life. And I was so fortunate. But as I was doing that, I come from a background where Spanish was my major. I was going to be a dancing bilingual veterinarian. 214 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:58,000 I didn't want to be an education at all or anything. But I got into education, fell in love with it. I knew show business. So I tried to make the classroom a show, which, you know, then you start to put like project based learning and, you know, compelling, comprehensible input. 215 00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:06,000 And, you know, you start thinking, how was I making this what I didn't even know what it was yet because I hadn't studied it. And that's where I got I was. 216 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:20,000 Well, I received a scholarship, a full right scholarship for a master's in bilingual education, TESOL from the University of Central Oklahoma. And that's where I was introduced to you was through the literature and the research. 217 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:26,000 Dr. April Holman and Dr. Regina Lopez and Dr. 218 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:38,000 Well, the other professors as well. Anyway, they were the ones that first introduced me to you. And so it's been it's been wonderful for me to be on my journey to learn more about my journey. 219 00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:46,000 And the older that I get, I feel like it's not until later in life that I learn more about myself because I spent that and you still you're always worried about other people. 220 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:49,000 Exactly. You meet people who are going to help you on your journey. They're there. 221 00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:50,000 Yeah, yeah. 222 00:30:50,000 --> 00:31:10,000 And provided. Yeah, it's there was April waiting for you. Yeah, yeah, it's really, really fantastic. And so in which then, you know, through those connections and relationships, I've been able to to meet you, you know, it's so much fun to meet someone who you just respect so much. 223 00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:33,000 I've been reading their research, putting their research into your own work as well. And then you just get to sit here and have moments like this. So it I'd also lived in Thailand at one time. But between these personal relationships and then geographically being located on the other side of the world, you realize how the world really is so small and we have so many so many connections with each other. 224 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:46,000 I once met Noam Chomsky. Can you believe that? I'm going to tell you about my conversation with Noam. Oh, my gosh. We were discussing the critical period of language acquisition. 225 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:58,000 And the idea was that there's a biological barrier. OK, that if you don't get the language by puberty, you're going to have an accent forever. It's going to be terrible. All that stuff. And that was by Eric Lindenberg. 226 00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:09,000 OK, turns out that Chomsky and Lindenberg went to school together. They were classmates. I did my dissertation on this because I thought Lindenberg was right. 227 00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:17,000 OK, and I was going to show he was right that there is and I found out he was wrong. OK, the data didn't support it. 228 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:31,000 And then one of us said Chomsky was part of this conversation on the TV, on the computer. And I said something like there's nothing wrong with being wrong. He enthusiastically agreed. 229 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:41,000 There's nothing wrong with being wrong. This is how we make progress. It was a wonderful conversation. So someday if I'm ever wrong, I will appreciate that. 230 00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:47,000 It's definitely through our mistakes that we learn more. A thousand percent different. 231 00:32:47,000 --> 00:33:03,000 I didn't want to ask another question that I know a lot of people have asked me. And I, of course, have my thoughts about this. But no one's on here today to listen to me. They're all on here to listen to you. 232 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:17,000 The question is this. Whenever we do want to support our students and their self-selected reading and to be reading for pleasure, knowing that we have students that are coming from very multilingual, multicultural and very diverse backgrounds, 233 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:28,000 what can our educators do to make that classroom library or the books in the library, the ones that we want them to go read that most likely are going to be in English, 234 00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:36,000 which I'm always promoting books of many different languages in our libraries. But I also know that the reality is that majority of our books in our school libraries are in English. 235 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:54,000 What can we do to have our students represented in those books or what or how important is culture in this component of a student considering who they are, their culture, and then self-selected reading whenever many of the books may or may not resemble anything that they might be interested in. 236 00:33:54,000 --> 00:34:05,000 I don't know. What are your thoughts on that? I wouldn't worry too much about it. I would have wide selection and let them figure out what they like and what their friends recommend because you never know. 237 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:17,000 You never. By the way, a little footnote that's relevant to both of us. The thing about bilingual education, one of the hot issues, kids come to the United States and 238 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:24,000 they lose their heritage language. They acquire English, but they can't talk to their grandparents anymore. 239 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,000 Two studies. 240 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:30,000 Both of them conclude you get a reading habit in the heritage language. 241 00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:41,000 You're going to be okay. That's why the library should have books in the first language as well. Grace Cho did a wonderful study. She's a Korean bilingual ed teacher. 242 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:52,000 She went to a party in her neighborhood, Korean American, and she was amazed that a lot of the young people there, young people means in their 30s or so, spoke Korean quite well. 243 00:34:52,000 --> 00:35:02,000 Even though they were born in the United States and had never been to Korea, they were all pleasure readers. They all had access to interesting novels, etc. 244 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:14,000 Lucy say Jeff McQuillen's wife has found exactly the same thing in her study. Okay, so more studies, more libraries with lots of things in the primary language. 245 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:20,000 Most of the time you won't find that. You won't find books in the primary language, etc. 246 00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:25,000 But this is going to give you background knowledge, going to make you bilingual, all the things we want. 247 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:33,000 But I wouldn't worry too much about getting, particularly as I would have a wide selection, the students will find what they like and you never know. 248 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:44,000 And I think it's important what you say, though, is about how do we get, and I like, you know, marking it inside of the book, but how do we have our, how do we have students and their friends work together to tell other friends about what they want to read? 249 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:52,000 Because it's so true. I remember sitting in school and open up your book to page 53 and we're all going to read this and only one person in the class even wanted to read it. 250 00:35:52,000 --> 00:36:01,000 And so, I mean, it's too young a point, but I don't remember ever a time getting to even share the books I was interested in with my other friends. 251 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:07,000 Like, that wasn't even part of our conversation in the classroom. It was just teacher-led, period. 252 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,000 You and I are going to change all that. 253 00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:13,000 Yes, yes. And we must. 254 00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:18,000 Yes, exactly. You're going to keep talking about it, writing about it, and promoting it, and little by little. 255 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:29,000 I love, so you had sent me the email that has some of the research in it that we were going to discuss today, and one of the things that I wanted to bring up, and I love research. 256 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:38,000 I always kind of joke, a little aside from me, I always joke that in education we love to teach research, but then whenever we're in education, we don't want to apply research. 257 00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:42,000 So I say, we need to teach it and we need to apply it. 258 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:51,000 So for everyone else out there who loves research like I do, there was some research about the effect of self-selected pleasure reading on language and literacy. 259 00:36:51,000 --> 00:37:09,000 And you had mentioned for the guided self-selected reading that a group of eight students in Japan who were learning English as another language, that they were reading, again, for pleasure, but that on their test that they took, 260 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:20,000 the TOEIC, I believe, that they reported that for each hour of reading, the students gained an average of point six points on that. 261 00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:30,000 So after two years, they were scoring about 720 points out of a thousand, which the score to show that you had the level of English necessary was only 250. 262 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:40,000 And so their scores were double that, and all of that again on your guided self-selected reading. 263 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:43,000 Yeah, let me give a little more detail about that study. 264 00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:50,000 The person responsible was Beniko Mason, and she set up a really nice program, originally for English in Japan. 265 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:56,000 Kids come in, these are kids with no support, who've never had English, let's say. 266 00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:04,000 The first semester, she tells stories that are rehearsed in advance. 267 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:11,000 She's picked them out, knows they're comprehensible, and draws pictures on the board to make them more comprehensible. 268 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:16,000 The second, and from that you pick up a fair amount of basic vocabulary. 269 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:29,000 The second semester, the kids walk into the classroom, and the table is graded readers, and they pick the ones they like. They don't have to finish the ones they start, no book reports, et cetera. 270 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:35,000 That's how she got those results. Lots of graded reading, easy reading, lots of easy reading. 271 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:44,000 I'm still to the point with Spanish where if I pick up an authentic book written in Spanish by Spanish speakers for Spanish speakers, I sometimes have a little trouble. 272 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:48,000 I'm still at the graded reader stage after a year or so of reading. 273 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:53,000 Not bad though, because I can have a conversation, no problem, et cetera. 274 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:58,000 In fact, people think I'm really good in Spanish from all the lots and lots of easy reading that I've done. 275 00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:06,000 I wouldn't worry about it too much, make helps when they're ready. Just make sure there's a lot of choice and a lot of easy stuff to read. 276 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:09,000 Graded readers are getting a lot better. 277 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:19,000 They are, and the stories are really good. Sometimes the message is so deep, it even pulls really big emotions out of you. 278 00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:27,000 There's a book, and I can't remember the title right now, but it's a pre-K book. 279 00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:32,000 That's why I think that was so incredible, this pre-K book. 280 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:39,000 It was really deep and profound, and you think this is where it starts, this is where it needs to be fun. 281 00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:48,000 Get kids engaged, even as adults, for us just to be able to sit down, just to be excited and happy and engage with what we're reading. 282 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:56,000 So many teachers are concerned about, well, there are certain vocabulary words we have to learn and all these lists and these definitions. 283 00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:59,000 They can't help it. They'll get them. 284 00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:06,000 Exactly, but I love how in the application of what we were talking about, the end story listening, 285 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:10,000 that the students are not responsible for studying the new words used in the story. 286 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:16,000 They were told just to sit and to enjoy it, just to sit and just to take it in to understand it. 287 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:23,000 And the teacher going through using the reality as some drawings, anything else that would be needed to help with the comprehensible input. 288 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:29,000 But the students task was to sit and to enjoy. 289 00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:34,000 That seems like it should be. Exactly. Exactly. 290 00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:39,000 But I think that's an important part for us to stop and put a pin in. 291 00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:43,000 We need to make sure our students are enjoying what they're doing. 292 00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:48,000 Again, going back to it being compelling for them. 293 00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:51,000 And it's going to be different books for different people. 294 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:54,000 100 percent, 100 percent. 295 00:40:54,000 --> 00:41:02,000 What was your you had mentioned this just earlier in the conversation, 296 00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:07,000 but at that one point where you thought this is my path, this is what I want to study, this is what I want to do. 297 00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:14,000 I know that from myself, I do have some background with my grandmother who should have known German, 298 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:21,000 but going through the education system, no longer knew German or grandmother, though, spoke German to my great grandmother. 299 00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:25,000 They read the Bible together in German, et cetera. 300 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:33,000 So I've always grown up knowing that I had access in previous family members, access to another language. 301 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:36,000 So me being bilingual in English and Spanish, but I should have had German. 302 00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:38,000 I should be tri-lingual right now. 303 00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:49,000 Do you have any parts of your life growing up where you knew that there were the other languages that were around and then have this connected to where you are today? 304 00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:52,000 I don't feel bad that there are languages I shouldn't have. 305 00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:55,000 You have to honor your lineage and get those languages. 306 00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:57,000 Maybe it'll come along. 307 00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:58,000 You're still young, boy chick. 308 00:41:58,000 --> 00:41:59,000 You know, take your time. 309 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:00,000 It'll come. 310 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:03,000 If it's not, and if not, so what? 311 00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,000 Just continue to help people and have a good time. 312 00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:12,000 The good thing about you and me is that we are getting better in our profession by doing things we like. 313 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:14,000 And that's what I do. 314 00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:15,000 Do what you like. 315 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:16,000 Do what you love. 316 00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:18,000 Do what makes you happy. 317 00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:19,000 Life is too short. 318 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:23,000 My Kiki always says you live once and then you're dead for a long time. 319 00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:28,000 So live it every single day as much as you can. 320 00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:30,000 Yeah, well, you're doing a good job. 321 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:31,000 Thank you, Dr. 322 00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:36,000 Krashen. Is there any final closing words that you would like to leave? 323 00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:38,000 I feel funny when people call me Dr. 324 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:40,000 Krashen because I'm not the real one. 325 00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:42,000 The real Dr. 326 00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:48,000 Krashen is my son who is a professor of mathematics. 327 00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:49,000 Can you believe that? 328 00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:51,000 That seems scary to me. 329 00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:54,000 When I grew up, I wanted to be like him. 330 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:58,000 And he knows several languages and all these things, et cetera. 331 00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:00,000 So I'm really outclassed by him. 332 00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:02,000 I'm not a professor of mathematics. 333 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:03,000 I'm a professor of mathematics. 334 00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:05,000 I'm a professor of mathematics. 335 00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:06,000 It's a pleasure. 336 00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:07,000 Let me tell you. 337 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:10,000 So from now on with you and me, boy, check it's Steve. Okay. 338 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:11,000 Stephen Kelly. All right. 339 00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,000 Stephen and Kelly. 340 00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:13,000 That is wonderful. 341 00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:15,000 And it just for all of our listeners. 342 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:16,000 Stephen here. 343 00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:17,000 He does have. 344 00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:19,000 So much that you can. 345 00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:21,000 That you can see that you can read. 346 00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:23,000 And I will have the link. 347 00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:26,000 To a website where you can see past and recent articles and books as 348 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:27,000 well. 349 00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:31,000 And I will have that in our. 350 00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:33,000 Description for this podcast and access to it. 351 00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:35,000 I just want to say thank you so much. 352 00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:36,000 I. 353 00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:37,000 Thank you. 354 00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:40,000 On behalf of many other people that maybe we'll never have the honor 355 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:41,000 and privilege. 356 00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:43,000 Like I have had today to get to sit and talk with you. 357 00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:45,000 But thank you for all of your work in the field of education. 358 00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:58,000 And thank you for what you've done to help. 359 00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:00,000 Make people like me better. Well, what we do, 360 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:03,000 we can move forward in this unity and legacy together. 361 00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,000 Let me complete the family description. 362 00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:07,000 My son, I said, as a math professor, 363 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:08,000 my daughter. 364 00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:10,000 Is a public librarian. 365 00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:12,000 Is that cool or what? 366 00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:15,000 I'm a public librarian. 367 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:19,000 Have I succeeded? 368 00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:22,000 It seems like you have two amazing legacies of your own for sure. 369 00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:26,000 Well. 370 00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:28,000 My friend, Stephen, thank you so very, very much. 371 00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:30,000 And I hope that you have a wonderful rest of your day. 372 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:31,000 And I'll reach out to you. 373 00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:35,000 Just so we can keep on. 374 00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:37,000 Having this conversation and having some fun together. All right. 375 00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:38,000 Okay, buddy. 376 00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:39,000 We did it. 377 00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:40,000 Good work. 378 00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:42,000 Thank you. 379 00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:43,000 Bye. 380 00:44:43,000 --> 00:45:06,000 Bye. 381 00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:07,000 Thank you for joining us today. 382 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,000 Don't forget to like, follow and subscribe. 383 00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:38,000 Thank you.