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Welcome to Students Incorporated, a podcast where we dive into relevant topics and issues

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related to the world of business, technology, education, and design.

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I'm your host, Mr. Jason.

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Today's podcast includes student conversations, interviews with thought leaders, and inspirational

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stories with an international flavor.

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This podcast is created and produced with the help of students from the International

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Community School of Bangkok.

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In today's episode, we'll be talking about the importance of creating an engaging and

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dynamic learning experience with Mr. Scott.

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And I'll be having a short discussion with two of my students about user experience in

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business and hearing some of their thoughts.

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But first, let's hear our quote of the day and get some headline news.

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Our quote of the day comes from John Dewey.

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He says, We do not learn from experience.

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We learn from reflecting on our experience.

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John Dewey is an American psychologist and philosopher.

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He was also a professor and considered to be one of the most prominent American scholars

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of the 20th century.

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Around the middle of his life, he focused on the learning experience, treating teachers

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and the quality of education in order to give the young generation the best education possible.

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He wrote books that are still quoted in reference today, those being How We Think, Experience

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in Education, Artist Experience, and Human Nature and Conduct.

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Dewey passed away in 1952 at the age of 92.

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However, he left his mark on education, philosophy, and psychology.

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His works influenced popular sociologists Emily Durkheim, Noam Chomsky, Richard Rorty, and

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others.

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Recently, a private space company called Relatively Space created the first 3D printed spacecraft.

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This is the largest 3D object that has ever been created.

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It's called Terron 1 and is 85% made up of printed material.

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It uses liquid oxygen and liquid natural gas, which allows you reusability and facilitates

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the transition to methane on Mars.

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The second launch will be conducted from Launch Complex 16 in Florida.

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Here's an update on the earthquake in Turkey.

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Around 41,000 people lost their lives in Turkey, along with around 5,800 in Syria.

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The earthquakes have displaced millions of people.

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During a recent soccer match in Istanbul, thousands of sports fans threw stuffed animals

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and toys onto the field to be donated to the many children who were victims of the earthquake.

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Now onto a positive medical treatment breakthrough of a 19-month-old girl from the UK.

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Her name is Teddy Shaw and has been cured of a deadly condition called MLD.

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According to the UK's Independent, the treatment has a listing price of 2.8 million pounds

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and is one-off treatment, meaning it is only done once.

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His treatment works to correct the genetic cause of the MLD by inserting functional copies

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of a faulty gene into the patient's own stem cells.

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Those stem cells come from the patient's own bone marrow and then are fed back into

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the body with the new genetic information.

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Although expensive, this treatment worked and has given this little girl her life back.

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She can now grow and live with our MLD.

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Thank you for the quote in this headline news.

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Let's begin our first segment with Mr. Scott.

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Lyon will start us off with our first question.

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Thank you Mr. Jason.

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And hello Mr. Scott.

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We are very thankful that you are able to join us for our podcast today.

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Can you please introduce yourself and tell us how long you've been part of the Isis

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community?

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So my wife Christine and I came in 1996.

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Christine taught health for seven years before we started having kids.

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I taught middle school for seven years, mostly language arts and science.

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And then in 2003, I switched to grade five.

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I was a homeroom teacher teaching all eight subjects that all our homeroom teachers teach.

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And then in 2009, I took this position, curriculum accreditation, professional development, coordination.

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So all in all, 26 years.

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Wow, that sounds really interesting.

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So we understand your position is different from that of a classroom or subject specific

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teacher.

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Could you please describe your role and give our listeners some insight into the big picture

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time of work?

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Yeah, so my, my title used to be called the CAP coordinator, CAP, CAP, CAP stands for

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curriculum accreditation and professional development.

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So I coordinate each of those curriculum coordination is working with teacher teams, leading what

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we call a curriculum steering team that's a group with administration and representative

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teachers from each division.

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We do things like defining the expected school wide learning results that I know you seniors

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have experienced with your capstone stuff, the thing on the poster, right?

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The ICS students becoming.

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So we help define and monitor those.

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Accreditation is a process where we join with other schools as a peer to peer quality assurance

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program.

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Now, that's a huge deal.

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It's accreditation is what makes the universities you want to go to recognize us as a quality

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school so they believe your transcripts really represent what you learned.

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And then professional development in service days.

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Whenever you guys get to stay home, but teachers got to come to work.

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I coordinate and schedule those things.

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So that that's kind of the big picture of my work.

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Those are some very important duties, Mr. Scott.

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Our next question connects back to the topic of user experience and design curriculum.

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Are there any specific ways in which this is done here at ICS of students and teachers?

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We have to take into account like our view of reality from a Christian perspective, because

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our users are human beings and what you believe about human beings shaped how you interact

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with everybody from your casual relationships to how you engage with an organization.

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Or if you're a leader, how you shape the activities, the group you're in.

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And so our view of reality is holistic.

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We believe human beings are multi dimensional creatures, not just brains in a biological

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box.

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And so we believe we're relational creatures because God himself said, let us make man

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in our image.

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So there's a hint there that according to our view, God, God was in community from the

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very beginning.

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It's not something he invented when he made humans.

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And so we take community really serious.

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It's not just the school's middle name.

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It's a core belief.

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And so we also believe in human responsibility that when God said, let them rule, he was

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giving us an assignment.

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He made us different and more complex than other creatures because we had a specific

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role to play in relation to the planet.

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But then our view of reality is also realistic in that there's darkness in us and we corrupt

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the things around us because we turned ultimate purpose and morality into a DIY project instead

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of cooperating with the one who made us and gave us purpose.

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But it's also our view of reality is that it's hopeful that God has intentions that

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are revealed in that account of creation when he put us in charge and made everything good.

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Even though we messed it up, he hasn't written us off and said, okay, well, forget you.

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I'll go to another planet, right?

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You know, he entered history, joined us in the project and said, hey, I have an ultimate

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end.

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I'm going to restore everything to the way I want it.

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And I'm inviting you to get involved.

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And so our education system at ICS is built on that kind of view of reality and human

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beings.

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And that's why the user experience, right?

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The user are human beings.

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And so we really take those things seriously.

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And then another framework that we think about in terms of curriculum.

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Let's make it real specific, right?

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Curriculum is the planned learning that's always broken down in three parts, aims, assessments,

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and activities.

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Aims are the standards and benchmarks.

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What do students need to know?

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What do you need to be able to do by the end of a unit, end of a course, by the end of

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your schooling and you graduate?

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Assessments are how you prove you reach the aims.

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It's your tests, your projects, and all that kind of your performances, right?

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And then activities are what the teachers design or sometimes what teacher students

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choose to do to get ready for that proof called the assessment to show you reach the aims.

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So aims, assessment, activities, that's the industry standard in education called backwards

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design that we follow for course development, unit development, and even right down to individual

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what's a teacher going to do during one block that day.

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In what ways can educators at any level design and create an engaging learning experience

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for learners?

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Are there specific formulas that can be utilized?

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So what I just mentioned, the backwards design, three A's, aims, assessment, and activities,

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planning those things in that order creates what we call a fourth A, alignment, so that

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you should have confidence as a student when a teacher says, hey, we're going to do this

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activity.

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You should have confidence that that activity is preparing you for the coming assessment,

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that it's not just something fun, that it's not just something the teachers trying to

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fill time, but it's actually getting you ready for that coming assessment.

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And when you hit that assessment, it should feel familiar, like, oh, yeah, this is what

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we've been doing in class.

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How do project-based classes like intro to marketing differ from lecture-based classes

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in terms of the aims, assessments, and activities?

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Yeah, so it's about that fourth A alignment.

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So project-based classes are project-based because of the nature of the learning you're

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doing, right?

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Some subjects you study are more doing-oriented.

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I mean, there's doing in everything, but you're learning more skills than there is content

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or principles.

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There's always both, but some are more emphasized more, right?

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So in a project-based class like marketing, you're learning skills.

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And so the assessment is going to be some kind of performance demonstrating skill.

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So the activities are projects because that's got you practicing the skills over and over

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as you move towards a common purpose for your project.

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And so your performing arts, your visual arts, your PE and marketing and other classes that

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are more like the whole goal is you're going to emerge being able to do things.

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You're going to be more project-oriented, more activity, more physical activity-oriented

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in your arts and PE classes and stuff.

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As opposed to like science, which has skills in it too, but there's a whole lot more content

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and your history and social studies, a whole lot more content.

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You have literature classes, right?

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So they're more lecture because they're more information-oriented.

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And that's just natural because of the inherent structure of the subject you're learning.

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So we've talked about the activities in each class and especially in a project-based class

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where activities are prominent.

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Speaking about assessments, could you share more about the different types of assessments

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and which one is your favorite?

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I love performance stuff.

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I'm a performer by nature.

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I have a minor in music.

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I started as a music education major, so I love watching people do things and training

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them to do things.

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But in terms of assessment categories, ICS has four broad categories of assessments,

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select response, extended writing, performance, and personal communication.

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So selected response is it's your multiple choice, true, false, short answer stuff.

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Kind of what you typically think of when you think of test, right?

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And then extended writing, like the title says, it's your longer, it's your essays

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and things like that.

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Performance assessments could be performance oriented where they watch you do it and evaluate

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your process, but it could also be product oriented where they looked at your finished

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product like an art piece and evaluate that.

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And that goes for projects too.

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You may have a product at the end or you and the teacher may be evaluating yourselves as

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you go along saying, what's the process we're using as we're moving towards this product?

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And you may be evaluating the process and that's totally legitimate.

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And the fourth type, personal communication is kind of what we're doing right here.

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Just talking to somebody, having a conversation, finding out what they know and how well they

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understand it.

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It sounds really informal and you may wonder how you get a grade out of that.

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That's always the million dollar question.

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Is this for the test?

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Do I get a grade?

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But personal communication is a legit form of evaluating how well somebody knows something.

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So moving along, we'd love to hear your thoughts about what the benchmarks make good educator,

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teacher, and instructor.

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I like to say that every true teacher has three loves.

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They have a love of learning, a love of the learner, and a love of bringing those first

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two loves together.

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So a love of learning, it's like this, they're content specialists or okay, examples of work.

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Mr. Darrell doesn't just teach science, he does science.

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He does beekeeping, micro photography, and stargazing, right?

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Your English teachers, Mr. Will, right?

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He doesn't just teach English.

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He loves reading himself.

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He's into the literature.

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Mr. George and Mr. Zach still play sports themselves, still study the game for their

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own benefit.

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Mr. Christopher, I just talked to him a couple days ago, he's working on an art piece of

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his own right now for a coming show.

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Mr. Christian, if you went to International Night, he had a trombone at his lips, right?

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These are demonstrations, people who love the learning itself.

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They love the subject.

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But a teacher also needs to love the learner, the kids, the students, or colleagues, because

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we're learning alongside of each other too.

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They see you as multi-dimensional creatures with limitless potential.

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They see you as huge potential for joy and discovery.

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You know when a teacher lights up inside, they're watching your faces during lecture

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or activities, and your face does something, we call it the light goes on.

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And when a teacher sees that, the teacher gets that sense of fulfillment.

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When they see the light go on in your head, and you're like, oh, I got it, they're watching

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for that aha, because they love you and watching you grow and achieve and becoming more of

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what you were meant to be.

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But a teacher needs more than just those, because if the only thing they have is a love

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of learning, they might make a good scholar, but not necessarily a good teacher.

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If they love people, but they're not really into the subject, they might make a good social

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worker or activity director, but not necessarily a good teacher.

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A teacher has that third love of bringing learning and the learner together.

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So they study pedagogy, the art and science of helping other people get it.

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And so those three loves is what makes it a good teacher.

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That's why I had a conversation with Mr. Brad recently.

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Good teachers never simply recycle verbatim their old lesson plans from previous years.

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They're always asking, like Mr. Brad was at our lunch conversation, talking about book

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selection and how he really wants to reach more students.

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He wants to see that aha go on and them really engaged because they want to.

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So he was considering, should I be using this book or this one over here or a different

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way to teach it?

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Because that's what real teachers do.

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They are constantly asking themselves, how do I bring what I love, the learning together

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with the people I love together in that moment in the classroom?

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Mr. Scott, given your current role, are there specific ways you assist or support teachers

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in the area of creating an engaging learning experience for their students?

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I work at the high level, the big picture level with teachers.

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Mr. Mark Kooprider is more about coaching teachers on lesson prep and engagement and

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stuff.

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I wish I could do that.

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I love what Mark does.

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But from my level, I help teachers decide course by course what to teach in the course.

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And we as a private school have the awesome privilege, I guess, we're not bound to what

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any particular government or state says you must teach.

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We pay attention to those things.

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But those government and regional documents that say, okay, a good science student should

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know this, this, this, those documents are pages and pages long.

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And there's no school that can do all of that.

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But we have the privilege.

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We can take those documents and cut them down to something that's actually reasonable and

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doable for a teacher and the students in the classroom.

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Perhaps with the exception of AP, because there's a test coming and we don't get to

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write it.

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So we have to have you ready for those.

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But all the other courses, we can cut them down to something reasonable.

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And that's one of the things I like guiding teachers to do saying, hey, we choose how

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many units we choose which skills.

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So I get teacher teams together and they coordinate and the teachers in higher grades talk with

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the teachers in lower grades and have conversations to go like this.

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Do my sixth graders really need to know this little discrete skill in math?

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Or is it okay if we skip that because you'll cover it in seventh grade or eighth grade?

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And then we can cut it back and create a reasonable amount of time.

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I know as educators, we talk about covering all the content, right?

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But it's more correct to say we uncover content for the students.

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Covering is like hiding.

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If you go too fast, you're hiding it.

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So one of my jobs is help teachers slow down by getting a reasonable amount of expectations

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in the learning.

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That's great to hear.

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So it's really great to know that the teachers in different grade levels work together to

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create a more efficient learning curriculum for the students to learn and get their information

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in the best ways possible.

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So quick follow up.

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How does this type of work differ from say older styles or methods of Dewey School?

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Yeah, and some of those older styles are still around.

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ICS is unlike public schools in the United States because we have the freedom to cut

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things the government says to do, focus and go deeper.

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Also, you know, in the 1970s, there was this trend in public schools and maybe private

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schools too.

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But education had this really bad attitude towards parents.

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Education viewed itself so scientifically and students not as human colleagues on the

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planet, but as empty biologic shells to dump information.

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It was very behavioristic from a psychological perspective.

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And parents were viewed as nuisances that needed to be kept out of the system.

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ICS rejects that totally because we believe children are a blessing to parents and parents

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have responsibility for education.

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That's a Christian, deep Christian belief.

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And so we're very explicit and serious about what we call the parent partnership.

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We use that phrase a lot.

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If you look on those posters on the wall that says ICS mission, you'll see those words

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right in there, partner with parents.

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Another thing that makes us different is in your US public schools from about the 1950s

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prohibited even acknowledging God.

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And so they gutted education and reduced kids to empty shells that we were just supposed

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to stuff information into.

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And we were no longer allowed to give kids a meta narrative, a grand story that gives

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us a reason for what we do.

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So ICS is allowed to hang on to that grand story, the biblical outline of history, its

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beginnings and our destiny.

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And that's what makes us able to give a richer, more holistic, more human education.

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Thank you, Mr. Scott.

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We'd like to end our interview segments by asking for some advice before we get to the

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advice part in what ways is a good education transformers doing its future?

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And then what advice do you give to educators about the topic of designing and creating

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an engaging learning experience?

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We take justice seriously, not just the skills and knowledge we want you to take with you,

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but the habits you absorb from experiencing the classroom and experiencing conversations

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between classes and all your activities.

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Because the habits of mind and habits of heart shape your character, your character shapes

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your destiny.

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And so education is first and foremost, not about knowledge and skills.

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Education is first and foremost about what you become.

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And then in terms of like advice for educators, designing, creating engaging learning experiences,

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this is not original with me.

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In fact, most of what I said today, they're not my own ideas, right?

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But let me end with this.

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We need to remember we don't just teach subjects.

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We teach heap remembering that is what helps us create a user experience, not just an information

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download in the classroom.

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Thank you for sharing your insight about the importance of an engaging and creative learning

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experience and how that contributes to education.

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And with that, we'll be right back after a short PSA.

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Time Auto United Nations is happening from March 25 to 27.

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The ICS MUN team will be attending this prestigious conference with three of them chairing the

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conference and one being the head organizer.

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This conference will have over 500 people in attendance from different schools and even

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countries.

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This conference will be a great opportunity for the students to debate, become globally

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minded and represent ICS.

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We are back with part two.

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We just heard about user experience in education with Mr. Scott.

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For this segment, my co-host and I will be having a short discussion about user experience

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in business.

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Machi and Pukow are joining me in this conversation.

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So what are your thoughts about user experience in business?

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Yeah, so as a small entrepreneur of a very, very small business, user experience, I want

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to say that is very important in terms of getting someone to convert and buy your product

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or services.

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So user experience is basically all about customer journey.

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The moment they, for example, if you run ads for your website that you sell online, the

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moment that your user scrolls on Facebook and sees your ad, stumbles upon your ad, what

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motivates them to click on your ad and actually watch it until the video is done?

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And then what motivates them to click on your website and then check out your website?

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Actually clicking at your card and then completing the purchase is all about like design and

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how you motivate your customers to buy your product.

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And this is very important because if the user has a good experience about your store,

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then obviously he'll convert and he might even convert in the future, which means if

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you have a good user experience, then you're basically set for success.

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What are some of the difficulties in creating an experience in business?

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From my experience, if you don't put yourself in the shoes of your customer, you start to

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lose, I guess, that feeling of what would I do as a customer?

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And you really start thinking of only yourself as the business owner or the, you know, I've

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got to make these sales, I've got to make sure that I can make payroll.

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So you just start thinking about only things from your perspective.

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If you can first start with that idea of I'm my own customer and I will walk into my business

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or I will look at my website or look at my mobile app, whatever your business is, and

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just put yourself in your customer's shoes and walk through the whole experience with

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their mindset, you'll start to discover things that you want to change, like drastically.

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For example, just in my own retail coffee business, I often will go into my shop and

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walk in, I'll look at the doors, I'll look at what's on the walls, I'll look up what's

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on the shelves, I'll look at the menu, I'll observe how my staff greet me, and then I'll

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walk to the counter and I'll make my order and I just observe how that full experience

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goes.

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Inevitably, I often just run into things.

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I'm like, oh, I've got to work on this or I've got to do a little bit more training

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with my staff or that part of the shop is dirty, it needs cleaned up.

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So from that perspective, you have just a really different perspective regarding your

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customer.

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If you can put yourself in your customer's shoes, that would be my first advice to anybody

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thinking about that in business.

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So yeah, I think what Maciej said about how can you retain customers really quickly in

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one of my classes here, I talked about customer retention and some of the statistics.

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It's five to 25 times more expensive to get a new customer than it is to retain an existing

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customer.

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And so giving that customer a great user experience, especially from the first time is super important.

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I'd like to hear Maciej's thoughts about this too.

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What do you think about putting yourself in your customer's shoes?

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I really agree with what Mr. Jason said because many entrepreneurs, especially when starting

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out, they're unable to visualize themselves in the place of the customer.

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So they're not able to understand the full customer journey that a customer faces.

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So they don't know like what kind of design or what kind of services will be best for

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the customer in order to make sales.

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And another difficulty when it comes to creating a good customer experience is that most people

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fail to choose a specific market.

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For example, if you want to design a product, you have to choose where you want to sell

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this or market this product to the rich people or the mass market, right?

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But many entrepreneurs, especially when starting out, they try to design a product in a way

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that it reaches everyone, both the mass market and the upper middle class and the more wealthy

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people.

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So when you try to do this, you end up not making sales.

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Why?

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Because when you try to please everyone, you end up pleasing nobody.

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In business, you need to have a specific target market that you want to focus on.

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And when you focus on that, you're able to actually design your product or services in

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a way that can maximize their experience in the best way possible.

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And that is what allows you to convert.

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Yeah, I agree on that.

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As far as market segment, these are things that we learn in business school, looking

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at the buyer persona, who are actually your customers and then thinking about things from

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their perspective.

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We often lose sight as business owners about this fact because we're so busy trying to

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figure out how to run our business.

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We often lose sight of our customers.

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Now the difference between UX and UI, these are kind of like buzzwords out there in the

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business world.

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A UX means user experience and that involves everything.

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So if you think about a user experience, you think about our users are humans.

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We have five senses and for a digital product, it's a little more difficult to engage the

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five senses, but for physical products and retail type businesses, they are able to cater

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to the five senses of a customer, whether it's seeing, tasting, everything, smell.

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If you walk through any retail type store, especially if you go to one of the big malls

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here in Bangkok, you'll smell things or you're able to go in and sample things.

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So there's a lot of user experiences happening that sometimes we don't even know or recognize

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as customers.

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So as far as user interface goes, that's more on the digital side where you're interacting

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with a digital product, a website, a mobile app, where are the buttons placed on the screen.

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For mobile app development, the screen resolutions are quite small.

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So it's really important how you design and lay out your colors, your buttons, everything

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for the interface so a user can flow through that process and have a good experience, but

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also know what to click on next and where they're supposed to be directed to.

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So that's really quickly kind of the differences between user experience and user interface.

436
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Do you guys have any tips or advice about designing a good user experience within the

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business context?

438
00:28:12,360 --> 00:28:17,800
So when it just started out with my small business, I ended up spending hours and hours

439
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on trying to perfect this one page in my website and that page ended up not working very well.

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So I had to redesign the whole thing, remake the websites many, many times and that process

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alone just took months before I even like get to start making sales.

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Are you familiar with the Pareto's law, Pooka?

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The what?

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So it is also known as the 2080 law.

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So basically, this law says that 20% of your work accounts for 80% of your productivity

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and the other 80% of your work accounts for only 20% of your productivity.

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So when designing user experience and user interface, it's important that you spot the

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20% that is accounting for 80% of your productivity and double down on that so you can focus more

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on what works and then the other 80% you do less of that so you're more productive with

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your time.

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So you save time, you move quickly if there's anything you need to change and change quickly

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and then get ahead with scaling your business and making sales.

453
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,520
Yeah, I agree with the 80-20.

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I think it can be applied to just about everything in life actually.

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Regarding tech businesses, many subscribe to the idea and methodology of lean or agile

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00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:33,300
development which basically means they design, develop and push their product to the customer

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quickly in order to get user feedback.

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They collect that data and then off that data and feedback that they get from users, they

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can make the product better.

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They do this so they can make it better for the future versions and updates that they'll

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push to the customers.

462
00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:54,600
This initial product is sometimes referred to as an MVP which basically stands for Minimal

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Viable Product.

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Maybe even referred to as the beta version.

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We've heard it called that before.

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Maybe you're familiar with that term, a beta version of software or beta version of the

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app.

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Unfortunately and sometimes this first version is full of issues which gives a customer a

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bad or non favorable first experience.

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However, as a customer sometimes we don't mind if the experience is not totally great

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00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:24,720
because a lot of MVP products or beta versions are free for us to use during that first kind

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00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:26,920
of initial stage of release.

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00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:30,400
Just look at the popular chat GPT-3.

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These versions are all learning versions.

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They're free for most users to use if you can get on and get an account.

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The software is learning about its users and we are learning about it and it's still free

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to use.

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00:30:42,980 --> 00:30:46,120
And just a side note, it is now chat GPT-4.

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I don't know if you knew that.

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A new update was released just this month in March.

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00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:57,200
And finally I'll go back to what I began with which is to put yourself in the shoes of your

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customers.

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00:30:58,200 --> 00:30:59,200
That would probably be the biggest advice.

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00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:04,000
Be your own customer and walk through the operations or functions of your business as

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00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:05,840
your own customer.

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When you do this you will inevitably notice ways in which you can enhance the experience

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00:31:11,080 --> 00:31:12,160
and make it better.

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00:31:12,160 --> 00:31:16,300
Every business is different so the experience will be different depending on that business

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00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:19,080
but don't lose sight of the customer.

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00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:23,960
To end I'd like to thank Maci and Pucow for the short discussion on user experience in

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00:31:23,960 --> 00:31:24,960
business.

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00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:30,160
It's a very broad topic that could be the focus of an entire podcast series actually.

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00:31:30,160 --> 00:31:35,740
However we are out of time for this segment so thanks again.

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00:31:35,740 --> 00:31:40,060
As we end this episode we'd like to say a special thanks to all our listeners for their

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00:31:40,060 --> 00:31:41,840
support and encouragement.

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00:31:41,840 --> 00:31:45,440
Also if you haven't noticed our little podcast has inspired others.

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00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:49,840
Check out episode twenty two and a half and listen to some little voices from our school

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00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:54,760
interview a local author about her life career followed up with a reading from one of her

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00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:55,760
books.

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00:31:55,760 --> 00:32:00,080
Our next episode will focus on the topic of what will be your legacy and we welcome a

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00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:06,360
very special guest Dr. Nerissa who is the CEO and founder of Kogo Pay and was recently

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00:32:06,360 --> 00:32:09,500
a panelist at the Bloomberg APAC summit.

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00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:13,780
We will also be talking with our very own Mr. Mike about the importance of service and

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00:32:13,780 --> 00:32:16,400
social enterprise education.

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00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:21,260
As always this podcast will not be possible without the hard work and support of our international

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00:32:21,260 --> 00:32:22,860
student production team.

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00:32:22,860 --> 00:32:27,360
All music and sound effects are courtesy of Pixabay.com a vibrant community of creatives

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00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:30,760
sharing copyright free images videos and music.

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00:32:30,760 --> 00:32:33,160
And we are signing off until next time.

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00:32:33,160 --> 00:32:39,840
For Students Incorporated because your voice matters.

